Akpa 2

Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya—Mɔ si Dzi Ameƒomea To Le Nyateƒea Dim

Numekukua Dze Egɔme

NUMEKUGBALẼ si nye The World Book Encyclopedia gblɔ be: “Ame aɖeke menya amesi to akaɖi, ʋufɔti, da kple dati wɔwɔ vɛ, alo dze agbagba be yeaɖe alesi ɣe dzena heɖoa toe la me o.” Gake xexeame ƒe nɔnɔme trɔ tso gbaɖegbe ke to kekeɖenuŋu, nuwo toto vɛ, asitɔtrɔlenuŋu, kple nuwo me ɖeɖe me.

Agbagbadzedze siawoe nye afɔɖeɖe gbãtɔ siwo wowɔ le nyateƒea didi me, si xɔ abe ƒe akpe ade ene fifia. Amegbetɔwo ƒe didi wònye gbaɖegbe ke be yewoanya nɔnɔme si me nu gbagbewo kple nu kuku siwo le xexe si ƒo xlã wo me le la gɔme. Wodi hã be yewoawɔ nusiwo yewosrɔ̃ la ŋudɔ, eye wonɔa agbe hã ɖe enu be wòaɖe vi na yewo. Nuwo gɔme sese ƒe didi si le amegbetɔwo me tso wo dziɣi ke kple alesi wodina be yewoawɔ wo ŋudɔ la le ŋusẽ dom wo le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nyateƒe si dim wole ƒe numekuku me.

Le nyateƒe me la womeyɔ agbagba mawo siwo wodze do ŋgɔ le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe sidzedze ŋudɔwɔwɔ me la be mɔ̃ɖaŋuŋutinunya abe alesi wonyae egbea ene o. Esia ta womeyɔ amesiwo wɔ afɔɖeɖe mawo hã be dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo o. Le nyateƒe me la, alesi dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya le egbea menɔ anyi le amegbetɔ ƒe agbenɔnɔ ƒe akpa gãtɔ me kpɔ o. Nusi Eŋlisi-hakpala Chaucer wɔnɛ esi wòzã nya “dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya” le ƒe alafa 14 lia M. Ŋ. me koe nye sidzedze ƒomevi vovovo siwo katã li. Esia wɔ ɖeka kple nyagbea ƒe dzɔtsoƒe si dze egɔme tso Latingbe me nya si gɔmee nye “woanya nane” la.

Lãŋutinunyala Gbãtɔe Dze Egɔme

Aleke woɖayɔe le gɔmedzedzea me o, dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya dze egɔme enumake le Eden-bɔa me esi amegbetɔwo dze nusɔsrɔ̃ tso nusiwo ƒo xlã wo ŋu la gɔme. Wode dɔ asi na Adam be wòana ŋkɔ lãwo gɔ̃ hã hafi wowɔ Xawa. Ahiã be woalé ŋku ɖe nusi ɖe dzesi le lãwo kple woƒe nɔnɔmewo ŋuti hafi wòate ŋu ana ŋkɔ si sɔ la wo. Míeyɔa esia egbea be lãŋutinunya.—Mose I, 2:19.

Adam kple Xawa ƒe vi gbãtɔ Kain, “tso du” eyata dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe sidzedze anya nɔ esi nyuie be wòate ŋu atu dɔwɔnu siwo hiã la. Emegbe la, woyɔ tɔgbuiayɔvi si ŋkɔe nye Tubalkain be, “amesi nye akɔbli kple gaŋudɔwɔlawo fofo.” Edze ƒã be woyi ŋgɔ le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya kple mɔ̃ɖaŋuŋutinunya me ɣemaɣi.—Mose I, 4:17-22.

