Icuma Cafisama Casokoloka

Ilyashi Pali Baibolo wa kwa Makarios

MU 1993 kasapika umo asangile mu Russia National Library mu St. Petersburg umwina wa bamagazini ba Orthodox Review aba kale, abaapya na ku kasuba. Muli aba bamagazini ba mu 1860 ukufika ku 1867 e mwali icuma icafiseme ku cinabwingi ca bena Russia ukucila pa myaka 100. Cali bupilibulo bwa Amalembo yonse aya ciHebere aya Baibolo, nelyo “Icipingo ca Kale,” mu ciRussian!

Bakapilibula ba aya Malembo baali ni Mikhail Iakovlevich Glukharev, uwaishibikwa nga Archimandrite Makarios, e lyo na Gerasim Petrovich Pavsky. Aba bonse baali abalumbuka mwi Calici lya Russian Orthodox kabili baali abasoma indimi. Lintu aba baume batendeke umulimo wabo mu kutendeka kwa mwanda wa myaka uwapwile, cali ninshi Baibolo wakumanina talati apilibulwe mu ciRussian.

Na kabushe, Baibolo aali mu ciSlavonic, ululimi lwaliko ninshi takulaba iciRussian ca muno nshiku. Nangu cibe fyo, ilyo calefika pa kati ka mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 19, ululimi lwa ciSlavonic ninshi lwalileka no kubomba lwashele fye mu mapepo, umo lwalebomfiwa na bashimapepo. Calipalileko ne cacitike mu fyalo fya ku Masamba, uko Icalici lya Roma Katolika lyaeseshe ukuti Baibolo itwalilile ukuba mu ciLatini ceka ceka fye ninshi palipita ne nshita apo iciLatini calekeele ukubomba.

Makarios na Pavsky baleesha ukulenga Baibolo yanguke ukusangwa ku bantu fye yawe yawe. Ukutulila ulu lupapulo lwa mu myaka ishishi bantu, kanshi kwalicilenga ukucitikako ukubwesha ulubali lwacindama ulwa ca bupyani ca bena Russia mu fya kulembalemba ne fya mipepele.

Nangu cibe fyo, bushe aba bene Makarios na Pavsky baali ni bani? Kabili mulandu nshi balebacincintilila muli yo nshila ilyo balebombesha ukuti bapilibule Baibolo mu lulimi lwaseekele ku bantu? Ilyashi lyabo lilacincimusha kabili lilakoshe citetekelo ca bonse abatemwa Baibolo.

Ukukabila Baibolo wa mu ciRussian

Makarios na Pavsky te babalilepo ukumono kuti Baibolo yalekabilwa mu lulimi lwaseekele ku bantu. Imyaka 100 iyabangilileko, kateka wa bena Russia, Peter I, nelyo Peter Mukalamba, na o alimwene ukukabila kwa musango yo. Mu kumoneka, alicindike Amalembo ya Mushilo kabili bamushimike ninshi aleti: “Baibolo e buuku ilyacila pali yonse yambi, yakwatamo conse icakuma ku fyo umuntu afwile ukucita kuli Lesa na ku munankwe.”

Muli fyo, mu 1716, Peter akambishe aba ku cipango ca bufumu ukuti bapulinte Baibolo mu Amsterdam ukubomfye ndalama shakwe. Ibula limo na limo lyali no kulakwatapo umukululo umo uwa malembo mu ciRussian na umbi mu ciDutch. Umwaka wakonkelepo, mu 1717, ulubali lwa Amalembo ya Bwina Kristu aya ciGriki, nelyo “Icipingo Cipya,” lwalipwishishiwe.

Ilyo calefika mu 1721 ulubali lwa ciDutch ulwa bupilibulo bwa mavolyumu yane ulwa Amalembo ya ciHebere na lo lwali nalupulintwa. Mu mukululo umo tamwalembelwe cintu, e mwali no kwisabikwa iciRussian. Peter alubwilile amaBaibolo ku “Cilye Citakatifu” ice Calici lya Russian Orthodox—icaba no bulashi bukalamba ubwa lilye calici—pa kuti bengapwishishisha fyonse ifya kupulinta no kuyananya. Nangu cibe fyo, icilye tacabombeelepo.

