Amavili—Ubomi Bakho Bunokuxhomekeka Kuwo!

YIBA nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wakho uvaleleke kumatshini owenziwe ngeentsimbi neglasi onezinto ezineasidi nolwelo olunokutsha lula. Ngoku thabatha lo matshini uyingozi uziisentimitha ezimbalwa nje ukusuka emhlabeni uwuqhube ngesantya seemitha ezingama-30 ngomzuzwana. Ukongezelela, wubeke phakathi kweminye efana nawo ehamba ngesantya esiphezulu eya kumacala awahlukahlukeneyo!

Oku koko kwenzekayo sihlandlo ngasinye uqhuba inqwelo-mafutha yakho endleleni. Yintoni ekuncedayo uhlale usezingqondweni uze uzive ukhuselekile ngoxa uqhuba? Ubukhulu becala, ngamavili.

Umsebenzi Wamavili

Amavili enza imisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo ebalulekileyo. Akapheleli nje ekuthwaleni inqwelo-mafutha yakho enzima, kodwa ayayikhusela ekubethekeni kwimingxuma nakwezinye izinto endleleni. Okubaluleke nangakumbi kukuba amavili enza inqwelo-mafutha yakho izinze endleleni utsho ukwazi ukulawula isantya sayo, ukujika nokubamba iziqhoboshi phantsi kweemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo. Sekunjalo yindawo nje encinane yevili—malunga nobukhulu beposkhadi—eba sendleleni.

Ekubeni ebaluleke kangaka, yintoni onokuyenza ukugcina amavili ekwimeko ekhuselekileyo yaye esebenza kakuhle? Yaye xa kufika ixesha lokutshintsha amavili, unokuwakhetha njani afanelekileyo? Ngaphambi kokuba siphendule le mibuzo, makhe sithabathe nje ithuba elifutshane siqwalasele imbali yamavili.

Abenzi Berabha Bamandulo

Nangona sele kudlule amawaka eminyaka kusetyenziswa amavili, into yokufakwa kwerabha kumphandle wevili yinto yakutshanje. Irabha yaqala ukufakwa emavilini enziwe ngeplanga okanye intsimbi kwiminyaka yee-1800. Kodwa yayikhawuleza iphele, ngoko ikamva lamavili anerabha lalibonakala limfiliba—de uCharles Goodyear waseConnecticut, eUnited States weza neqhinga. Ngowe-1839, lo kaGoodyear weza necebo lokwenza irabha ibe lukhuni ngokudibanisa irabha nesulfure aze azitshise. Oku kwenza kwaba lula ukusebenza ngerabha yaye kwakubangela ingakhawulezi yonakale. Kwatsho kwaxhaphaka ukusetyenziswa kwamavili enziwe ngerabha kodwa kwakungelula ukuhamba ngawo.

Ngowe-1845, injineli yaseSkotlani uRobert W. Thomson yafumana imvume yokwenza amavili anomoya. Noko ke, amavili anomoya akazange abe yimpumelelo de enye indoda yaseSkotlani uJohn Boyd Dunlop yazama ukuphucula indlela ehamba ngayo ibhayisikile yonyana wayo. Lo kaDunlop wafumana imvume yokwenza amavili anomoya ngowe-1888 waza wavula eyakhe inkampani. Sekunjalo, abo babesenza amavili anomoya kwakusafuneka boyise imiqobo ethile.

Ngenye imini ngowe-1891, mntu uthile waseFransi owayehamba ngebhayisikile wagqajukelwa livili. Wazama ukulilungisa kodwa woyisakala kuba irabha yayincanyathiselwe ngokusisigxina kwirim. Wafuna uncedo kwenye indoda yomFrentshi uÉdouard Michelin owayedume ngobuchule bokwenza irabha eqinileyo. Lo kaMichelin wachitha iiyure ezisithoba elungisa eli vili. Oku kwamshukumisela ukuba enze amavili anomoya anokususwa kwirim ekwakuza kuba lula ukuwalungisa.

La mavili kaMichelin ayethandwa gqitha kangangokuba kunyaka olandela lowo asetyenziswa ngabaqhubi beebhayisikile abangama-10 000. Ngokukhawuleza, amavili anomoya asetyenziswa kwiinqwelo zamahashe eParis, yaye abantu baseFransi babekuvuyela oku. Ukubonisa ukuba amavili anomoya anokusetyenziswa nakwiinqwelo-mafutha, ngowe-1895 uÉdouard nomntakwabo uAndré bawafaka kwinqwelo-mafutha yomdyarho, kodwa yaphuma kwindawo yokugqibela. Sekunjalo, abantu babemangaliswe gqitha ngala mavili angaqhelekanga kangangokuba bazama ukuwasika befuna ukubona into efakwe ngabafana bakwaMichelin kuwo!

Endaweni yomqhaphu nerabha eyayikhawuleza iphele, ngeminyaka yee-1930 neyee-1940 kwasetyenziswa izinto ezomeleleyo ezifana nerayon, inylon nepolyester. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwaqaliswa amalungiselelo okwenza amavili angazi kufuna ityhubhu enomoya. Kamva, laphuculwa olu hlobo lwamavili.