Hafi Egipte nava zu xexemeŋusẽ gbãtɔ si Biblia yɔ la, woyi ŋgɔ le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me ale gbegbe be Egiptetɔwo te ŋu tu piramide gãwo. The New Encyclopædia Britannica gblɔ be: “Wowɔ numekuku geɖe hekpɔ ta na xɔtuɖaŋukuxi gbogbo aɖewo hafi” wote ŋu ɖo atsyɔ̃ na piramide mawo siwo wotu la. Ahiã be woanya akɔnta nyuie hafi ate ŋu akpɔ kuxi siawo gbɔ eye esia ɖe alesi dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ŋuti kɔntabubu ƒe aɖaŋu le ame aɖewo si fia.

Gake menye Egiptetɔwo koe di be yewoanya nu le dzɔdzɔmenuwo ŋuti o. Babilontɔwoe to ɣletigbalẽwo wɔwɔ, akɔntabubu kple alesi woadzidze nue la vɛ. Le ɣedzeƒe ʋĩ ke la, Chinatɔwo ƒe ŋkuʋuʋu do dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ɖe ŋgɔ le mɔ vevi aɖewo nu. Eye Inka kple Mayatɔwo ƒe tɔgbui siwo nɔ Amerika-nyigbawo dzi he ŋkuʋuʋu deŋgɔ aɖe vɛ, si wɔ nuku na Europatɔ ŋkuléɖenuŋula siwo mekpɔ mɔ be “dukɔ madeŋgɔwo” awɔ nu mawo gbegbe o la emegbe.

Gake menye nusianu si blematɔ siawo bu le gɔmedzedzea me be enye nyateƒe le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya gome lae nye nyateƒe o. The World Book Encyclopedia gblɔ na mí be hekpe ɖe dɔwɔnu nyui siwo Babilontɔwo wɔ be woazã le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe numekuku me ŋuti la, “woto nususukpɔ le ɣletivimefakaka me hã vɛ.”a

Babilon Le Afisiafi

Biblia-nusrɔ̃viwo nyae be blema Babilon ye alakpasubɔsubɔ dzɔ tso. Woxɔe se le ɣletivimefakaka si wowɔna le afima me be mawu aɖe li koŋ si ɖua dziƒo ƒe akpa ɖesiaɖe dzi. Biblia si fia be Mawu vavã ɖeka koe li la, to nyateƒe le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me esi melɔ̃ ɖe nususukpɔ si woyɔna be ɣletivimefakaka dzi o.—Mose VI, 18:10-12; Korintotɔwo I, 8:6; 12:6; Efesotɔwo 4:6.

Mawusubɔsubɔ wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le blematɔwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ me. Eyata eme kɔ be dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe sidzedze meyi ŋgɔ mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe dzixɔsewo kple nukpɔsusuwo manɔmee o. Atikeŋutinunya me koŋ esia dze le.

The New Encyclopædia Britannica gblɔ be: “Blemagbalẽ siwo ƒo nu le Egiptetɔwo kple atikewɔwɔ ŋuti le Fiaɖuƒe Xoxoa me la ɖee fia be akunyawɔwɔ kple mawusubɔsubɔ nye nu vevi siwo do ƒome kple nusi wotu ɖe nuteƒekpɔkpɔ, ŋkuléleɖenuŋu kple tamebubu le nu ŋu le atikewɔwɔ me dzi eye be akunyawɔla gãtɔ si nɔ Farao ƒe fiasã me hã wɔ dɔ enuenu abe dukɔa ƒe atikewɔla gãtɔ ene.”

Xɔtuɖaŋuwɔla Imhotep xɔ ŋkɔ abe atikenyala si nya dɔ ŋutɔ le Egiptetɔwo ƒe fiaƒome etɔ̃lia ƒe dziɖuɣi ene. Eku mede ƒe alafa ɖeka hafi wosubɔe abe Egiptetɔwo ƒe atikemawu ene o. Le ƒe alafa adelia D.M.Ŋ. ƒe nuwuwu lɔƒo la, wodoe ɖe dzi wòzu mawu gã si wosubɔna. Britannica la gblɔ be gbedoxɔ siwo wotsɔ ɖe adzɔgbe nɛ koŋ, “me yɔna fũ zi geɖe kple fukpela siwo doa gbe ɖa hetsia afima dɔna kple susu be mawua aɖe dɔdamɔnuwo afia yewo le drɔ̃e me.”

