Ulubali lwa Cibili—Ifyo Baibolo Yaishilefika Kuli Ifwe

Imingu sha mulilo shalenina ukuya mu muulu ilyo baletuulikapo na fimbi ifya kukosha pa cimbilimbili ca mulilo icaluma. Lelo uyu tawali mulilo fye wa fye. Inkuni balebika pali ici cimulilo shali maBaibolo ninshi bashimapepo na bashikofu bakalamba baletamba. Lelo pa kushita amaBaibolo ukuti bayonaule, shikofu wa ku London mu kukanaishiba aleafwilisha kapilibula, William Tyndale, ukusange ndalama sha kulembela amaBaibolo na yambi!

Cinshi calengele ukuti ku mbali shonse shibili kubeko umupampamina wa musango yo? Muli magazini wa ku numa, twalangulwike icacitike ku kusabankanya amaBaibolo mu Nkulo sha pa Kati ishaishilekonkapo. Nomba twafika pa nshita lintu inkulo ipya yaletendeka lintu ubukombe bwa kwa Lesa na maka ya buko fyali no kucishapo nga nshi ukusonga bantu.

Solwesolwe Amoneka

John Wycliffe, uwasoma ukufuma ku Oxford untu abantu bacindike, alebilisha no kulemba ifyaluma ukulwisha ifibelesho fishili fya mu Baibolo ifye Calici lya ciKatolika, ukushintilila pa bulashi bwe ‘funde lya kwa Lesa,’ e kutila Baibolo. Atumine abo aalesambilisha, baLollard, mu ncende sha mu mishi ku kushimikila ubukombe bwa Baibolo mu ciNgeleshi ku uli onse uwingomfwa. Ilyo talafwa mu 1384, atendekeko ukupilibula Baibolo ukufuma mu ciLatin ukutwala mu ciNgeleshi ca mu kasuba kakwe.

Icalici lyali ne milandu iingi iya kusenukilapo Wycliffe. Umulandu wa kubalilapo, asenwike bashimapepo pa kuyobeka mu fintu mu kucishamo e lyo na pa myendele ya bucisenene. Ukulundapo, abengi abacindike Wycliffe babomfeshe bubi bubi ifisambilisho fyakwe pa kuti bengapeele nsambu ku kupondoka kwabo ukwa kwima ne fyanso. Bashimapepo bapeele Wycliffe umulandu, nangu fye lintu cibe alifwa kale, nangu cingati wene taleafwilisha bucipondoka bwa lukaakala.

Muli kalata uwaile kuli Papa John XXIII mu 1412, Shikofu mukalamba Arundel aloseshe kuli “cilya cimuntu caseebana kabili icishaibipila ciJohn Wycliffe, ica kuti nga wacibukisha na ku mukoshi kwafiita, ulya mwana wa cisoka cikote, uulangilila ifikaba umwana wa kwa mukaanyakristu.” Ukufika pa kalume ka mashiwi yakwe aya kusenuka, Arundel alembele ati: “Pa kuti esushemo umufulo uo akwata, aelengenyeko icibombelo ca bupilibulo bupya ubwa malembo ukuyatwala mu lulimi lwakwe ulwa cifyalilwa.” Mu cine cine, icakalifye sana intungulushi she calici cali ca kuti Wycliffe alefwaya ukupeela abantu Baibolo mu lulimi lwabo abene.

Nangu ni fyo, abantu abanono abalumbuka e bo cali icayanguka ukusanga Amalembo ya mu ndimi sha cikaya. Umo aali ni Anne wa ku Bohemia, uwaupilwe ku Mfumu Richard II uwa England mu mwaka wa 1382. Anne alikwete ubupilibulo bwa kwa Wycliffe ubwa ciNgeleshi ubwa Malandwe, ubo alebelenga lyonse. Lintu asangwike namfumu, imibele yakwe iyawama yayafwilishe ukutwala pa ntanshi uyu mulandu wakumine ku fya Baibolo—te mu England fye mweka iyo. Anne akoseleshe abana be sukulu aba pa Prague University iyali mu Bohemia ukuti bengesa ku Oxford. Kulya e ko baishilesambilila mu kucincimuka impapulo sha kwa Wycliffe no kusendako shimo ku Prague. Ukwishibikwa kwa fisambilisho fya kwa Wycliffe pa Prague University pa numa kwaishilebomba nga apa kushintilila kuli Jan Hus, uwasambilile palya na mu kupelako ukulasambilisha palya pene. Hus alipangileko ubupilibulo ubwayanguko kubelenga ubwa ciCzech ukufuma ku bupilibulo bwa ciSlavonic ubwa kale. Ukubombesha kwakwe e kwatuninkishe ukuti Baibolo alebomfiwa mu cinkumbawile mu Bohemia na mu mpanga shapalemeko.

