Ululimi Luntu Mwingamona!

MWASAMBILILE shani ukulanda ululimi mulanda? Napamo kupitila mu kumfwa aba mu lupwa ne fibusa balelanda lintu mwali abaice. Abantu abengi basambilila ululimi ukupitila mu kumfwa kabili balubomfya mu kulanda. Lintu baletontonkanya, abantu abomfwa mu cifyalilwa balatala balanda amashiwi mu mutima pa ntanshi ya kuyalanda. Nangu cibe fyo, lintu umwana afyalwa nkomamatwi, bushe kuti atontonkanya mu nshila imbi? Bushe kwaliba ululimi luntu abantu bengabomfya mu kulanshanya pa lwa fintu ifishingamonwa ne fingamonwa ukwabulo kumfwa iciunda?

Ululimi Ulumonwa fye Ukwabula Ukulumfwa

Cimo ica fipapwa fya muntontonkanya wa bantunse caba maka ya kusambilila ululimi no kulwishiba. Nangu cibe fyo, umo nga ni nkomamatwi, ukwishiba ululimi iba ni ncito ya menso, te ya matwi. Ku ca nsansa, abantunse balafwaisha sana ukumfwana, kabili e cibaafwa ukwansha icili conse icingamoneka ngo bwafya. Uku ukufwaisha ukumfwana e kwalenga no kuti Bankomamatwi mwi sonde bapange indimi ishingi isha bankomamatwi isha kubomfya ifishibilo. Lintu baisa capamo, ukupitila mu kufyalilwa mu ndupwa sha Bankomamatwi nelyo ukwisakumanina pa masukulu yaibela kabili na mu mekashi, calenga ukuti bapange ululimi lwapikana ulwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo ulwashintilila pa kumona na menso.a

Carl, uwa ku United States, asambilile ulu ululimi ku bafyashi bakwe Bankomamatwi.b Nangu cingati afyelwe nkomamatwi, alishibe ifya kulemba ku kulondolola ifintu, ukwikatanya ifishibilo fya Bankomamatwi bwino, no kulumbulula amatontonkanyo mu Lulimi lwa Bankomamatwi Ulwa Kubomfya Ifishibilo ulwa ku United States ulwitwa American Sign Language (ASL), lintu ali umwaice sana. Abana Bankomamatwi abengi abakwata abafyashi Bankomamatwi abaishiba ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo, batendeka ukulubomfya lintu baba ne myeshi 10 ukufika ku 12. Mu citabo ca A Journey Into the Deaf-World, calilondololwa ukuti “abasambilila indimi ishingi nomba nabeshibo kuti amaka ya kusambilila ululimi mu cifyalilwa no kusambilisha abana yashikama muli bongobongo. Te mulandu nampo nga aya maka yamonekela mu lulimi lwa Bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo nelyo mu lulimi lulanda Abomfwa.”

Sveta afyalilwe ku Russia ngo mwishikulu mu lupwa lwa Bankomamatwi. Asambilile Russian Sign Language (Ululimi lwa Bankomamatwi Ulwa Kubomfya Ifishibilo ulwa ku Russia) capamo na ndume yakwe. Lintu bamwingishe sukulu apasambilila abana Bankomamatwi lintu ali ne myaka itatu, aali nalamuka kale kale mu kubomfya ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo ulo asambilile ku bwaice. Sveta asumina ati: “Abana bambi Bankomamatwi tabaishibe ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo kabili balesambilila kuli ine.” Abana Bankomamatwi abengi bakwata abafyashi Abomfwa lelo abashaishiba ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo. Abana Bankomamatwi basambilile ulu lulimi ku sukulu ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo ku bana Bankomamatwi abakulileko, kabili calibangushisheko ukulaumfwana.

Ilelo abafyashi abengi Abomfwa balesambilila ukulanda na bana babo mu lulimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo. E cilelenga ukuti aba abana Bankomamatwi beshibe bwino ulu lulimi na pa ntanshi ya kwingile sukulu. E fyo cali na kuli Andrew uwa ku Canada, uwakwata abafyashi abomfwa. Asambilile ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo no kulubomfya ninshi ali umwaice sana, kabili akwete icitendekelo ca lulimi pantu ali no kuya alelundapo mu myaka ya ku ntanshi. Nomba ulupwa lonse kuti lwalanda pa cili conse mu lulimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo.

Bankomamatwi kuti batontonkanya pa fintu ifishingamonwa na menso ne fingamonwa, ukwabula ukutontonkanya mu lulimi lulanda Abomfwa. Kwati fye ni fintu tutontonkanya mu lulimi lwesu, na Bankomamatwi abengi batontonkanya mu lulimi lwabo ulwa bankomamatwi.

Indimi Shapusanapusana

Mwi sonde lyonse, Bankomamatwi balipanga ululimi lwabo nelyo balitobekamo fimo ukufuma ku ndimi shimbi isha bankomamatwi isha kubomfya ifishibilo. Ilelo yamo amashiwi ya muli ASL yafuma kuli French Sign Language (Ululimi lwa Bankomamatwi Ulwa Kubomfya Ifishibilo ulwa ku France) imyaka 180 iyapitapo. Ifi fyalisakaanishiwe ne fyalebomfiwa kale kale ku United States, kabili e lwasanguka nomba ASL. Indimi sha bankomamatwi shilundululwa pa myaka iingi kabili shilaya shilewaminako mu nkulo ne nkulo.

Ilingi indimi sha bankomamatwi tashapalana ne ndimi shilanda Abomfwa isha muli co calo. Ku ca kumwenako, nangu cingati balanda iciSpanish ku calo ca Puerto Rico, ASL e ibomfiwa. Nangu cingati balanda iciNgeleshi ku England na ku United States, British Sign Language (Ululimi lwa Bankomamatwi Ulwa Kubomfya Ifishibilo ulwa ku Britain) e ibomfiwa ku England, kabili yalipusana na ASL. Na kabili Mexican Sign Language (Ululimi lwa Bankomamatwi Ulwa Kubomfya Ifishibilo ulwa ku Mexico) yalipusana ne ndimi ishingi isha bankomamatwi isha ku Latin America.

Lintu umo alesambilila ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo, alatemwa fintu lwapikana no kulumbulula kwamonekesha. Amalyashi na matontonkanyo ayengi, nelyo imfundo kuti fyalumbululwa mu lulimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo. Ku ca nsansa, kuliko ukupanga impapulo sha Bankomamatwi pa mavidio, ukushimika amalyashi mu lulimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo ulwasambililwa ukufuma ku bafyashi nelyo bankomamatwi bambi, no kulande nshintu, ukulande fyacitike kale, no kusambilishe cine ca mu Baibolo. Mu fyalo ifingi ukusambilila ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo kuleingilishiwako.

Ukubelenga Ifishatala Afyumfwikapo mu Matwi

Lintu Abomfwa balebelenga, ilingi line balosha ku fintu baumfwapo pa kwibukishe fiunda fya mashiwi. E co ifingi ifyo babelenga balafyumfwikisha pantu balifyumfwapo. Mu ndimi ishingi, amashiwi ayalembwa tayalangisha amatontonkanyo yemininako nelyo ukupalana nayo. Abomfwa abengi basambilila aya mashiwi yalembwa ukupitila mu kwampanya ne fiunda fya mashiwi yalandwa pa kuti bengomfwikisha fintu balebelenga. Nangu cibe fyo, esheni ukwelenganyo kuti tamwatala amumfwapo iciunda, ishiwi, nelyo ululimi filelandwa ukutula apo mwafyalilwa! Kuti caba icayafya kabili ica kufulunganya ukusambilila ululimi ulwalembwa ulo mushingomfwa na matwi. E mulandu wine kanshi cayafisha kuli Bankomamatwi ukubelenga mu ululimi lwa musango yu, maka maka abakomene amatwi ku bwaice nelyo abashatala abomfwapo!