Mawusubɔsubɔ me nukpɔsusuwo kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Egipte kple Babilon gbedalawo dzi ŋutɔ. Agbalẽ si nye The Book of Popular Science gblɔ be: “Nufiafia le dɔléle ŋu si nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi kple le dzidzime si agava me lae nye be, asrãdɔ, dɔxɔleameŋu, taɖui kple vevesese tso gbɔgbɔ vɔ̃ siwo nɔa ame me gbɔ.” Le esia ta la, wotoa mawusubɔsubɔme vɔsawo kple dzosasa alo gbesa dzi hafi daa dɔ na amewo.

Le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe le ƒe alafa ene kple atɔ̃lia D.M.Ŋ. me la, Hela-atikewɔla aɖe si ŋkɔe nye Hippocrates ke ɖi le nukpɔsusu sia ŋu. Wonyae ŋutɔ vevietɔ le Atikewɔwɔse ƒe atamkanya si wogabuna kokoko be enye nusi kpe ɖe agbenyuinɔnɔse ŋu. Agbalẽ si nye Moments of Discovery—The Origins of Science de dzesii be Hippocrates hã le “ame gbãtɔ siwo ʋli ho kple osɔfowo le nusi naa amegbetɔ dzea dɔ la didi me.” Eto dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me atikewɔwɔ ƒe mɔnuwo dzi kpɔ nusi naa ame léa dɔ. Ŋugble dede le nu ŋu kple nuteƒekpɔkpɔ va xɔ ɖe mawusubɔsubɔ me alakpadzixɔsewo kple woƒe nuŋububukpɔ ko la teƒe.

Hippocrates na kpekpeɖeŋu le agbagbadzedze me be yewoƒe asi nasu nusi dim yewole la dzi be yewoade vovototo mawusubɔsubɔhawo ƒe nufiafiawo kple atikewɔwɔ dome. Gake egbea gɔ̃ hã la, wogaɖoa ŋku ɖoƒe si mawusubɔsubɔ wɔ le atikewɔnyawo me dzi na mí. Woate ŋu akpɔ nusi tututu nye eƒe dzesi, si nye Asclepius ƒe atikpɔ siwo ŋu woxatsa dawo ɖo, kple Helatɔwo ƒe atikemawu le blema gbedoxɔ siwo me woda da kɔkɔewo ɖo afisi wodaa gbe le amewo ŋu le. Le agbalẽ si nye The Encyclopedia of Religion ƒe nya nu la, da siawo nye dzesi be, “woate ŋu ayɔ dɔ ame eye wòagaɖo ŋusẽ me.”

Wova nya Hippocrates emegbe be enye atikenyala gãtɔ. Gake esia mewɔe be eƒe nya le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nye nyateƒe ɣesiaɣi o. The Book of Popular Science gblɔ na mí be eƒe nukpɔsusu masɔmasɔ aɖewo “dze aʋatsonya gã aɖe na mí egbea,” gake exlɔ̃ nu le alesi wodana le atikewɔwɔ me ŋu be: “Ðewohĩ atikeŋutinufiafia aɖewo siwo ƒe numekuku dzi woɖo kpee la adze aʋatsonya na dzidzime siwo ava le etsɔ me la hã nenema ke.”

Wole Ŋgɔyiyi Wɔm Vivivi

Eyata ɖe wonɔ kekem ɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nyateƒe ŋu vivivi, to nyateƒenyawo ɖeɖe tso nufiafia siwo me vodada le la me le ƒe alafa geɖewo me. Gake be esia nanya wɔ la, ele be woakpɔ nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo le dzidzime siwo va yi me la ta dedie na dzidzime si ava va. Esi wowɔ amegbetɔ be wòate ŋu aƒo nu ta la, edze ƒã be nuƒoƒoe nye mɔ siwo dzi woato awɔ esia dometɔ ɖeka.—Tsɔe sɔ kple Mose I, 2:23.