Ilyo tapalapita ne myaka ine, Peter alifwile. Cinshi cacitike ku maBaibolo yakwe? Mu mikululo umwashele fye umwali no kulembwa iciRussian tabalembelemo. AmaBaibolo yatuulikwe imipili mu ng’anda ya pa nshi, umo yakubulwike—takwasangilwe fye nangu imo iyashelepo iishaonaike! Icilye capingwilepo “ukushitisha fye yonse ayashelepo ku ba makwebo.”

Ukubombesha kwa Kupilibula Kwatendeka

Mu 1812, John Paterson, uwa mu kabungwe ka British and Foreign Bible Society, alishile ku Russia. Paterson abalamwine ubuseko bwa bantu balamuka aba mu St. Petersburg ukuti bapange akabungwe ka kupilibula Baibolo. Pa December 6, 1812—umwaka umo wine untu umulalo wa bena Russia watamishe ifita fya kwa Napoléon I ifyaishile ku kusansa—Czar Alexander I alisuminishe icipangano ca kuti kube akabungwe ka kupilibula Baibolo mu Russia. Mu 1815 iyi mfumu yakambishe ceyamani wa aka kabungwe, Prince Aleksandr Golitsyn, ukuti engalanda ku cilye caletungulula ukuti “abena Russia na bo balingile ukukwatako ishuko lya kubelenga Icebo ca kwa Lesa mu lulimi lwabo ulwa cifyalilwa ulwa ciRussian.”

Ico twingatashako ca kuti, calisuminishiwe ukuti Amalembo ya ciHebere yapilibulwe mu kulungatika ukufuma mu ciHebere ca kutendekelako ukutwala mu ciRussian. Septuagint wa mu ciGriki ca pa kale e pashimpilwe ukupilibula Amalembo ya ciHebere mu ciSlavonic. Bakapilibula ba Baibolo abaletwala mu ciRussian baebelwe ukuti ifishinte fikalamba mu kupilibula fyali no kuba ukulungika, ukumfwika, no kusanguluka. Cinshi cacitike kuli uku kubombesha kwa mu kubangilila ukwa kupilibula Baibolo mu lulimi lwa ciRussian?

Bushe Ukupilibula Baibolo Kwalibongolweke?

Abakakatiile ku fya kale mu macalici na mu buteko mu kwangufyanya baishileibukila ulwa kusonga kwa ba mwisa mu fya mipepele na mu mapolitiki. Intungulushi shimo isha macalici na kabili shatungile fyo iciSlavonic—ululimi lwa fya mapepo—e lwalelumbulula bwino ubukombe bwa mu Baibolo ukucila iciRussian.

Sosaite ya Baibolo iya mu Russia e fyo yaonawilwe mu 1826. Amakana ya maBaibolo ayengi yantu akabungwe ka kupilibula Baibolo kapangile yalyocelwe. Pali uyo mulandu, Baibolo baisunkile pa numa ukutangishako ukusefya kwa ntambi ne cishilano. Kwati fintu fyacitile Icalici lya Roma Katolika, icilye capingwile mu 1836 ukuti: “Calisuminishiwa ku muntuuntu fye onse uwaipeelesha ukumfwa Amalembo, lelo tacasuminishiwa ku uli onse ukubelengako Amalembo ukwabulo butungulushi, maka maka Icipingo ca Kale.” Cilemoneke fyo ukupilibula Baibolo kwalibongolwelwe.