Namhlanje, zingaphezu kwama-200 izinto ezisetyenziswayo xa kusenziwa amavili. Yaye ngoncedo lobugcisa bezi mini, amanye amavili anokuhamba umgama oziikhilomitha ezili-130 000 nangaphezulu ngoxa wambi kunokuhanjwa ngawo ngesantya samakhulu eekhilomitha ngeyure ziinqwelo-mafutha zomdyarho. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso lamavili liyafikeleleka kubo bonke abathengi.

Ukukhetha Amavili

Ukuba unenqwelo-mafutha, kusenokwenzeka ujamelane nocelomngeni lokukhetha amavili amatsha. Ubona ngantoni ukuba amavili enqwelo-mafutha yakho afuna ukutshintshwa? Ukuba uwahlola rhoqo uya kuzibona lula iimpawu ezibonisa umonakalo.a Amavili enziwa abe neewear bars ezikunceda ubone xa esonakala. Ezi wear bars zidla ngokuba kumaqoqo amavili. Kuhle ukuba uhlole ukwahlukana kwamaqoqo, ukuvela kweengcingo, ukuvela kwamaqhuma kumacala evili nezinye izinto ezingaqhelekanga. Ukuba uphawula nayiphi na kwezi zinto, ufanele ungayiqhubi inqwelo-mafutha yakho de ezi zinto zilungiswe okanye litshintshwe ivili. Ukuba amavili owatshintshayo ubuwathenge ematsha, umthengisi unokulitshintsha ivili elonakeleyo ngexabiso eliphantsi ukuba oko kuqukiwe kwisiqinisekiso onaso.

Kuhle ukuba xa utshintsha amavili, awangasemva okanye awangaphambili, uwatshintshe ngaxeshanye. Ukuba utshintsha ivili elinye kuphela, lifake nelinye elisaphilileyo ukwenzela ulungelelwano xa ubamba iziqhoboshi.

Kusenokuba nzima ukuhlola zonke iintlobo zamavili nobukhulu bawo. Noko ke, ngokuphendula imibuzo ethile engundoqo uya kufumanisa ukuba kulula ukwenza ukhetho. Okokuqala, hlola amacebiso abenzi benqwelo-mafutha yakho. Kukho izinto ezithile ezikhethekileyo ofanele unikel’ ingqalelo kuzo ngokuphathelele inqwelo-mafutha yakho, njengobukhulu bamavili ofanele uwafake, umgama efanele iphakame ngawo ukusuka emhlabeni nobunzima enokukwazi ukubuthwala. Ibalulekile nendlela eyenziwe ngayo inqwelo-mafutha yakho. Iinqwelo-mafutha zezi mini ezenzelwe ukuba amavili angatyibiliki nokuba inqwelo-mafutha ikwazi ukutsala ngamavili omane zifuna uhlobo olukhethekileyo lwamavili. Uhlobo lwamavili olufanelekileyo ludla ngokuchazwa kwincwadi ephathelele ukusebenza kwenqwelo-mafutha yakho evela kubenzi bayo.

Enye into ekufanele kunikelwe ingqalelo kuyo yimeko yendlela. Ngaba inqwelo-mafutha yakho iza kuhamba kakhulu kwiindlela zomhlaba okanye etheni, okanye ngaba kuza kube kunetha okanye komile? Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uza kuyisebenzisa kwimozulu eyahlukahlukeneyo. Kuloo meko, kusenokufuneka uthenge amavili akwaziyo ukumelana neemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Ufanele uhlole ukomelela kwevili nomlinganiselo wokubambelela kwalo endleleni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba ivili lithambile ngaphandle, liya kubambelela endleleni kodwa lonakale ngokukhawuleza. Kweliny’ icala, ukuba liqinile ngaphandle, alibambeleli endleleni kodwa lihlala ixesha elide. Umlinganiselo wokomelela kwevili nokubambelela kwalo endleleni ubakho kwiincwadi ezidla ngokuba kwiivenkile ezithengisa amavili. Khumbula ukuba le milinganiselo iyahluka kuxhomekeka kubenzi bawo.

Xa sele uzihlolile izinto ezininzi, eyona nto inokugqiba ngohlobo lwamavili owathengayo isenokuba yimali. Abenzi bamavili abaziwayo badla ngokuba neziqinisekiso ezibhetele ngokuphathelele ukuhlala kwamavili.

Ukugcina Amavili Ekwimeko Efanelekileyo

Ukugcina amavili ekwimeko efanelekileyo kubandakanya izinto ezintathu: ukuwagcina enomoya owaneleyo, ukutshintsha indawo akuyo rhoqo nokuwagcina elungelelene. Ukugcina amavili enomoya owaneleyo kubaluleke gqitha. Ukuba ivili linomoya omninzi, amaqoqo akhawuleza aphele embindini. Kwelinye icala, ukuba linomoya omncinane, likhawuleza liphele emacaleni nto leyo eyenza inqwelo-mafutha itye amafutha amaninzi.

Umoya ophuma emavilini nyanga nganye umalunga nesiqingatha sekhilogram okanye ngaphezulu. Ngoko ungacingi ukuba unokulijonga nje ivili uze ubone xa linomoya owaneleyo. Ngokutsho kweRubber Manufacturers Association, “kunokuphuma umoya omalunga nesiqingatha evilini kodwa oko kungabonakali!” Ngoko ufanele uhlole umlinganiselo womoya osemavilini ubuncinane kanye ngenyanga usebenzisa ipressure gauge. Abaqhubi abaninzi baba naso esi sixhobo kwiinqwelo-mafutha zabo. Wahlole rhoqo amavili xa utshintsha ioli yenjini kodwa kwenze oku kuphela xa amavili epholile—ngamany’ amazwi emva kweeyure ezintathu inqwelo-mafutha yakho imile okanye xa inqwelo-mafutha yakho ihambe umgama ongaphantsi kwekhilomitha enesiqingatha. Umlinganiselo womoya amavili afanele abe nawo udla ngokubhalwa kwincwadi eneenkcukacha zenqwelo-mafutha, ecangweni lomqhubi okanye kwiglove compartment. Ukuba ufuna ukuhamba kamnandi, ungawagcwalisi ngomoya amavili de afikelele kumlinganiselo obhalwe ecaleni evilini.

Amavili ahlala ixesha elide aze aphele ngokufanayo xa etshintshwa afakwe kwindawo eyahlukileyo rhoqo. Ngaphandle kokuba abenzi benqwelo-mafutha yakho bacebisa ngenye indlela, amavili afanele afakwe kwindawo eyahlukileyo rhoqo emva kweekhilomitha ezili-10 000 ukusa kwezili-13 000. Kwakhona, hlola indlela abenzi benqwelo-mafutha yakho abacebisa ukuba kwenziwe ngayo oku.

Okokugqibela, ukulungelelana kwamavili kufanele kuhlolwe nyaka ngamnye okanye nanini na uphawula ukushukuma okungaqhelekanga kwevili lokuqhuba. Ngoxa isuspension system ibangela ukuba inqwelo-mafutha ikwazi ukuthwala imithwalo eyahlukahlukeneyo, iyonakala nto leyo ebangela ukuba ukulungelelana kwamavili kufune ukuhlolwa kuze kulungiswe ngalo lonk’ ixesha. Ingcali yokulungelelanisa amavili ifanele ikuncede ekwenzeni oku ukuze amavili enqwelo-mafutha yakho ahlale ixesha elide nenqwelo-mafutha yakho ihambe kakuhle.

Amavili “Akwazi Ukumelana Neemeko Ezahlukahlukeneyo”

Ngoncedo lweekhompyutha, ezinye iinqwelo-mafutha ziyamlumkisa umqhubi xa amavili enomoya ongaphantsi komlinganiselo ofanelekileyo. Amanye amavili anokuhamba umgama omfutshane ngaphandle komoya owaneleyo kungabikho ngxaki yaye amanye ayazivalekela xa egqabhukile. Ngokwenene, iinjineli zenza amavili akwazi ukumelana neemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Njengoko iye iphuculwa indlela yokwenza amavili, amaqoqo, ivili lokuqhuba neziqhoboshi, amavili afanele enze ukuqhuba kube lula baze bakhuseleke nabantu abasebenzisa iinqwelo-mafutha.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Isicangca/Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 15]

Izinto Ezifanele Zihlolwe Emavilini

Hlola ezi zinto:

◻ Ngaba kukho amaqhuma emacaleni?

◻ Ngaba kukho iingcingo ezivelileyo?

◻ Ngaba amaqoqo anzulu ngokwaneleyo okanye ngaba ii-wear bars zivelile?

Ezinye izinto ezifanele zihlolwe:

◻ Ngaba umlinganiselo womoya uyafana nalowo ucetyiswe ngabenzi benqwelo-mafutha?

◻ Ngaba lixesha lokutshintsha indawo akuyo amavili? (Sebenzisa amacebiso abenzi benqwelo-mafutha yakho ngokuphathelele umgama nendlela yokwenza oku.)

◻ Ngaba kufanele kufakwe amavili amatsha ngenxa yokuba ilixesha elithile lonyaka?

[Umfanekiso]

I-“wear bar”

[Umzobo okwiphepha 14]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

Ivili

Amaqoqo enza amavili abambelele endleleni

Amabhanti omeleza aze alungelelanise amaqoqo

Icala levili likhusela ivili lingonakali ecaleni

Imicu iqinisa ize yenze ivili libe bhetyebhetye

Umphakathi wenza umoya ungaphumi evilini

I-bead yenza ivili lithi nca kwirim

[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 13]

Ibhayisekile nenqwelo-mafutha yamandulo eyayinamvili anomoya; abasebenzi benkampani yokwenza amavili yamandulo

[Inkcazelo]

The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company