Gake womate ŋu aka ɖe mɔ sia si dzi woato ana amewo nanya nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo le ŋgɔyiyi si wowɔ le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya kple mɔ̃ɖaŋuŋutinunya me la ƒe nyateƒea dzi tututu o. Ehiã be woaŋlɔ nyatakakaawo ɖi.

Ɣeyiɣi si tututu amegbetɔwo dze nuŋɔŋlɔ gɔme la mele nyanya o. Gake esi wodze nuŋɔŋlɔ gɔme ta la, mɔ wɔ nuku si dzi woato ana nyatakaka amewo si dzi ame bubuwo nate ŋu awɔ ŋgɔyiyi le la su wo si. Hafi woawɔ pepa—ɖewohĩ le China le ƒe 105 M.Ŋ. me la—woŋlɔ nu ɖe nuwo abe anyikpe, aƒlagbalẽ, kple lãgbalẽ ene dzi.

Womate ŋu awɔ ŋgɔyiyi gãwo le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me ne nuŋɔŋlɔ kple nudzidze meli o. Woƒe anyinɔnɔ le vevie ŋutɔ. Esi agbalẽ si nye The Book of Popular Science nɔ nu ƒom le akɔntabubu ŋu be enye “ŋudɔwɔnu le Xexeame Katã” la, eɖo ŋku edzi na mí be “eƒe numeɖeɖe na wote ŋu yi ŋgɔ le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinyunya siwo le vevie wu la dometɔ geɖe me.” Akɔntabubu hã “nye dɔwɔnu xɔasi aɖe na atikeŋununyala, gbedala, ɣletiviŋutinunyala, mɔ̃ŋutinunyala kple na ame bubuwo hã.”

Esi ƒe alafawo va nɔ yiyim la, nu bubuwo hã do dzɔdzɔmeŋutinyunya me nyateƒea didi ɖe ŋgɔ. Mɔzɔzɔ nye wo dometɔ ɖeka. Agbalẽ si nye The Book of Popular Science ɖe eme be: “Amesi zɔ mɔ yi dzronyigba dzi la ƒe nusiwo wòadi be yeanya asɔ gbɔ ɖe edzi le nusiwo wòakpɔ, gbeɖiɖi, nu ƒe ʋeʋẽ kple eƒe vivi gome. Adi be yeanya nusitae nuwo to vovo le dzronyigba dzi nenema gbegbe ɖo; eye adze nunya ne edze agbagba be yeakpɔ ŋuɖoɖo na nusiwo katã wòdi be yeanya la. Nenemae wònɔ le blema Helatɔwo gome.”

Ẽ, Helatɔ Siwo Womaŋlɔ Be O

Ne èxlẽ nu le mawusubɔsubɔ, dunyahehe, alo asitsatsa ŋu la, àsee woaƒo nu le Helatɔwo ŋu godoo. Eye amekae mese woƒe xexemenunyalagãwo, si nye nya si woɖe tso Helagbe me nya philosophia si gɔmee nye “nunya didi vevie” me ŋkɔ kpɔ o? Wonya alesi Helatɔwo dia nunya kple sidzedze ŋutɔe le ƒe alafa gbãtɔ me esime Kristotɔ apostolo Paulo yi woƒe dukɔa me la nyuie. Eƒo nu le Epikoro kple Stoa ƒe xexemenunyalawo ŋu be wosɔ kple “Atenetɔwo katã kple amedzro, siwo le afima la, womekpɔa vovo na nu bubu aɖeke wɔwɔ o, negbe na nya yeye gbɔgblɔ alo esese ko.”—Dɔwɔwɔwo 17:18-21.

Eyata mewɔ nuku o be le blematɔwo katã dome la, Helatɔwoe gblẽ dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe domenyinu gãtɔ ɖi. The New Encyclopædia Britannica ɖe eme yi ŋgɔe be: “Hela-xexemenunyalawo ƒe agbagba si wodze be yewoafia alesi xexeame ƒe nɔnɔme le kple eƒe dzɔtsoƒe, be wòaxɔ ɖe xexeame ƒe nɔnɔme ŋuti glitotowo teƒe la, he dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me numekuku ŋutɔŋutɔwo vɛ mlɔeba.”