Ubupilibulo bwa kwa Pavsky

Pali iyo ine nshita, Gerasim Pavsky, profesa wa ciHebere atendeke umulimo wakaakata uwa kupilibula Amalembo ya ciHebere mu ciRussian. Mu 1821 apwishishe ukupilibula Amalumbo. Kateka bwangu bwangu alisuminishe, kabili ilyo calefika mu January 1822 ibuuku lya Amalumbo ninshi nalisabankanishiwa na ku cintubwingi. Abantu basampile fye ica kuti lyalibwekeshiwepo ukupulintwa imiku 12—ukufika ku bwingi bonse pamo ubwa 100,000!

Ukubombesha kwa kwa Pavsky mu fya kusoma kwamunonkeele umucinshi ku bengi abasambilile indimi na basambilile ifya mipepele. Baamulondolole fyo aali uwa kulungatika no mufumacumi uushalewila ku kuumana akapi ukwa bamushingulwike. Te mulandu na fintu icalici lyalekaanya Sosaite ya Baibolo iya mu Russia no kulaitunganyo kuti yalebombela fye bamwisa, Profesa Pavsky aalitwalilile ukulapilibule fikomo mu ciRussian pa nshita ine alefunda mu kalasi. Abana be sukulu abamucindike balelemba ifyo aalepilibula ku minwe fye e lyo, pa numa, baishilefilonganika pamo ukupangamo lupapulo. Mu 1839 mu kupama basabankenye impapulo 150 ukubomfya bamashini ba kupulintila abe sukulu likalamba—ukwabulo kusuminisha kwa balashi baleceeceeta mu mpapulo.

Ubupilibulo bwa kwa Pavsky bwalifikile pa mitima ya bakabelenga abengi, na baalebufwaya baleya balefulilako. Lelo mu 1841 ukuilishanya ukushalumbulwa kwafikile ku cilye ukukuma ku “busanso” bwa ubu bupilibulo, ukutungo kuti bwalipumbwike ku cisambilisho ca ciOrthodox. Ilyo papitile imyaka ibili icilye cashikile cipoope ca kuti: “Pokololeni impapulo shonse ishilipo ishalembwa ku minwe ne shapulintwa isha bupilibulo bwa Icipingo ca Kale ubwa kwa G. Pavsky no kushonaula.”

Ukucindike Shina lya kwa Lesa

Nangu ni fyo, Pavsky alibuukulwile ubuseko mu kupilibula Baibolo. Na kabili aimikile bakapilibula ba ku ntanshi ica kumwenako icikankala ukulosha ku mulandu na umbi uwacindama—Ishina lya kwa Lesa.

Kafwailisha wa fishinka umwina Russia Korsunsky alondolwele ati: ‘Ishina line fye ilya kwa Lesa, ilyashilisha pa mashina yakwe, lyapangilwe ne filembo fine ifya ciHebere יהוה kabili nomba lishimbulwa ukuti Yehova.’ Mu maBaibolo ya pa kale, ilyo ishina lyaibela ilya kwa Lesa limoneka imiku amakana mu Amalembo ya ciHebere fye mweka. Nangu cibe fyo, abaYuda mu cilubo baishilesumino kuti ishina lya bulesa lyali ilyashilisha ica kuti talingalembwa nelyo ukulashimbulwa. Ukulosha kuli co, Korsunsky atile: ‘Mu kulanda nelyo mu kulemba, lyapyanikwepo na Adonai, ishiwi ilyo ilingi line lyalepilibula “Shikulu.”’

Cimoneko kuti, ukuleka ukubomfya ishina lya bulesa kwaliko pa mulandu wa mwenso wa fya ntambi—te katiina ka bukapepa. Tapaba apali ponse muli Baibolo iine apalesha ukubomfye shina lya kwa Lesa. Lesa umwine aebele Mose ati: “Ukatile ku bana ba kwa Israele, Yehova Lesa wa bashinwe . . . antuma njise kuli imwe, ati, Kabebe, auti, Ili e shina lyandi umuyayaya, kabili ici e ciibukisho candi ku nkulo ne nkulo.” (Ukufuma 3:15) Mu kubwekeshabwekeshapo, Amalembo yacincisha bakapepa ukuti: “Tooteleni Yehova, lilileni kwi shina lyakwe.” (Esaya 12:4) Nangu ni fyo, bakapilibula ba Baibolo abengi basoobwelepo ukukonka icishilano ca ciYuda no kusengauko kubomfya ishina lya bulesa.

