Euro—Indalama Shipya Isha mu Bulaya

CILOLO wa fya ndalama uwa ku France uwali ne nsansa asumine mu ndalama ipya iya museke no kubilisha ati: “Iyi ni ndalama ya cine cine, te ya cimbepa. E ya kubalilapo ukupangwa mu France na mu Bulaya.” Iyi ndalama yali ni euro uwa kubalilapo ukupangwa mu fakitare wa ku France. Cali ni pali Cimo, pa May 11, 1998.

Bushe euro cinshi? Bushe ikambukila shani banamayanda, ababomfi, abatandashi, na bamakwebo mu Bulaya? Bushe tayakonaule ubunonshi mwi sonde lyonse? Ilyo mushilapoosa indalama shenu isha madeutsche mark, amalire, nelyo amafranc, nalimo kuti cawamapo ukwishiba amasuko kuli aya mepusho.

Aya Mano Yatendeke Shani?

Lintu icipangano ca Maastricht Treaty casangwile European Community ukuba akabungwe ka European Union (EU), pa November 1, 1993, ubuyo bumo ubukalamba bwali bwa kulenga ifyalo fya muli aka kabungwe ukulabomfya indalama fye imo.a Ukutula mu nshita sha baRoma, Ubulaya tabwatala abubomfyapo indalama fye imo. Bapingwilepo ukwinika indalama shipya ishina euro. Te fyalo fyonse ifya mu EU ifingabomfya indalama fye imo. Pali nomba ifyalo fye 11 pa fyalo 15 ifya mu EU e fingabomfya indalama sha euro. Ifyalo ifibimbilwemo ni Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, na Spain. Icalo ca Greece tacakumanishe ifipimo fya bunonshi ifyalekabilwa. E lyo Britain, Denmark, na Sweden e fyalo fimbi fitatu ifishibimbilwemo pali ino nshita.

Amaeuro yakatendeka ukubomfiwa panono panono. Ukutendeka pa January 4, uno mwaka amaeuro yatendeke ukukabushiwa ne ndalama shimbi ukwabula ukubomfya indalama sha cine cine. Amaeuro ya museke na ya mapepala yakatendeka ukubomba mu ciputulwa ca myeshi 6 ukutendeka pa January 1, 2002, pa numa ya ico, nalimo lintu indalama sha kale isha fyalo fibimbilwemo shikaleka ukubomba shikatutilwa mu mayanda ya babenye na mu mbokoshi sha cibukisho. Citunganishiwo kuti amaeuro yakapyana indalama sha mapepala amabilioni 12 ne sha museke amabilioni 70, ishafina amatani 300,000. Cileenekelwa ukuti pali iyo nshita ne fyalo fya mu EU ifishibimbilwemo mu kubomfya amaeuro na fyo fikaitumpamo.

Cilolo wa fya ndalama uwa ku Austria alandile pa lwa kwalukila ku maeuro ati: “Tufikile pa nshita yacindama mu kwikatanya Ubulaya.” Nangu cibe fyo, mu Bulaya icinabwingi tacisuminishenye pa lwa ndalama sha euro, amapesenti 47 baletila ukubomfya indalama fye imo kukanonsha Ubulaya apakalamba, lelo amapesenti 40 baletila amaeuro yakabongolola ubunonshi mu Bulaya. Bamo baletila ukulabomfya indalama fye imo kukabushe nkondo! Pa kati pali ibumba lya bantu abaletwishika amaeuro, abatila kuti mwafuma ubusuma mu kubomfya ishi ndalama mu Bulaya lelo balatwishika nampo nga shikabomba bwino.

Bamo Batila Shisuma . . .

Icilye cikalamba ica EU, ica European Commission, calibilisho kuti: “Ukupitila mu kubomfya indalama fye imo, Ubulaya bukapeela abekashi ba uko, abana ba uko, na beshibishi ba uko . . . icishibilo cine cine ica buyo bumo buntu caisalila icine: ubwa kukuula ubwikashi bwa mutende no lubanda.”

Abatasha amaeuro balumbula ifingi ifisuma ifingafuma mu kubomfya indalama fye imo. Batila takwingaba ubwafya bwa kukabula indalama. Ica kumwenako icilumbulwa limo limo ca mutandashi umwina Bulaya uushinaka uuletandalila ifyalo fyonse 14 ifya mu EU ifyaba ku nse ya calo cakwe. Tutile, nga acikwata amadeutsche mark 1,000 pa kwingila mu calo ca kubalilapo, cilya apwisha ubulendo bwakwe kuti ashala fye na mamark 500 pa mulandu fye wa kukaabula indalama!

Na kabili, ifyalo tafyakalekabula indalama pa kukabushanya ifipe. Mu kupalako, ukulabomfya indalama fye imo kukafumyapo ubuluuse ubulengwa no kwalukaaluka kwa maka ya ndalama. Lintu indalama sha calo shapwa amaka, umutengo wa fipe ifishitwa ku nse ya ico calo ulaluma sana. Ici e cilenga imitengo ukunina. E ico, ukulabomfya indalama fye imo ukucincintila ubwafya bwa kwalukaaluka kwa maka ya ndalama, kuti kwaongola abalebeshi ukuleta ubunonshi mu Bulaya.

Na kabili, abatasha indalama sha euro batila imitengo ya fipe ikanakako mu Bulaya. Bakashita wa fipe na bamakwebo nomba cilebangukila ukulinganya imitengo ya fipe, kabili lintu indalama sha euro isha museke ne sha mapepala shikatendeka ukubomba mu 2002, cikacilapo ukwanguka. Cileenekelwa ukuti ukupusana kwa mitengo ya fipe fimo fine mu fyalo fyalekanalekana ifya mu Bulaya kukacepako, ica kuti na bakashita wa fipe bakalamwenamo.

. . . Bambi Batila Te Shisuma

Natukutike kuli bakalengulula. Bena batila indalama sha euro shikatusha ubunonshi mu Bulaya, ukubulenga ukumina kumo no kukanasanduluka. Batila ukulabomfya indalama fye imo kukafusha ubulofwa, ukulenga abengi ukuitumpa mu bukwebo bwa kukabula indalama, kabili kukaletako ukupusana mu fya bupolitiki. Ukupusana kwa musango yo kwalicitikapo kale. Ku ca kumwenako, ba Germany na ba France balipusene pa lwa kusala abakalaangalila ibanki lya European Central Bank, ilisakamana indalama sha euro. Cileenekelwa ukuti ukupusana kwa musango yo kukafulilako ilintu icalo cimo cimo ica mu EU cilelwisha ukuicitila ifya ciko.

Pali nomba mu fyalo fimo ifya mu EU muli ubulofwa bwa kapela makufi. Abengi batila icilelenga fyalo filebomfya indalama ishinono no kulunda imisonko pa kuti fikumanishe ifikabilwa pa kusuminishiwa ukulabomfya amaeuro. Mu Bulaya abantu baleilishanya pantu ubuteko bulebomfya indalama ishinono ku kwafwilisha abapiina, aba mapenshoni, na balwele. Ni lilali uyu musango ukapwa? Bushe ifyalo fimo fikanashako uyu musango lintu amaeuro yakatendeka ukubomba? Bushe ukunashako uyu musango kukonaula imibombele ya ndalama sha euro mu Bulaya?

Bambi batila abantu balitemwisha indalama sha mu calo cabo. Indalama sha calo ca umo shalicindama nangu fye tashikwete. Abengi bashimona nge cibukisho ca calo cabo, nge cishibilo cacindama ukupala imendela. Indalama sha calo shaba ni nshila abantu basangilamo icuma, ukupenda, ukulinga, ukushishamo ifintu, no kusungilamo icuma. Ku ca kumwenako, abena Germany bakamona indalama shabo isha mu banki shabwelako citika pa numa ya kushalula mu maeuro, lelo indalama sha bena Italy shikabwelako imiku 2,000 lintu indalama shabo sha lira shikafumishiwapo. Ukufwailisha kumo kutila ukutendeka ukubomfya amaeuro kukaletako “utooloto” ku bena Bulaya abengi.

Bushe AmaEuro Yakabomba Kuli Bonse?

Bamo abasoma ifya bunonshi aba mu EU na mu United States batila nangu cingati abengi aba mapolitiki balefwaisha ukulabomfya indalama fye imo, ubunonshi mu Bulaya tabwaikatana, abekashi babamo balitemwisha ifyalo fyabo, kabili intambi shabo shalipusana sana. Abena Bulaya balipusana na bena Amerika. Pantu abena Bulaya bena incito nga shapwa te lingi bengakuukila ukutali ku kufwaya incito. Incenshi shimo shitila ukukanaikatana kwalilenga ifyalo ifilefwaisha ukulabomfya amaeuro ukukanacingililwa ku mafya ayengafuma mu kwikatanya ubunonshi na mu kubomfye ndalama fye imo.

Bakalengulula bamo batila ukubomfya indalama fye imo kukapoka ubuteko bumo na bumo amaka ya kuipingwila mu mafya ya bunonshi. Batila ibanki lya European Central Bank, mu Frankfurt, Germany likapoka ifyalo amaka. E ico, ici cikalundako ubwafya bwa kwikatanya amafunde ya misonko ne mibombele imbi iya bunonshi mu Bulaya. Bakalengulula bapaasho kuti ifilye fya mafunde ifya mu Brussels na mu Strasbourg fikakwata amaka. Na kuba, icipangano ca Maastricht Treaty cikomaila pa lwa kwikatana kwa fyalo ukukalasakamana imilandu ya kwampana ne fyalo fimbi ne milandu ya kuicingilila ukusanshako ne ya bunonshi no bwikashi. Bushe uku kwaluka kukabomba fye bwino? Tukamona ifyo cikaba.

“Ni Cela Mushuke Mukalamba”

Pali ino nshita, amabanki na matuuka yakalamba kale kale yalitendeka amakwebo mu maeuro, baleisula amaakaunti ya maeuro kabili baletantika imitengo ya fipe mu maeuro capamo ne mitengo mu ndalama shilebomfiwa. Balefwaisho kuti ukwaluka ukwa mu 2002 kukabe fye bwino. Magazini uwalumbuka uwa ku France alitendeka kale ukwananya ifibombelo 200,000 ifya kupendelako ifingabomfiwa ku kwalula amafranc ya ku France mu maeuro.

Bushe bushiku bumo amaeuro yakalingana amaka na madola ya ku Amerika? Abengi batila ilyo amaeuro yakalabomfiwa ku bengi, indalama sha ba Amerika tashakalebomfiwa sana mu fya bunonshi fya mwi sonde lyonse. Basobelo kuti amaeuro yakaba ni ndalama sha mwi sonde lyonse capamo na madola. Jill Considine, uwa mu kabungwe ka New York Clearing House Association, atila: “Kukabako ukucimfyanya kupya mu fya makwebo.”

Bushe ku ntanshi cinshi cikacitika ku maeuro? Kalemba umwina Germany Josef Joffe atila ukubomfya indalama fye imo mu Bulaya “cimo fye no kuteya injuka” kabili “ni cela mushuke mukalamba.” Kabili alundapo ati: “Ishi ndalama nga tashakabombe bwino, shikonaula ifingi ifyo Ubulaya bwacita mu myaka 50 iyapitapo.” Cilolo wa fya ndalama uwa ku France alandile ifyo abena Bulaya abengi batontonkanya lintu atile: “Abantu baleenekela ifingi kabili baletiina ifingi.”

[Futunoti]

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IFISHINKA PA LWA NDALAMA SHA EURO

● Euro umo alicilako amaka panono dola umo uwa ku Amerika

● Indalama sha mapepala isha euro shikaba mu misango cinelubali: 5 euro, 10 euro, 20 euro, 50 euro, 100 euro, 200 euro, na 500 euro

● Ku lubali lumo ulwa ndalama sha mapepala isha euro kukaba mapu wa Bulaya ne fikope fya malalo, e lyo ku lubali lumbi kukaba ifipasho fya mawindo nelyo insolokoto

● Pa ndalama sha mapepala pakaba amashiwi yabili “EURO” na “ΕΥΡΩ” ku kwimininako ifilembo fya ciRoma ne ciGriki

● Amaeuro ya museke yakaba mu misango cinekonsekonse: 1 senti, 2 senti, 5 senti, 10 senti, 20 senti, na 50 senti ukusanshako 1 euro na 2 euro

● Ku lubali lumo lwa sha museke kukaba icikope cimo cine e lyo ku lubali lumbi kukaba ifikope fyapusana ukulingana ne calo cimo na cimo

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(Nga mulefwaya ukumona mapu, moneni muli magazini)

EUROPEAN UNION

BRITAIN

DENMARK

SWEDEN

GREECE

Ifyalo ifilefwaisha ukulabomfya indalama fye imo

IRELAND

PORTUGAL

SPAIN

BELGIUM

FRANCE

NETHERLANDS

GERMANY

LUXEMBOURG

FINLAND

AUSTRIA

ITALY

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Indalama shonse ishili pa mabula 12-14: © European Monetary Institute