Le nyateƒe me la, Hela-xexemenunyala aɖewo wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nyateƒe didi me. Wodze agbagbe be yewoaɖe amesiwo do ŋgɔ na yewo ƒe nukpɔsusu kple nufiafia siwo me vodada le la ɖa, eye le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me la, yewoanɔ nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo si wobu be enye nyateƒe la tum ɖo ɖe edzi. (Kpɔ eƒe kpɔɖeŋuwo le aɖaka me.) Eyata blema Hela-xexemenunyalawo ko ƒe tamebubue de sɔsɔ ge kloe kple egbegbe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo tɔ le blematɔwo katã dome. Abe nusi do go ɖe nu nu ene la, wozã nya “nunyanya le dzɔdzɔmenu ŋu” tsɔ ɖɔ dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe akpa vovovowoe va de asi na nyitsɔ laa ƒe ɣeyiɣiwo me.

Le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe la, Roma-fiaɖuƒe si woɖo yeye kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Helatɔ siwo dea asixɔxɔ xexemenunyala ŋu dzi le dunyahehe me. Ðe esia gblẽ nane le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me ŋgɔyiyi ŋua? Alo ɖe Kristotɔnyenye ƒe vava ahe tɔtrɔ aɖe vɛa? Tata si agava aɖo biabia siawo ŋu.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔ]

[Aɖaka si le axa 23]

‘Helatɔ Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala’ Siwo Nɔ Anyi Do Ŋgɔ na Kristotɔwo ƒe Ɣeyiɣia

THALES si tso Mileto (ƒe alafa adelia). Wonyae nyuie le alesi wònya akɔntae kple alesi wòxɔ edzi se be tsie nye nuwo katã ƒe akpa vevitɔ, kple alesi wòte ŋu ɖe xexeame ƒe nɔnɔme me nyuie, si ŋu The New Encyclopædia Britannica gblɔ le be “ele vevie le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ŋuti tamebubu me.”

Socrates (ƒe alafa atɔ̃lia ). Agbalẽ si nye The Book of Popular Science yɔe be “amesi to numekuku ƒe mɔnuwo—susu ŋudɔwɔwɔ atsɔ akpɔ nyateƒe si le nya me adze sii—si sɔ kloe kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe mɔnu vavãtɔ vɛ.”

Democritus tso Abdera (ƒe alafa atɔ̃lia vaseɖe alafa enelia). Eyae to xexeame ƒe atɔmŋusẽ ƒe nufiafia kple nuwo ƒe magblẽmagblẽ kple alesi woadzra ŋusẽ ɖoe ŋuti nufiafiawo vɛ.

Plato (ƒe alafa atɔ̃lia vaseɖe alafa enelia). Eyae ɖo suku ɖe Atene gbã abe dɔwɔƒe si akpɔ xexemenunya kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me numekuku ƒe nyawo gbɔ ene.

Aristotle (ƒe alafa enelia) nye agbeŋutinunyala xɔŋkɔ aɖe si ɖo Lyceum, dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya si nye dɔwɔƒe si wɔ numekuku le nu geɖe ŋu la. Eƒe susuwo kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ŋuti nukpɔsusuwo dzi ƒe 1,500 kple edzi vɔ eye wobui be eyae nye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala gãtɔ.

Euclid (ƒe alafa enelia). Blema akɔntanyala gãtɔ, wonyae be eyae he “nudzidze” si nye nya si woɖe tso Helagbe me nya si gɔmee nye “anyigba dzidzedzidze” vɛ.

Hipparchus si tso Nicaea (ƒe alafa evelia me) enye ɣletiviŋutinunyala xɔŋkɔ aɖe kple nusiwo le dzogoe etɔ̃ me ŋuti akɔntabubu, ɣletiviwo mamã ɖe hatsotso me le alesi woklẽnae nu, si nye nusi zãm wogale kokoko la nyala. