Ukubona Umzimba Womntu Ngaphakathi—Ngaphandle Kotyando

NGENXA yokuhambela phambili kubugcisa bekhompyutha, bezibalo nenzululwazi, ngoku kusetyenziswa oomatshini bokuxilonga izifo ezithile ngaphandle kokutyanda umguli. Ukongezelela kwiX-ray, esele ineminyaka engaphezu kwe-100 ngoku isetyenziswa, kukho necomputed tomography (iCT scan), ipositon-emission tomography (iPET scan), imagnetic resonance imaging (iMRI), neultrasound imaging, okanye isonography.a Aba matshini basebenza njani? Banokumchanaba kweziphi iingozi umguli? Ziziphi iingenelo zokubasebenzisa?

IX-ray Radiography

Isetyenziswa njani? Amaza eX-ray akalingani nalawo okukhanya esikubonayo yaye ayakwazi ukungena ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Xa kuxilongwa ilungu elithile lomzimba ngeX-ray, amathambo atsala ukukhanya aze abonakale ngokucacileyo kwifilim ebizwa ngokuba yiradiograph. Izihlunu zomzimba zona ziye zibonakale zingwevu. IX-ray idla ngokusetyenziswa xa kuxilongwa amazinyo, amathambo, amabele nesifuba. Xa ugqirha efuna ukuxilonga isihlunu esithile esisondele kwesinye esilingana naso, uye atofe umguli ngedayi ebizwa ngokuba yiradiopaque ukuze akwazi ukusibona kakuhle. Namhlanje iX-ray ihlolwa ngekhompyutha.

Iingozi: Iiseli nezihlunu zomzimba zinokonakaliswa yiX-ray, kodwa lowo inokuba ngumonakalo nje ongephi xa uthelekiswa neengenelo zolu hlobo lokuxilonga.b Ibhinqa elikhulelweyo lifanele limxelele ugqirha ukuba likhulelwe, ngaphambi kokuba lixilongwe ngeX-ray. Iidayi ezisetyenziswayo xa kuxilongwa, njengeiodine, zisenokubangela ingxaki kumguli. Ngoko ke ukuba i-iodine okanye izinto ezilotywa elwandle ezine-iodine azikuphathi kakuhle, mazise ugqirha wakho okanye lowo ukuxilongayo.

Iingenelo: Olu hlobo lokuxilonga luyakhawuleza yaye aludli ngokuba buhlungu, alubizi mali eninzi ibe kulula ukuxilonga ngale ndlela. Ngenxa yoko, iX-ray iluncedo kakhulu xa kusenziwa imammography noxilongo olungxamisekileyo. Xa kugqitywa kwenziwa iX-ray akubikho mitha yeegesi isalayo emzimbeni walowo uxilongwayo yaye ayidli ngakubangela ngxaki.c

IComputed Tomography

Isetyenziswa njani? KwiCT scan kusetyenziswa iX-ray ngendlela enobugocigoci neesensor ezikhethekileyo. Umguli ulaliswa etafileni etyhalwayo ifakwe kumatshini omkhulu. Kusetyenziswa imitha nezinye izixhobo ezikwaziyo ukujikeleza umzimba womguli wonke kuze kuvele imifanekiso eyahlukahlukeneyo yomzimba. Le ndlela yokuxilonga ifaniswa nokusika isonka ngomatshini sibe ngamacwecwana. Ekubeni umzimba walowo uxilongwayo ubonakala njengamacwecwana ekhompyutheni, loo nto inceda ugqirha akwazi ukubona kakuhle ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Oomatshini abakhoyo mvanje abavezi mifanekiso mininzi, kunoko baveza umfanekiso omnye omde, nto leyo yonga ixesha. Kuba imifanekiso yeCT scan ibonisa amalungu omzimba ngendlela ecacileyo, lo matshini udla ngokusetyenziswa xa kuxilongwa isifuba, isisu, amathambo, iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zomhlaza nezinye iingxaki.