Nangu cibe fyo, Pavsky taakonkele ifi fishilano. Mu bupilibulo bwakwe mu Amalumbo fye mweka, ishina lya kwa Yehova limonekamo imiku ukucila pali 35. Ukupama kwakwe kwali no kusonga nga nshi umo uwa baliko pali ilya nshita.

Ubupilibulo bwa kwa Cilolo we Calici Makarios

Uyu waliko pali ilya nshita aali ni cilolo we calici Makarios, mishonari wa ba Russian Orthodox uwalamwike cipesha amano ku kwishibe ndimi. Pa mushinku fye unono uwa myaka 7, aali na maka ya kupilibula ifipande ifinono ifya ciRussian ukutwala mu ciLatini. Ilyo alefishe myaka 20, ninshi alishiba iciHebere, iciGerman, ne ciFrench. Nangu cibe fyo, imibele ya kuicefya no kwibukila ulwa kulubulula kuli Lesa fyamwafwile ukusengauke citeyo ca kucishamo kuicetekela. Libili libili alefwaya ukupandwako amano kuli bambi abaishibe ndimi shingi na baali abasoma.

Makarios aalefwaya ukwalula imibombele ya bumishonari mu Russia. Ayumfwile fyo ilyo UbuKristu bushilatwalwa ku baShilamu na baYuda ba mu Russia, icalici lyali no “kusanikila abantu ukupitila mu kwimikako amasukulu no kwananya amaBaibolo mu lulimi lwa ciRussian.” Mu March 1839, Makarios afikile mu St. Petersburg, ukusubilo kuti aali no kupoko lusa lwa kupilibula Amalembo ya ciHebere mu ciRussian.

Makarios kale kale aali napilibula amabuuku ya Baibolo aya Esaya na Yobo. Nangu cibe fyo, icilye calikeene ukumusuminisha ukupilibula Amalembo ya ciHebere mu ciRussian. Na kuba, Makarios bamwebele ukulabako ku kutontonkanya fye na pa kupilibula Amalembo ya ciHebere mu ciRussian. Icilye capeele ubupingushi, pa bushiku bwa April 11, 1841, ukukambisha Makarios “ukuya ku cilapilo ca milungu itatu ukufika ku milungu mutanda mu ng’anda ya kwa shikofu mu Tomsk pa kuti engasangulula kampingu wakwe mwi saali no kukunkula.”

Ukwiminina kwa kwa Makarios Ukwashangila

Ukufuma mu December 1841 ukufika mu January 1842, Makarios aaleya ku cilapilo. Ilyo fye ico capwile, apo pene fye alitendeke ukupilibula Amalembo ya ciHebere ayasheleko. Alikweteko ubupilibulo bwa kwa Pavsky ubwa Amalembo ya ciHebere e bo alebomfya pa kubebeta fintu alepilibula. Ukupala Pavsky, alikeene ukufimbilikisha ishina lya bulesa. Na kuba, shina Yehova limoneka ukucila pa miku 3,500 mu bupilibulo bwa kwa Makarios!

Makarios atumine impapulo sha fintu alembele ku banankwe abalemutungilila. Nangu line impapulo ishalembelwe ku minwe ishaananishiwe shali fye shinono, icalici lyatwalilile ukucilikila ukusabankanishiwa kwa fyo alembele. Makarios apangile ukuya ku nse ya calo ukuyafwaya aba kumwaafwa ukupulinta Baibolo wakwe. Ubushiku bwa kuti akema mailo, alilwele kabili tapalepele no kufwa afwa, mu mwaka wa 1847. Baibolo apilibwile tayasabankanishiwe mu bumi bwakwe.

Yasuka Yasabankanishiwa!

Kwi pele pele, ifya mapolitiki ne fya mapepo fyalyalwike. Amayendele ayapya yalikumene calo, kabili mu 1856 icilye na kabili calisuminishe ukuti Baibolo apilibulwe mu ciRussian. Muli iyi mibele yawaminako, Baibolo wa kwa Makarios alisabankanishiwe mu fiputulwa fiputulwa muli Orthodox Review pa kati ka 1860 na 1867, ukubomfya umutwe waleti An Experiment of Translation Into the Russian Language (Ukupilibula kwa Kwesha mu Lulimi lwa ciRussian).

Shikofu mukalamba Filaret uwa ku Chernigov, uwali uwasoma ifyalembwa fya mipepele ya cina Russia, apimunwine Baibolo wa kwa Makarios ukuti: “Ubupilibulo bwakwe bwalikakatila muli bucishinka kwi lembo lya ciHebere, kabili insoselo shabomfiwa shalibe shasanguluka kabili ishalinga fye ku cilandwapo.”

Nangu cibe fyo, Baibolo wa kwa Makarios taasabankanishiwe ku cintubwingi. Na kuba, palitalele fye na tondolo. Mu 1876 ilyo icilye casuminishe, Baibolo onse fye, Amalembo ya ciHebere na Amalembo ya ciGriki, asukile apilibulwa mu ciRussian. Uyu Baibolo wakumanina ilingi line bamwita abati ubupilibulo bwa cilye. Ica kupapa ca kuti, ubupilibulo bwa kwa Makarios, pamo pene no bwa kwa Pavsky, e pashintilile sana ubu bupilibulo baaleti e bupilibulo “bwasuminishiwa” ubwe Calici lya Russian Orthodox. Lelo ishina lya bulesa lyabomfiwe fye mumo mumo muntu limoneka mu lulimi lwa ciHebere.

Baibolo wa kwa Makarios Ilelo

Baibolo wa kwa Makarios taishibikwe mpaka mu 1993. Nga fintu cilandilwepo pa kutendeka, pali ilya nshita Baibolo umo asangilwe muli magazini wa kale uwa Orthodox Review mu lubali lwa Russia National Library umo basungila amabuuku yashaseeka sana. Inte sha kwa Yehova shalimwene ukukatama kwa kusalanganya uyu Baibolo ku cintubwingi. Laibrare alisuminishe Ukuteyanya kwa Mapepo ukwa Nte sha kwa Yehova ukwa mu Russia ukupangako Baibolo wa kwa Makarios pa kuti bengapekanya ukumusabankanya.

Lyene Inte sha kwa Yehova shateyenye ukuti amaBaibolo 300,000 yengapulintwa mu Italy pa kuti yakaananishiwe mu Russia onse na mu fyalo fimbi ifingi umo balanda iciRussian. Pa mbali ya kubamo ifingi ifyaba mu bupilibulo bwa kwa Makarios ubwa Amalembo ya ciHebere, uku kulembwa kwa Baibolo kwakwatamo ubupilibulo bwa kwa Pavsky ubwa Amalumbo pamo pene no bupilibulo bwa cilye ubwasuminishiwe ne Calici lya Orthodox ubwa Amalembo ya ciGriki.

Mu January uno mwaka, yalifumine pa cilonganino ca bakalemba we lyashi mu St. Petersburg, Russia. (Moneni ibula 26.) Bakabelenga ba ciRussian mu cine cine bali no kubuutushiwa no kukuulililwa kuli uyu Baibolo mupya.

Ukusabankanya uyu Baibolo kanshi kuli kucimfya mu fya mipepele na mu fya kulemba! Na kabili cili ca kucinkulako ca kukoshe citetekelo ica bucine bwa mashiwi ya kwa Esaya 40:8 aya kuti: “Umulemfwe uloma, iluba lilabonsa, lelo icebo ca kwa Lesa wesu caiminina umuyayaya.”

