William Tyndale—Umwaume Alemwena Libela

William Tyndale afyalilwe mu England “kulya yapakana na Wales,” mu kupalishako mu Gloucestershire, nangu cingati icifulo cashininkishiwa no bushiku tafyaishibikwa. Mu October 1994, England yakwete ukusefya kwa pa caka ukwalenga 500 ukwa kufyalwa kwa mwaume “uwatupeele Baibolo wesu uwa ciNgeleshi.” Ni pali uyu wine mulimo Tyndale aipaiwe. Mulandu nshi?

WILLIAM TYNDALE alicitile bwino mu masambililo ya ciGreek ne ciLatin. Mu July 1515, ilyo ali fye no mushinku wa myaka 21, apokele digiri etwa Master of Arts pa Oxford University. Ukufika mu 1521 abele shimapepo wabishiwa uwa ciRoma Katolika. Pali ilya nshita buKatolika bwalesunkana mu Germany pa mulandu wa mibombele ya kwa Martin Luther. Lelo England yatwalilile ukuba icalo ca ciKatolika ukufikila King Henry VIII mu kupelako aputwikeko kuli Roma mu 1534.

Nangu cingati iciNgeleshi e lulimi lwalelandwa sana mu kasuba ka kwa Tyndale, amasomo yonse yalecitilwa mu ciLatin. Na kabili iciLatin e calebomfiwa mu calici na muli Baibolo. Mu 1546 Icilye ca ku Trent capampamike ukuti Vulgate wa ciLatin uwa kwa Jerome uwa mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga isano e wali no kulabomfiwa epela. Nangu cibe fyo, bantu basambilila fye baali no kumubelenga. Mulandu nshi abantu ba mu England bengataninwa Baibolo mu ciNgeleshi no buntungwa bwa kuibelenga? “Jerom[e] na kabili alipilibwile baibolo mu lulimi lwakwe lwine ulwa cifyalilwa: mulandu nshi ifwe tushingacitile fyo?” e fyo Tyndale alepaasha.

Incitilo ya Citetekelo

Pa numa ya kupwisha amasambililo yakwe pa Oxford kabili pambi na yalundwako pa Cambridge, Tyndale asambilishe abana baume abanono aba kwa John Walsh pa myaka ibili mu Gloucestershire. Mu kati ka ici ciputulwa ca nshita alundulwile ukufwaisha kwakwe ukwa kupilibula Baibolo mu ciNgeleshi, kabili ukwabulo kutwishika alikwete ishuko lya mu nshita ilya kuwamyako ukulamuka kwakwe ukwa kupilibula mu kuba no kwaafwa kwa Baibolo mupya uwa kwa Erasmus uwakwete ifyalembwa fya ciGreek ne ciLatin mu mikululo ya mu mbali. Mu 1523, Tyndale ashile ulupwa lwa baWalsh no kuya ku London. Imifwaile yakwe yali kulombo lusa lwa kupilibwilapo kuli Cuthbert Tunstall, shikofu wa ku London.

Ukusuminisha kwa kwa Tunstall kwalekabilwa pa mulandu wa kuti ifyalembelwe mu fyalanshenye icilye ca macalici ica pa Oxford ica mu 1408, icaishibikwe nga Konsticushoni wa ku Oxford, fyasanshishemo icibindo pa kupilibula nelyo ukubelenga Baibolo mu lulimi lwa cikaya, kano fye umuntu apoko lusa kuli shikofu. Pa kwesha ukulwisha ici cibindo, bakashimikila baleendauka abengi abaishibikwe nga baLollard balyocewe pamo nga basangukile ifisumino. Aba baLollard babelengele no kwananya Baibolo wa kwa John Wycliffe, ubupilibulo bwa ciNgeleshi ukufuma kuli Vulgate. Tyndale ayumfwile ukuti inshita yalifikile ku kupilibula ifyalembwa fya Bwina Kristu ukufuma mu ciGreek ukutwala mu bupilibulo ubupya, ubwa cine cine ubwa kubomfya mu calici na ku bantu ba mu England.

Shikofu Tunstall aali muntu wasoma uwabombeshe nga nshi ku kukoselesha Erasmus. Pa kulangisha ukuti aali uwalamuka, Tyndale apilibwilile Tunstall ukusuminisha kwa kubalilapo ukwa malyashi ya bena Krete, ifyalembwa fyayafya ifya ciGreek. Tyndale aali uwashininkisha ukuti Tunstall aali no kutambulula bucibusa no butungulushi no kupokelela ukutambika kwakwe ukwa kupilibula Amalembo. Cinshi cintu shikofu aali no kucita?

Akaana—Mulandu Nshi?

Nangu cingati Tyndale alikwete kalata alemulondolola Tunstall alikeene ukumonana nankwe. Tyndale kanshi alilembele ukulomba ukulanshanya. Nampo nga Tunstall mu kupelako alisuminishe ukukumana na Tyndale tacaishibikwa, lelo ubukombe bwakwe bwali bwa kuti, ‘Mu ŋanda yandi tamuli apa kwikala.’ Mulandu nshi Tunstall ashimawilile Tyndale ku mufulo wa musango yo?

Umulimo wa kwalula uwa kwa Luther mu calo cikalamba ica Bulaya walesakamika Icalici lya ciKatolika apakalamba nga nshi, mu kuba ne fya kufumamo mu England. Mu 1521, King Henry VIII asabankenye ubulondoloshi bwalembwa ubwapambana ubwa kupokololako papa ukufuma kuli Luther. Pa kutasha, papa ainike Henry ilumbo lya kuti “Kacingilila wa Cisumino.”a Wolsey shikofu mukalamba uwa kwa Henry na o aali uwacincila, ukonaula ifitabo fya kwa Luther ifyaletelwe mu calo mu bumfisolo. Pamo nga shikofu wa ciKatolika uwa bucishinka kuli papa, ku mfumu, na kuli shikofu wakwe umukalamba, Tunstall alikakililweko ukucincintila itontonkanyo ilili lyonse ilingomfwilako cipondoka Luther uluse. Tyndale e o baletunganya apakalamba. Mulandu nshi?

Ilyo aleikala no lupwa lwa baWalsh, Tyndale mu kubulo mwenso alilandile ukulwisha ubumbuulu na bunkosamutwe bwa bashimapepo ba cikaya. Pa kati kabo paali John Stokesley uwaishibe Tyndale pa Oxford. Mu kupelako apyene Cuthbert Tunstall pamo nga shikofu wa ku London.

Ukukaanya Tyndale kwalimonekela na kabili mu kulwishanya na shimapepo wasumbuka uwatile: “Kuti cawama tatukwete amafunde ya kwa Lesa ukucila ukukanakwata aya kwa papa.” Mu kwibukisha amashiwi yakwe, icasuko ca kwa Tyndale cali ca kuti: ‘Nasuula Papa na mafunde yakwe yonse. Nga ca kuti Lesa ansunga uwa mweo, pa myaka yafulilako nkalenga kalume uwensha fye plao ukwishiba Amalembo yafulilako ukucila ayo waishiba.’

Tyndale aali no kumonekela pa ntanshi ya mulashi we calici lya mu Worcester pa milandu ya bufi iya kuti alisangukile ifisumino. Pa numa Tyndale aibukishe ukuti: “Alintiinishe apakalamba, no kunsaalula,” alundileko no kuti asungilwe fye nge “mbwa.” Lelo takwaliko ubushininkisho ubuli bonse ubwa kukonenkesha Tyndale pa lwa kusangukile fisumino. Bakalemba ba lyashi lya kale basumino kuti ifi fyonse fyatwelwe mu bumfisolo kuli Tunstall pa kusonga ukupingulapo kwakwe.

Pa numa ya mwaka umo mu London, Tyndale asondwelele ukuti: “Takwaliko incende mwi sano lya kwa shikulu ilya mu London iya kupilibwilamo Icipingo cipya, lelo na kabili . . . takwaliko icifulo ca kupilibwilako cene mu England monse.” Alilungike. Muli ilya mibele ya mutitikisha iyalengelwe no mulimo wa kwa Luther, muntu nshi mu England aali no kupama ukupulinta Baibolo mu ciNgeleshi? E co mu 1524, Tyndale ayabwike umumana wa English Channel, tabalile abwelelako.

Aya ku Bulaya uko Asanga Impika Shimbi

Mu kuba ne fitabo fyakwe ifyaumo mutengo, William Tyndale aileuba mu Germany. Asendele bapaundi ba ndalama 10 abo cibusa wakwe Humphrey Monmouth, shimakwebo walumbuka uwa mu London, amupeele mu cikuuku. Ici ca bupe cali ni ndalama ishingi muli shilya nshita ku kulenga Tyndale ukupulinta Amalembo ya ciGreek ayo alepanga ukupilibula. Monmouth nge ca kufumamo aliketwe pa kwafwilisha Tyndale kabili na pa kumutunganya ngo waleumfwilako Luther uluse. Pa kumwipushisha no kumupoosa mu Tower of London, Monmouth aishilekakulwa fye pa numa ya kupaapaata shikofu mukalamba Wolsey ukumwelelako.

Tacaishibikwa bwino mu kulungatika uko Tyndale aile mu Germany. Ubushininkisho bumo butila aile ku Hamburg, uko pambi apoosele umwaka umo. Bushe alikumene na Luther? Ici tacaishibikwa, nangu cingati imilandu bapeele Monmouth ilangilila ukuti alikumene nankwe. Icintu cimo icaishibikwa ca kuti: Tyndale ashiikeme mu kupilibula Amalembo ya ciGreek. Ni kwi aali no kupulintila bamanyuskripiti bakwe? Aseekeshe uyu mulimo kuli Peter Quentell mu Cologne.

Fyonse fyaleenda fye bwino ukufikila kakaanya John Dobneck, uwaishibikwe na kabili nga Cochlaeus, aishileishiba icalecitika. Cochlaeus apo pene acitile lipoti ukufwailisha kwakwe kuli cibusa wapalamisha uwa kwa Henry VIII uyo mu kwangufyanya abindile ukupulinta ubupilibulo bwa kwa Tyndale ukupitila muli Quentell.

Tyndale no walemwafwilisha, William Roye, babutwishe imyeo yabo, ukusenda amabula ye Landwe lya kwa Mateo ayali nayapulintwa. Baninine ubwato bwaleya ku Worms ukubomfya umumana wa Rhine, uko bailepwishishisha umulimo wabo. Mu kupita kwa nshita, amaBaibolo 6,000 aya kulembwa kwa kubalilapo aya New Testament wa kwa Tyndale yalipulintilwe.b

Ukutunguluka te Mulandu no Kukaanya

Ukupilibula no kupulinta fyali fye ni imo iya mpika. Ukutwala amaBaibolo ku Britain e mpika yacishishenapo kwafya. Ifibombelo fye Calici na bakateka ba ku calo bapampamine pa kucilikila ifyaletumwa ukupula mu mumana wa English Channel, lelo bashimakwebo ba bucibusa balyafwileko. Pa kufiswa mu mitumba ya nsalu ne fya kushitisha fimbi, amavolyumu ayengi yalipishiwe ku lulamba lwa England no kuyaingila mu Scotland. Tyndale alikoseleshiwe, lelo ubulwi bwakwe e lyo fye bwatendeke.

Pa February 11, 1526, shikofu mukalamba Wolsey, capamo na ba shikofu 36 na bashimucindikwa be calici bambi, babungene mupepi na St. Paul’s Cathedral mu London “ku kumonako uko imiseke iyaisulamo ifitabo ilepooswa mu mulilo.” Pali ifi fitabo paali na maBaibolo yamo ayaumo mutengo ayo Tyndale apilibwile. Pali aya ayalembelwe mu kubalilapo, nomba pashala fye yabili epela. Iyakumanina iyabako fye (iishakwata fye ibula lyalembelwepo umutwe) isangwa mu Laibrare wa ku Britain. Ku ca kupapusha, imbi, iishakwatamo amabula 71, yasangilwe mu Laibrare wa mu St. Paul’s Cathedral. Ifyo yaile mulya, tapali uwaishiba.

Uushingaleshiwa, Tyndale atwalilile ukupulinta ukulembwa ukupya ukwa bupilibulo bwakwe, uko kwalepokololwa konse no kocewa kuli bashimapepo ba ku England. Lyene Tunstall ayalwile imicenjelo yakwe. Aumfwene na shimakwebo we shina lya Augustine Packington ukuti akashite ifitabo fyonse ifyaalembelwe na Tyndale, ukusanshako New Testament, pa kuti engafyoca. Ici calitantikwe na Tyndale, uo Packington aumfwene nankwe. Chronicle ya kwa Halle isoso kuti: “Shikofu alikwete ifitabo, Packington balimusantike, na Tyndale alikwete indalama. Pa numa lintu amaBaibolo ya Cipingo Cipya ayafulilako yapulintilwe, yonse yapongomokele mu England.”

Mulandu nshi bashimapepo balelwishisha ubupilibulo bwa kwa Tyndale mu bukalushi nge fyo? Ilintu Vulgate wa ciLatin akongamine ku kufimbilikisha amalembo yashila, ubupilibulo bwa kwa Tyndale ukufuma mu ciGreek ca kutendekelako pa muku wa kubalilapo bwaletele ubukombe bwa Baibolo mu lulimi lwaumfwika ku bantu ba mu England. Ku ca kumwenako, Tyndale asalilepo ukupilibula ishiwi lya ciGreek a·gaʹpe pamo nga “ukutemwa” mu cifulo ca “uluse” pali 1 Abena Korinti icipandwa 13. Apampamine pa kupilibula “icilonganino” mu cifulo ce “calici” pa kukomaila pali bakapepa, te pa fikuulwa fye calici. Impumo ya kupelako kuli bashimapepo, nangu cibe fyo, yaishileko lintu Tyndale apyanikepo ishiwi “umukalamba” apalemoneka “shimapepo” no kubomfya “ukulapila” mu cifulo ca “ukuya ku cilapilo,” na muli fyo ukusha bashimapepo pa bwelu pa kubapoka amaka yabo aya bushimapepo. David Daniell muli kuno kuloshako asosa ukuti: “Umutwala tawabako; takwabako ukutumbula amasambi ku muntu no kuya ku cilapilo. Ifi fintu fibili ifyatungilile sana icuma na maka ye Calici fyaliwile tasha.” (William Tyndale—A Biography) Uko kwali e kusonsomba ubupilibulo bwa kwa Tyndale bwaleteleko, kabili abasoma aba muno nshiku balasuminisha mu kukumanina ukuti amashiwi aasalile yalilungika.

Mu Antwerp, Afutukwa, no Kwipaiwa

Pa kati ka 1526 na 1528, Tyndale akuukile ku Antwerp, uko engacingililwa kuli bashimakwebo ba ciNgeleshi. Kulya e ko alembele The Parable of the Wicked Mammon, The Obedience of a Christian Man, na The Practice of Prelates. Tyndale atwalilile umulimo wakwe uwa kupilibula kabili aali e wa kubalilapo ukubomfya ishina lya kwa Lesa, Yehova, mu bupilibulo bwa ciNgeleshi ubwa Amalembo ya ciHebere. Ishina limonekamo ukucila pa miku 20.

Ilyo lyonse Tyndale atwalilile ukwikala na cibusa wakwe kabili kaafwa Thomas Poyntz mu Antwerp, aali uwacingililwa ku mingalato ya kwa Wolsey ne nengu shakwe. Aishileishibikwa bwino pa mulandu wa fyo aalesakamana abalwele na bapiina. Mu kupelako, umwina England Henry Phillips mu bucenjeshi akopeke Tyndale ukuti amucetekele. Ica kufumamo, mu 1535, Tyndale alifutwikwe no kutwalwa ku Vilvorde Castle, bakilomita 10 ku kapinda ka ku kuso aka Brussels. Kulya e ko abikilwe mu cifungo pa myeshi 16.

Uwatumine Phillips taishibikwa bwino bwino, lelo uutunganishiwa ni Shikofu Stokesley, uwali uwapamfiwa pali ilya nshita ukoca “abasangukile ifisumino” mu London. Ilyo aalefwa mu 1539, Stokesley “alisekelele ukuti mu nshita yakwe iya bumi alyocele abasangukile ifisumino [50],” e fisosa W. J. Heaton muli The Bible of the Reformation. Uwasanshiwa muli ilya mpendwa aali ni William Tyndale, uwakulikwe ilyo umubili wakwe bashilaoca pa lwalala mu October 1536.

Abasoma ifya bulesa batatu abalumbuka ukufuma ku Louvain University iya ciKatolika, uko Phillips alembelwe, e balubulwishe Tyndale. Bashimapepo batatu ukufuma ku Louvain na bashikofu batatu capamo na bashimucindikwa na bo bene e ko baali ku kumonako uko Tyndale alesenukwa pa mulandu wa kusangukile fisumino no kupokwa bushimapepo bwakwe. Bonse balisekelele pa mfwa yakwe pa mushinku wa myaka mupepi na 42.

Kalemba wa lyashi lya bumi bwa muntu Robert Demaus imyaka ukucila 100 iyapitapo asosele ukuti, “Tyndale inshita yonse aaleishibikilwa ku bufumacumi bwakwe ubwabulo mwenso.” Ilyo aletumina John Frith, kabomba munankwe uwaocewe mu London kuli Stokesley, Tyndale alembele ukuti: “Nshayalwilepo nangu fye ciputusha cimo ica cebo ca kwa Lesa mu kupusana na kampingu wandi, kabili te kuti ncite co ilelo, nangu cingati fyonse ifyaba pe sonde, cibe musamwe, umucinshi, nelyo ifyuma fili no kupeelwa kuli ine.”

E nshila William Tyndale apeelelemo ubumi bwakwe pa kuti fye engapeela abantu ba ku England Baibolo uyo bengomfwikisha mu kwanguka. Mwandi mutengo aalipile—lelo mwandi ca bupe caumo mutengo abapeele!

[Amafutunoti]

[Akabokoshi pe bula 29]

UBUPILIBULO BWA MU KUBANGILILA

UKULOMBA kwa kwa Tyndale ukwa kuti apilibule Baibolo mu lulimi lwa bantu yaweyawe takwali ukwabulamo kupelulula nelyo ukuba e kwa kubalilapo fye. Kwaliko ubupilibulo bwacitilwe mu ciAnglo-Saxon mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 10. AmaBaibolo yapulintwa ayapilibwilwe ukufuma mu ciLatin yalisalangene ukwabulo wa kukaanya mu Bulaya ku kupwa kwa mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 15: iciGerman (1466), iciItalian (1471), iciFrench (1474), iciCzech (1475), iciDutch (1477), ne ciCatalan (1478). Mu 1522, Martin Luther asabankenye New Testament wakwe mu ciGerman. Ico fye Tyndale aaleipusha cali mulandu England ashasuminishiwe ukucita cimo cine.

[Abatumtuminishe Ukubofya Ifikope Fili pe bula 26]

Baibolo ili mu kati: © The British Library Board; William Tyndale: Pa kusuminishiwa na Kafundisha Mukalamba, Abanku na Basoma aba ku Hertford College, Oxford