Mwi sonde lyonse, amasukulu ayengi aya Bankomamatwi yalisanga ubunonshi bwa kubomfya ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo mu kubangilila sana pa nshita umwana alundulwilapo ululimi. (Moneni imikululo pa mabula 12 na 14.) Aya amasukulu yasanga ukuti ukusambilisha umwana Nkomamatwi ululimi kabili no kulundulula icitendekelo ca lulimi kukemika apa kutampila ukucita bwino ku sukulu na mu bwikashi kabili na ku ntanshi ukusambilila ululimi lwa kulemba.

Akabungwe kalolekesha pa masomo ya Bankomamatwi aka muli United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization katile: “Tacasuminishiwa nomba ukulekelesha ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo, nelyo ukusengauka ukubombako mu kulundulula amaprogramu ya kusambilisha bankomamatwi.” Nangu cibe fyo, cifwile ukusoswa ukuti te mulandu no kusambilila kuntu abafyashi basalila umwana Nkomamatwi, ukubombesha kwa bafyashi bonse babili mu kulunduluka kwa mwana kwalicindama sana.—Moneni icipande ca “Pa Kuti Ningalaumfwana no Mwana Wandi, Nasambilile Ululimi na Lumbi,” muli Loleni! wa November 8, 1996.

Ukumfwikisha Bankomamatwi

Lintu abana Bankomamatwi bakula, ilingi balalanda ukuti ico balefwaya sana ku bafyashi lintu bali abaice cali kumfwana. Lintu banyina baalefwa, Jack, Nkomamatwi, alyeseshe ukulanda nabo. Balishombweke ukuti bamwebe fimo lelo tabali na maka ya kulemba kabili tabaishibe ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo. Batendeke ukulashikila kabili lyene balifwile. Jack alecushiwa nga aibukisha ilya nshita ilyo baalefwa. Icamucitikile camulengele ukuti apandeko amano abafyashi bakwata abana Bankomamatwi ati: “Nga ca kuti mulefwaya ukulaumfwana bwino bwino kabili no kwishibana no mwana wenu Nkomamatwi, ukulumbulula imfundo, inkuntu, amatontonkanyo no kutemwa, landeni mu lulimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo. . . . Kuli ine balicelelwe. Bushe na imwe mwalicelwa?”

Pa myaka iingi abengi tabaumfwikisha fintu Bankomamatwi bapitamo. Bamo batontonkanyo kuti bankomamatwi tabaishiba mupepi ne cili conse pantu tabomfwa nangu cimo. Abafyashi balacishamo ukucingilila abana babo Bankomamatwi nelyo balatiina ukubaleka balebishanya na bantu bambi. Nangu cingati te bonse Bankomamatwi abashilanda, kumo kumo Bankomamatwi babeta mu kuluba ati “bacibulu.” Lelo matwi fye yakoma. Bamo bamona ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo ngo lwa batuutu nelyo ulwasuulwa. Te kuti tupape ukuti pa mulandu wa kukanaishiba kwa musango yu, Bankomamatwi bamo balayumfwa ukuti balititikishiwa no kuti tababomfwikisha.

Ilintu alekula ku United States muli ba 1930, Joseph bamutwele kwi sukulu lyaibela ilya Bankomamatwi ilyabindile ukulanda ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo. Ilingi line balemukalipila kumo nabo ali nabo mu kalasi pa kubomfya ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo, nangu line tabaleumfwikisha fintu bakafundisha babo balelanda! Mu fyalo umushafula amasukulu ya Bankomamatwi, bamo bakula ukwabulo kusambilila sana. Ku ca kumwenako, uulemba Loleni! mu calo ca ku Masamba ya Afrika atile: “Ubumi bwa Bankomamatwi abengi ku Afrika bwalyafya kabili bwa bulanda. Pa balemana bonse, napamo Bankomamatwi e balekeleshiwa sana kabili e bo bashumfwikisha.”

Ifwe bonse tufwaya ukutumfwikisha. Ku ca bulanda, lintu bamo bamona Nkomamatwi, batontonkanya fye fyo “te kuti acite nangu cimo.” Ukutontonkanya fye ukuti Nkomamatwi te kuti acite nangu cimo kuti calenga ukukanamona ifintu engacita. Mu kupusanako, abene Bankomamatwi baimona nga baba na “maka ya kucite fintu.” Balomfwana bwino bwino na banabo, balalundulula umucinshi wa pa lwabo, kabili balacita na bwino ku sukulu, mu bwikashi, na lwa ku mupashi. Ku ca bulanda, fintu Bankomamatwi abengi basungwa ububi fyalenga bamo ukukanacetekela Abomfwa. Nangu cibe fyo, lintu Abomfwa balanga ukwangwako kwa cine cine kuli Bankomamatwi na ku lulimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo ulwasambililwa ku bafyashi nelyo bankomamatwi bambi kabili no kumona Bankomamatwi nga bantu ababa na “maka ya kucite fintu,” bonse balamwenamo.

Nga ca kuti mulefwaya ukusambilila ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo, ibukisheni ukuti indimi shimininako fintu tutontonkanya no kwelenganye mfundo. Pa kusambilila bwino ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo, umo afwile ukulatontonkanya muli ulo lwine ululimi. E mulandu wine ukusambilila fye ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo muli dikishonari wa lulimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo te kuti kube ukwa kwaafwa pa kulalanda ulo lulimi bwino. Mukesheko ukusambilila ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo kuli Bankomamatwi abene abalubomfya cila bushiku. Ukusambilila ululimi lumbi ku bantu abalusambilile ukufuma ku bwaice kulafwilisha ukutontonkanya no kwelenganye mfundo mu nshila yapusana, lelo iya cifyalilwa.

Mwi sonde lyonse, Bankomamatwi balelundulula amaka yabo aya kwiluka na masubilo ukupitila mu kubomfya ululimi ulushaiwamina. Iseni muimwene imilandile yabo iya kubomfya iminwe.

[Amafutunoti]

[Akabokoshi pe bula 12]

“Umusumba wa New York Uli no Kusambilisha Ululimi lwa Bankomamatwi Ulwa Kubomfya Ifishibilo, Lyene iciNgeleshi”

Uyo mutwe wa lyashi wali muli nyunshipepala wa The New York Times uwa mu March 5, 1998. Felicia R. Lee alembele ati: “Imisambilishishe ya pe sukulu lyeka fye ilya cintubwingi ilya bankomamatwi mu musumba ili no kupitulukwamo pa kuti bakafundisha bonse bakalesambilisha fye mu lulimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo ulwashimpwa pa fishibilo no kubomfya umubili, kabili ici cileitwa ngo kwaluka kwa lulumbi mu masomo ya bankomamatwi.” Alondolwele ukuti bakasambilisha abengi “balesosa ukuti ukusapika kwalangishe fyo ululimi ulubomfiwa sana na bankomamatwi lwaba lwa kumona na menso, te kulanda pa kanwa. Kabili amasukulu ayabomfya inshila batemwa, iitwa American Sign Language, balasambilisha bwino abana be sukulu ukucila amasukulu yambi.

“Balesosa ukuti abana be sukulu bankomamatwi bafwile ukumonwa kwati bana be sukulu abalande ndimi shibili, lelo te kubamona nge filema.”

Profesa Harlan Lane, uwa pa Yuniversiti ya Northeastern mu Boston, atile: “Ndemona [Isukulu lya mu New York] lya ntanshi ukucitapo cimo muli uku kwaluka.” Aebele abalemba Loleni! ukuti ubuyo bwa kupelako buli kusambilisha iciNgeleshi ngo lulimi lwa bubili ulwa kubelenga.

[Akabokoshi pe bula 13]

Lulimi lwa Cine Cine!

Abomfwa balisondwelela mu kuluba ukuti ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo lwaba musango wapikana uwa kulandila mu kubomfya umubili. Lwalilondololwa ngo lulimi lwa fikope. Nangu ca kuti mu lulimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo kulabo kubomfya icinso, umubili, amaboko, ubwingi bwa fishibilo fyapalana fye panono na matontonkanyo yantu filangilila nelyo tafyapalana sana. Ku ca kumwenako, muli American Sign Language (ASL), icishibilo cilangilila itontonkanya lya “ukupanga” muba ukubomfya amaboko yonse ayalema amakofi, no kubika ikofi limo pa muulu wa linankwe uku uleyanyongotola. Nangu ca kuti ici cishibilo caliseeka, tacilangilila ifyo cipilibula ku ushaishiba ululimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo. Muli Russian Sign Language (RLS), icishibilo cilangilila itontonkanyo lya “ukukabila” cilangililwa no kubomfya amaboko yonse yabili, uku icikumo cimo na cimo nacikumya umunwe wa pati no kushingulusha amaboko ukulayatwala pa ntanshi. (Moneni ifikope pali lino line ibuula.) E co, amatontonkanyo ya fintu ifishingamonwa na menso, te kuti yapalane ne fikope. Kano fye ifishibilo fya fintu ifingamonwa ifyo napamo fingalondololwa, pamo nga ifishibilo filangilila “ing’anda” nelyo “umwana.”—Moneni ifikope pali lino line ibula.

Na cimbi apo ululimi lwashintilila caba mashiwi yalandwa mu nshila yatantikwa bwino ayabomfiwa mu bwikashi. Indimi sha bankomamatwi isha kubomfya ifishibilo shilangilila umusango uwingi uwatantikwa bwino uwa grama. Ku ca kumwenako, muli ASL babalilapo ukwishibisha icilelandwapo, e lyo pakonka ukulandapo. No kutantika ifintu mu nshita fyacitike cintu cacindama mu ndimi sha bankomamatwi ishingi.

Ukumoneka kwa pa menso na ko kulabomba mu kwaafwa ukulekanya icipusho no kukambisha, amashiwi yashintilila pa mibele, nelyo ukulanda fye. Imilandile ya kumona na menso iya lulimi lwa bankomamatwi ulwa kubomfya ifishibilo yalilulenga ukulundulula ifi ne fintu fimbi ifyaibela.

[Ifikope]

“Ukupanga” muli ASL

“Ukukabila” muli RLS

“Ing’anda” muli ASL

“Umwana” muli ASL

[Akabokoshi pe bula 14]

Indimi sha Cine Cine

Steven Pinker, mu lupapulo lwakwe ulwa The Language Instinct, atila: “Ukupusana ne mfundo shalubana ishaseeka, indimi sha bankomamatwi isha kubomfya ifishibilo tashaba kulanda kwa kubomfya fye umubili, te sha kupangisha fye kuli bakasambilisha, nelyo ifishibilo fya lulimi lulandwa na Abomfwa mu bwikashi. Shisangwa ukuli konse ukwaba bankomamatwi, kabili ululimi lumo lumo lwaliibela kabili ulwa cine cine, ulubomfya umusango umo wine uwa fifwaikwa fya grama mu ndimi shilanda Abomfwa mwi sonde lyonse.”

Ku Nicaragua “amasukulu yapoosele amano mu kusambilisha abana bankomamatwi imilandile ya kuloleshe milomo ya muntu umbi, kabili nge fyo ciba lyonse, tacabombele. Lelo ico tacali bwafya. Ilintu bali mu fibansa fya kwangalilamo na mu mabasi ye sukulu, abana balepanga ululimi lwabo ulwa fishibilo . . . Tapapitile ne nshita lulya lulimi lwasangwike ululimi beta nomba ati Lenguaje de Signos Nicaragüense.” Pali nomba, inkulo ya bacaice sana bankomamatwi yalipanga ululimi lwalondoloka sana ulo beta ati Idioma de Signos Nicaragüense.

[Ifikope pe bula 15]

Iyi ni nshila imo iya kulandilamo ati: “Nga afuma kwi shitolo, aleya ku ncito” muli ASL

1 Ishitoolo

2 umwaume

3 kabiye ku

4 ukupwisha

5 kabiye ku

6 incito