Icalici Lyalandula

Bashimapepo na kabili balikalipe pa fyo Wycliffe na Hus balesambilisho kuti “ilembo filya fine fye lyaba,” Amalembo ayapuutilwemo pa kutendeka ukwabula ukusanshako nangu cimo, e yali no bulashi ukucila pa “fya kufyantikamo,” ubulondoloshi bwa fishilano fyabulo kulondoloka ifyalelembwa mu mbali ya maBaibolo ayasuminishiwe ne calici. Bwali bukombe bwabulo kusunduka ubwa mu Cebo ca kwa Lesa e bo aba bakashimikila bafwaile ukupalamika ku bantu yawe yawe.

Pa kumulayo kuti pa kwenda kwakwe baali no kumucingilila, Hus bamucitile umungalato uwa kuti engesamonekela pa ntanshi ya Cilye ca ciKatolika ica ku Constance, mu Germany, mu 1414 ukuti akeseshinina ifisumino apo aiminine. Ici cilye mwali bashimapepo, bashikofu, na bakardinala bonse pamo 2,933. Hus alisumine ukulekuluka mu fisambilisho nga ca kuti casangilwe ukuti fyalilubene ukulingana na Malembo. Uyo tawali e mulandu kuli ici cilye. Ukulwisha kuntu alelwisha ubulashi bwabo e wali umulandu untu bamoceleele pa cimuti mu 1415, uku ninshi alepepa mu kupongomoka.

Icilye cimo cine na kabili cacitile icintu cimo mu kupelako icalangilile fintu basenwike John Wycliffe pa kubilisho kuti amafupa yakwe yashulwe mu England kabili yocewe. Ili kambisho lyali lya makankamike nga nshi ica kuti talyabombelwepo mpaka fye mu 1428, ilyo papa afwaile ukuti e fyo cibe. Nangu ni fyo, ukulingana ne fyo caleba, ukukaanya kwa musango yo takwanenwine ukupimpa kwa bambi abatemenwe icine. Mu cifulo ca ico, catwele pa ntanshi ukupampamina kwabo pa kusabankanya Icebo ca kwa Lesa.

Ico Ukupulinta Kwaletele

Ilyo calefika mu 1450, imyaka fye 35 ukufuma pa mfwa ya kwa Hus, Johannes Gutenberg atendeke ukupulinta ukubomfya ififwati fya kusesha ifyalekwatako inki mu ciGerman. Ulupapulo lwakwe ulukalamba ulwa kubalilapo lwali kulembwa kwa Vulgate wa ciLatin ukwapwishishiwe mu 1455. Ilyo calefika mu 1495 Baibolo onse fye nelyo ulubali lwa iko yali naipulintwa mu ciGerman, mu ciItalian, mu ciFrench, mu ciCzech, mu ciDutch, mu ciHebere, mu ciCatalan, mu ciGriki, mu ciSpanish, mu ciSlavonic, mu ciPortuguese, na mu ciSerbian—umo mwine fikonkanine.

Umwina Holland uwasoma Desiderius Erasmus afumishe Amalembo ya kubalilapo ukupulintwa aya ciGriki mu 1516. Erasmus afwaile ukuti kanshi nga Amalembo “yalipilibwilwe mu ndimi shonse isha bantu bonse.” Nangu cibe fyo, aleshingashinga ukuti nga umwine e wapilibula kuti asuulwa kuli bashimucindikwa. Nangu ni fyo, bambi abakonkelepo balikweteko ubukose ukumucila. Uwapulilemo sana pali aba bantu ali ni William Tyndale.

William Tyndale na Baibolo wa ciNgeleshi

Tyndale asambilile pa Oxford kabili mupepi no mwaka wa 1521 aishile ku ng’anda ya kwa Sir John Walsh pamo nga kasambilisha wa bana bakwe. Ilyo caleba pa nshita ya ca kulya apaleba ifya kulya fishaifulila ilingi line e po Tyndale balekansanina na bashimapepo. Tyndale mu nshila ya kulungatika alecincintila ico baimininepo ukupitila mu kukupukula Baibolo no kubalanga amalembo. Mu kupita kwa nshita, ulupwa lwa baWalsh lwalishininwe ku cintu Tyndale aalelanda, na bashimapepo tabaleitwa libili libili no kubapokelela na ko tabalebapokelela mu kucincimuka sana. Nga fintu cingaba, ici calundilepo fye ukukalipa bashimapepo bakalipe pali Tyndale ne fisumino fyakwe.

Kwaliko inshita imo ilyo baalekansana, umo uwa balekansana na Tyndale mu fya mipepele abilishe ati: “Kuti cawama tatukwete amafunde ya kwa Lesa ukucila ukukanakwata aya kwa Papa.” Kuti mwaelenganya ukushininwa kwa kwa Tyndale ilyo ayaswike ati: “Nasuula Papa na mafunde yakwe yonse. Nga ca kuti Lesa ansunga uwa mweo, nomba line fye nkalenga kalume uwensha fye plao ukwishiba Amalembo yafulilako ukukucila. Ukupingulapo kwa kwa Tyndale kwalimonekeshe. Pa numa alembele ati: “Nalilwike ku fyo napitilemo ukuti te kuti mulimbe abantu yawe yawe mu cine icili conse, kano fye nga ca kuti ilembo lyaba mu nshila yaumfwika kuli bene mu lulimi lwabo ulwa cifyalilwa, e lyo bengamona ukukatama kwa malembo, ifyo yakonkana, na fintu yapilibula.”

Pali ilya nshita ninshi takulapulintwa Baibolo nangu umo mu ciNgeleshi. E co mu 1523, Tyndale aile ku London ku kulombo lusa lwa kupilibwilako kuli Shikofu Tunstall. Ilyo bamutanine ulusa, alifumine mu England ku kuyakonkanyapo uyo mulimo wakwe, kabili tatalile abwelelamo ku England. Mu Cologne, Germany, ing’anda intu alepulintilamo yalisanshilwe, kabili Tyndale apuswike fye kwempe na yamo amapepala ayakankaala ninshi tayalapangwa nge buuku. Pa Worms mu Germany, nangu cibe fyo, amaBaibolo ya kwa Tyndale aya New Testament [“Cipingo Cipya”] ayengaba nangu fye 3,000 yalipwile ukupulintwa. Aya maBaibolo baliyatumine ku England no kutendeka ukuyasalanganya ku kutendeka kwa mwaka wa 1526. Yamo pali aya maBaibolo e yantu Shikofu Tunstall ashitileko no kuyoca, ukwabulo kwishibo kuti aleyafwilisha Tyndale ukukonkanyapo no mulimo wakwe!

Ukusapika Kwaleta Ukumfwikisha

Ukwabulo kutwishika Tyndale aleipakisha umulimo wakwe. Nga fintu icitabo The Cambridge History of the Bible calandile, “Amalembo yamulengele ukuba uwa nsansa, kabili kwaliba imibele ikunta mu kwangufyanya no kulete cimwemwe mu milembele yakwe iyo ilange nsansa isho aakwete.” Ubuyo bwa kwa Tyndale bwali bwa kuleka Amalembo e yo yalelanda ku bantu mu lulimi lwa kulungatika kabili ulwayanguka mu kufikapo. Ifyo asambilile fyalemulanga ubupilibulo bwa mashiwi ya mu Baibolo ayafimbilikishiwe mu fifundisho fye calici pa myanda ya myaka iingi. Apo taletiine mfwa nelyo fintu umulwani wakwe umukalamba Sir Thomas More alelemba, Tyndale alibikile mu bupilibulo bwakwe fintu asangile mu kufwailisha kwakwe.

Ukulapilibula ukufuma ku malembo ya ciGriki aya kwa Erasmus mu cifulo ca kulafumya mu ciLatin, Tyndale asalilepo ukubomfya ishiwi lya “ukutemwa” mu cifulo ca “ifya nkumbu” pa kulumbulula mu kufikapo ubupilibulo bwe shiwi lya ciGriki a·gaʹpe. Na kabili abomfeshe ishiwi lya “icilonganino” mu cifulo ca kuti “icalici,” “ukulapila” mu cifulo ca “ukuya ku cilapilo,” “abakalamba” mu cifulo ca kuti “abapatili.” (1 Abena Korinti 13:1-3; Abena Kolose 4:15, 16; Luka 13:3, 5; 1 Timote 5:17, Tyndale) Uku kuteuluka kwabongolwele amaka ye calici ne fibelesho fya mipepele, pamo nga ukuya ku bapatili ku cilapilo.

Tyndale na kabili akakatiile ku kubomfya ishiwi “ukubuuka,” ukukaana umutwala no kubako pa numa ya mfwa ukuti tafili fya mu Baibolo. Ukukuma ku bafwa, alembeele More ukuti: “Nga uleti abafwa baba mu muulu, mu helo, na mu mutwala, [uleonaula] ifishinka Kristu na Paulo baleshininako ukuti kwalibo kubuuka.” Mu kulosha kuli ici, Tyndale aloseshe kuli Mateo 22:30-32 na 1 Abena Korinti 15:12-19. Mu kulungika aishilesumino kuti abafwa tabeshiba kantu nangu kamo ukufikila ukubuka kwa ku ntanshi. (Ilumbo 146:4; Lukala Milandu 9:5; Yohane 11:11, 24, 25) Ici capilibwile ukuti imitantikile yonse apo yapela iya kupepa kuli Maria na ku “batakatifu” tayali na buyo bwine bwine pantu mu mibele ya kukanaishiba nangu kamo iyo babamo tabengomfwa nelyo ukuwikisha pa kati ka bantu.

Tyndale Apilibula Amalembo ya ciHebere

Mu 1530, Tyndale aleteleko ukulembwa kwa Pentateuch, amabuuku ya kubalilapo yasano aya Amalembo ya ciHebere. Kanshi e wabalilepo ukupilibula Baibolo ukufumya mu ciHebere mu kulungatika ukutwala mu ciNgeleshi. Tyndale na kabili aali e kapilibula wa kubalilapo umuNgeleshi ukubomfya ishina Yehova. Uwasoma umwina London David Daniell alemba ati: “Cifwile calipapwishe bakabelenga ba kwa Tyndale nga nshi ukuti ishina lya kwa Lesa na kabili lyalishilesokoloka.”

Mu kufwayo kwesha ukuti ubupilibulo buleumfwika, Tyndale abomfeshe amashiwi yalekanalekana aya ciNgeleshi ku kupilibula ishiwi fye limo ilya ciHebere. Nangu cibe fyo, alikonkele sana imilandile ya lulimi lwa ciHebere. Icafumamo cili ca kuti alisungilila amaka ya ciHebere aya kulanda mu kusupula. Umwine wine atile: “Imibele ya lulimi lwa ciHebere ilingi line ilekatana sana sana ne ciNgeleshi ukucila iciLatin. Inshila ya kulandilamo yaba fye kwati ni imo ine; ica kuti umwingi kuti wafwaya fye ukupilibula ukukonka fye ishiwi ne shiwi pa kutwala mu ciNgeleshi.”

Iyi nshila ya kukonke shiwi yalelenga mu bupilibulo bwa kwa Tyndale muleumfwikamo ne numbwilo sha ciHebere. Shimo isha shene shifwile shaumfwike isheni pa kushibelenga umuku wa kubalilapo. Lelo, Baibolo kwi pele pele yasangwike iikaya nga nshi ica kuti ubwingi bwa ishi numbwilo nomba shaba fye nge sha mu ciNgeleshi. Mu fya kumwenako mwaba “a man after his own heart” [“muntu ngo mutima wakwe”] (pamo nga pali 1 Samwele 13:14), “passover” [“ica Kucilila”], na “scapegoat” [“umwa kufutukisha umulandu].” Ukucila na pali ico, ababelenga Baibolo wa ciNgeleshi e fyo babeleshanya ne tontonkanyo lya ciHebere, ukubashilimuna ukwishiba ifyaba mu Malembo yapuutwamo.

Babinda Baibolo na Tyndale Bamubinda

Itontonkanyo lya kuti umo kuti abelenga Icebo ca kwa Lesa mu lulimi lwa cifyalilwa cali ca kucilimusha. Abekashi abalelande ciNgeleshi balyankwileko ukupitila mu kulashitako fyonse ifyaleletwa mu calo, ifyalefiswa mu mitumba ya nsalu nelyo ifipe fimbi. Pa nshita imo ine, bashimapepo balelanguluka pa lwa kulufya ififulo fyabo nga ca kuti Baibolo yalamonwa nge yakwatisha amaka. Kanshi, imibele yaishileba iya kuti kapilibula na balemwafwilisha kuti baipailwapo no kwipaiwa.

Apo libili libili balemulunga ku ba mwi Calici na ba mu Buteko, Tyndale atwalilile ukubomba mu bumfisolo mu Antwerp, Belgium. Nalyo line, alepeelesha inshiku shibili mu mulungu umo ku co aitile ukuti ca kuleseshako icitendwe—ukulapyungila imbutushi abena England, ababusu, na balwele. Apoosele indalama shakwe ishingi muli iyi ine nshila. Ilyo talapilibula hafu washeleko uwa Malembo ya ciHebere, Tyndale balimufutwike pa ndalama ku muNgeleshi uwabepekeshe nge cibusa. Pa kwipaiwa mu Vilvoorde, Belgium, mu 1536, amashiwi yakwe aya kuyumfwa kwa ku mutima yali ya kuti, “Mwe Shikulu! isuleni amenso ya Mfumu ya England.”

Ilyo calefika mu 1538, King Henry VIII ku kuyumfwa fye kwakwe umwine akambishe ukuti amaBaibolo yabikwe mwi calici ilili lyonse ilya mu England. Nangu ca kuti umucinshi tawapeelwe kuli Tyndale, ubupilibulo ubwasalilwe ukubomfiwa bwali bwakwe. Muli iyi nshila Baibolo ya kwa Tyndale yalishileishibikwa nga nshi no kutemwikwa ica kuti “e paiminine amabupilibulo ayengi ayakonkelepo” mu ciNgeleshi. (The Cambridge History of the Bible) Ukufika ku maperesenti 90 aya fyali mu bupilibulo bwa kwa Tyndale e fyabikilwe mu kulungatika muli King James Version uwa mu 1611.

Ukusanga Baibolo ukwabulo bwafya kwapilibwile ukwaluka ukukalamba mu England. Ukulanshanya ukwalebako pa lwa Baibolo ukwalecitwa mu macalici kwaleba ukwa mpooma ica kuti limo limo kwalepumfyanya na mapepo! “Abakote balesambilila ukubelenga pa kuti bengalalungama fye ku Cebo ca kwa Lesa, na bana banono baaleilunda ku bakalamba ku kukutika.” (A Concise History of the English Bible) Ici ciputulwa ca nshita na kabili e mwali ukwingilishiwako kukalamba mu kwananishiwa kwa Baibolo mu fyalo fimbi ifya mu Bulaya na mu ndimi shimbi. Lelo umusango Baibolo asalanganinemo mu England wali no kuletako ukusonga mwi sonde lyonse. Ni shani caishilebe fyo? Kabili ni shani fintu ifyasangilwe na fimbi no kusapika fyayambukiile amaBaibolo yantu tubomfya ilelo? Tuli no kusondwelela ubulondoloshi bwesu mu cipande cili no kukonkapo muli kuno kukonkana.

[Icikope pe bula 26]

Baibolo wa “New Testament” wa kwa Tyndale uwa mu 1526—Baibolo fye umo uwapusunswike ku kocewa

[Abatusuminishe]

© The British Library Board

[Charti ne Fikope pe bula 26, 27]

(Nga mulefwaya ukumona charti ne fikope, moneni muli magazini)

Inshiku Shalumbuka umo Baibolo Yapita

Inshita Yesu

Baibolo wa kwa Wycliffe Atendeka Ukulembwa (Pa ntanshi ya 1384)

1400

Hus Aipaiwa 1415

Gutenberg—Baibolo Uwabalilepo Ukupulintwa mupepi na 1455

1500

AmaBaibolo Ayabangilile Ukupulintwa mu Ndimi sha Cikaya

Amalembo ya ciGriki aya kwa Erasmus 1516

Baibolo wa “New Testament” uwa kwa Tyndale uwa mu 1526

Tyndale Aipaiwa 1536

Henry VIII Akambisha AmaBaibolo Ukubikwa mu Macalici 1538

1600

Baibolo wa King James Version 1611

[Ifikope]

Wycliffe

Hus

Tyndale

Henry VIII