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Baibolo Atashiwa Kuli Bakabebeta

“ULUPAPULO na lumbi ulwa lulumbi nalufuma: Baibolo wa kwa Makarios.” Ayo mashiwi ya kwiswila mu nyunshipepala ya Komsomolskaya Pravda, e yabilishe ukufuma kwa Baibolo wa kwa Makarios.

Pa numa ya kulandapo kuti “napapitapo imyaka 120” ukutula apo Baibolo yafumiine pa muku wa ntanshi mu lulimi lwa ciRussian, ili pepala lyalilishiike ukuti: “Pa myake ingi icalici lyalekaanya ukupilibula amabuuku ya mushilo mu lulimi lwayanguko kubelenga. Pa numa ya kukaana ubupilibulo ubwingi, icalici mu kupelako lyasuminishepo ubupilibulo bumo mu 1876, kabili bwaishileishibikwa nga ubupilibulo bwa cilye. Nangu cibe fyo, tabwasuminishiwe mu macalici. Muli yalya macalici, ukufika fye na lelo, Baibolo fye iyasuminishiwa yaba mu ciSlavonic.”

Inyunshipepala ya St. Petersburg Echo yalandile pa lwa bucindami bwa kusabankanya Baibolo wa kwa Makarios, ukulandapo kuti: “Abasoma ababa no bulashi ukufuma ku St. Petersburg State University, ku Herzen Pedagogical University, na ku State Museum of Religious History nabatatakula nga nshi uku kulembwa kwa Baibolo ukupya.” Ukulosha ku kupilibula Baibolo mu ciRussian kuli Makarios na Pavsky mu myaka ya kubalilapo 50 iya mwanda wa myaka uwafumako, iyi nyunshipepala yatile: “Ukufika pali ilya nshita, Baibolo fye iyalebelengwa mu Russia yali mu ciSlavonic, intu abaleumfwa fye baali ni bashimapepo.”

Ukufumya Baibolo wa kwa Makarios uko Inte sha kwa Yehova shafumishe kwashimikwe pa cilonganino ca bakalemba we lyashi ku kutendeka kwa uno mwaka mu St. Petersburg. Inyunshipepala ya cikaya iya Nevskoye Vremya yalandilepo kuti: “Abasoma ababa no bulashi . . . balikomailepo kuti uku kulembwa kulingile ukumonwa ngo bushinino bwa cintu cimo icacindama mu fya ntambi ifya mu Russia na mu St. Petersburg. Te mulandu na fintu umo engatontonkanya pa mibombele ya uku kuteyanya kwa fya mipepele, ukusabankanishiwa kwa ubu bupilibulo bwa Baibolo ubushaishibikwe ukufika pali ino nshita ukwabulo kutwishika kuli kwa kwaafwa nga nshi.”

Mu cine cine, abatemwa Lesa bonse balacankwa lintu Icebo cakwe icalembwa cilesangwa mu lulimi ulwingabelengwa no kumfwika ku bantuuntu fye. Abatemwa Baibolo konse konse bali abacankwa pa kuti ubupilibulo bwa Baibolo na bumbi bulesangwa ku mamilioni ya bantu abalanda iciRussian ukushinguluke calo.

[Icikope]

Ukufumishiwa kwa Baibolo wa kwa Makarios kwabilishiwe pali ici cilonganino ca bakalemba we lyashi

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Laibrare wa St. Petersburg National Library umwasangilwe cuma cafisama

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Peter Mukalamba alyeseshe ukuti Baibolo isabankanishiwe mu ciRussian

[Abatusuminishe]

Corbis-Bettmann

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Gerasim Pavsky, uwayafwileko nga nshi ukupilibula Baibolo mu ciRussian

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Cilolo we calici Makarios, uo Baibolo mupya uwa ciRussian ainikwako ishina