Iingozi: KwiCT scan kusetyenziswa imitha yeegesi enamandla kakhulu kunaleyo yeX-ray eqhelekileyo. Oku kunokubeka umguli engozini yokuba nomhlaza yaye umele acingisise ngoku xa ehlola iingenelo zokuyisebenzisa. Ezinye izigulana zidla ngokungaphatheki kakuhle yi-iodine edla ngokusetyenziswa; yaye oku kusenokubangela neengxaki kwizintso. Ukuba bekusetyenziswe idayi xa lixilongwa, ibhinqa elanyisayo limele lilinde kudlule iiyure ezingama-24 nangaphezulu, ngaphambi kokuba lincancise usana lwalo.

Iingenelo: Ukuxilongwa ngeCT scan akukho buhlungu, ayingeni ngaphakathi emzimbeni yaye ibonisa umfanekiso ocacileyo wamacala amathathu omzimba. Le ndlela yokuxilonga iyakhawuleza, ayinabugoci-goci buninzi yaye inokusindisa izigulana ezininzi ekufeni kuba ugqirha uyakwazi ukubona wonk’ umonakalo osemzimbeni. Lo matshini awuphazamisani nezixhobo ezithile ezisenokuba zifakelwe emzimbeni womntu.

IPositron-Emission Tomography

Isetyenziswa njani? Xa umntu eza kuxilongwa ngePET scan, utofwa ngeglucose edityaniswe nemichiza ethile. Emva kokuba umzimba uyifunxile le michiza, ugqirha uhlola oko kwenzekayo emzimbeni ngalo matshini. Ukusetyenziswa kwePET scan kusekelwe kwingcamango yokuba iiseli ezinomhlaza zifunxa iglucose eninzi kunezinye iiseli, ngoko ziwutsala kakhulu umxube wemichiza oneglucose. Ngoko ke, iiseli ezinengxaki zibonakala ngokuba neepositron ezininzi okanye ngokuba nombala owahlukileyo xa zijongwa ekhompyutheni.

Ngoxa iCT scan neMRI scan zibonisa indlela ami ngayo amalungu athile nezihlunu, iPET scan yona ibonisa indlela asebenza ngayo la malungu, ngenxa yoko utshintsho lubonakala zisuka nje. IPET scan neCT scan zinokusetyenziswa ngaxeshanye, nto leyo enceda ugqirha akwazi ukuxilonga ngokucokisekileyo. Noko ke, iPET scan inokuveza iziphumo ezingachananga xa umguli eye watya ngaphambi kokuba axilongwe okanye xa iswekile esegazini lakhe ingalungelelananga, kuba enesifo seswekile. Kwakhona, umchiza ekutofwa ngawo umguli uphela ngokukhawuleza emzimbeni, ngoko kubalulekile ukuba olu hlobo loxilongo lwenziwe ngokukhawuleza.

Iingozi: Kuba kusetyenziswa umchiza nje omncinane nophela ngokukhawuleza emzimbeni, umguli akachanabeki kakhulu kwimitha yeegesi ephuma kulo matshini. Sekunjalo, unokuba yingozi kwimveku esesiswini. Ngenxa yoko, ibhinqa elikhulelweyo lifanele limchazele ugqirha oxilongayo kunye nabo asebenza nabo, ukuba likhulelwe. Yaye amabhinqa asexabisweni lokuzala asenokucelwa ukuba atsale igazi okanye eze nomchamo ukuze kuhlolwe ukuba akakhulelwanga na. Ukuba iPET scan iza kusetyenziswa ngaxeshanye neCT scan, kufanele kucingwe nangeengozi ezinokubangelwa yiCT scan.

Iingenelo: Kuba iPET scan ibonisa indlela asebenza ngayo amalungu athile nezihlunu, lo matshini unokubonisa ingxaki ngaphambi kokuba kubekho utshintsho olubonakalayo kwilungu elo.

IMagnetic Resonance Imaging

Isetyenziswa njani? KwiMRI (akusetyenziswa X-ray) kunoko kusetyenziswa isixhobo esinamandla esinjengozibuthe, amaza omoya, nekhompyutha ukuze kuvele onke amalungu omzimba angaphakathi. Ugqirha utsho akwazi ukubona amalungu angaphakathi ngokucacileyo aze akwazi ukuwaxilonga kakuhle abone nezifo ebezingenakubonwa. Ngokomzekelo, iMRI ngomnye woomatshini abenza oogqirha bakwazi ukubona ithambo ngaphakathi, yaye iluncedo kakhulu ekuxilongeni ubuchopho nezinye izihlunu ezithambileyo.

Umguli ufanele angashukumi xa kusenziwa olu xilongo. Yaye ekubeni umguli kufuneka engene ngaphakathi komatshini ocuthekileyo, abanye abantu baye boyike ukufuthaniselwa. Noko ke, oomatshini beMRI bezi mini bavulekile ukwenzela abantu aboyikayo okanye abatyebe ngokugqithiseleyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo akuvumelekanga ukungena kwindlu yokuxilongela nezinto zentsimbi, njengosiba lokubhala, iwotshi, izacholo namacici, izinto zokubopha iinwele, ooziphu bentsimbi, amakhadi eebhanki nezinye izinto ezinokutsaleka ngozibuthe.

Iingozi: Ukuba kuye kwasetyenziswa umchiza othile, umguli usenokungaphatheki kakuhle nguloo mchiza kodwa ingxaki yakhe ayinakufana naleyo idla ngokubangelwa yidayi eneiodine esetyenziswa kwiX-ray nakwiCT scan. Ngoko ke, iMRI ayibangeli ngxaki kumguli. Noko ke, kuba isixhobo salo matshini esinjengozibuthe sinamandla kakhulu, izigulana ezifakelwe izinto ezithile ezenziwe ngentsimbi okanye ezineentsinjana ezasala emzimbeni emva kwengozi azinakukwazi ukuxilongwa ngeMRI. Ngoko ukuba ugqirha ucebisa ukuba uye kuxilongwa ngeMRI, kuhle ukumazisa, yena nalowo uxilonga ngalo matshini xa unezinto ezinjalo emzimbeni wakho.

Iingenelo: IMRI ayikhuphi mitha yeegesi eyingozi yaye iziveza kakuhle iingxaki ezikwizihlunu ingakumbi ezingaphakathi emathanjeni.

IUltrasound Imaging

Isetyenziswa njani? Iultrasound scanning okanye isonography isebenza ngamaza omoya angenakuvakala endlebeni. Ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle—ngokomzekelo kwilungu elithile—kubakho ingxolo. Ikhompyutha iyayihlola le ngxolo, ize iveze amacala amathathu elo lungu, ukuze kubonakale ubunzulu, ubukhulu, indlela elimi ngayo nendlela elisebenza ngayo. Ukuze kuxilongwe amalungu angaphakathi emzimbeni kusetyenziswa amaza angenamandla kakhulu; ukanti xa kuxilongwa amalungu anjengamehlo nolusu, njengaxa kuhlolwa umhlaza wolusu kusetyenziswa amaza anamandla kakhulu.

Amaxesha amaninzi, umntu oxilongayo usebenzisa itransducer. Emva kokuthambisa umguli ngesithambiso esifana nejeli, ugqirha uhlikihla itransducer kuloo ndawo afuna ukuyixilonga, emva koko kuvela umfanekiso ekhompyutheni. Xa kuyimfuneko, kunokufakwa isixhobo sokukroba ngaphakathi kwitransducer ukuze umguli axilongwe ngaphakathi.

IDoppler ultrasound iluncedo ekuxilongeni amalungu ashukumayo yaye isityenziswa xa kuhlolwa ukujikeleza kwegazi. Yaye inokuba luncedo xa kuxilongwa amalungu angaphakathi namaqhuma, kuba la maqhuma adla ngokuba nemithambo yegazi emikhulu.

Oogqirha bayakwazi ukuhlola iingxaki ezininzi noonobangela bazo ngeultrasound, njengeengxaki zentliziyo, amaqhuma asemabeleni nokuxilonga imveku engekazalwa. Kwelinye icala, kuba iultrasound ingakwazi ukusebenza xa umguli enomoya ngaphakathi, lo matshini awusebenzi kakuhle kwamanye amalungu angaphakathi esiswini. Enye into, umfanekiso wayo usenokungacaci kakuhle njengemifanekiso yabanye oomatshini abafana neradiography.

Iingozi: Nangona ukusebenzisa iultrasound kungeyongozi, inokubangela umonakalo kwizihlunu, njengezihlunu zemveku engekazalwa. Ngoko ke, zisenokubakho iingozi ezithile xa kuxilongwa imveku esesiswini.

Iingenelo: Aba matshini baxhaphakile, abafakwa ngaphakathi emzimbeni yaye ababizi mali ininzi. Umfanekiso ophuma kwaba matshini ubonakala ngoko nangoko.

Ubugcisa Bexa Elizayo

Uphando olwenziwayo ngoku lolokuphucula oomatshini abasele besetyenziswa. Ngokomzekelo, abaphengululi benza oomatshini beMRI abasebenzisa amandla kazibuthe amancinane kunabanye oomatshini beMRI, nto leyo enciphisa iindleko. Kwenziwa omnye umatshini omtsha obonakala uza kuba luncedo kakhulu, obizwa ngokuba yimolecular imaging (iMI). Lo matshini wenziwe ngendlela yokuba ukwazi ukubona amasuntswana amancinane kakhulu, ngoko ke iMI iza kukwazi ukuveza nokunyanga isifo sisaqala nje.

Bonke aba matshini baye basindisa izigulana kutyando olubuhlungu noluyingozi, oludla ngokwenziwa xa kuxilongwa isifo esithile. Yaye xa isifo sifunyanwa ngokukhawuleza size sinyangwe, umguli unokuncedakala. Kodwa ke, aba matshini babiza imali eninzi—abanye baxabisa izigidi zeerandi.

Enyanisweni, eyona nto ibhetele nangaphezu kokufunyanwa nokunyangwa kwesifo ngokukhawuleza, kukuzinyamekela ukuze ungaguli. Ngoko, zama ukutya ngendlela efanelekileyo ukuze uhlale usempilweni, ulolonge umzimba rhoqo, uphumle ngokwaneleyo, uze uhlale ucinga izinto ezakhayo. IMizekeliso 17:22 ithi: “Intliziyo evuyayo iyaphilisa.”

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 13]

INEMITHA YEEGESI ENGAKANANI?

Mihla le sisoloko sichanabeke kwimitha yeegesi, enoba ivela esibhakabhakeni okanye kwiigesi ezifana neradon gas. La manani angezantsi anokukunceda ubone iingozi onokuchanabeka kuzo xa uxilongwa ngoomatshini abathile. Le milinganiselo ziimillisievert (imSv).

Xa uhamba ngenqwelo-moya kangangeeyure ezintlanu: 0,03 mSV

Xa uchanabeke kwimitha yeegesi zemvelo kangangeentsuku ezilishumi: 0,1 mSv

Xa kuthatyathwa iX-ray yamazinyo: 0,04-0,15 mSv

Xa kuthatyathwa iX-ray yesifuba: 0,1 mSv

Xa kusenziwa imammogram: 0,7 mSv

Xa uhlolwa esifubeni ngeCT scan: 8,0 mSv.

Xa kufuneka uxilongiwe, musa ukwenqena ukucela ugqirha wakho okanye lowo usebenzisa umatshini wokuxilonga ukuba akucacisele ngendlela oza kuchanabeka ngayo kwimitha yeegesi okanye akucacisele ngezinye izinto ezikuxhalabisayo ngolo xilongo.

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 11]

X-ray

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 12]

CT

[Inkcazelo]

© Philips

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 12]

PET

[Inkcazelo]

Courtesy Alzheimer’s Disease Education and Referral Center, a service of the National Institute on Aging

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 13]

MRI

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 14]

Ultrasound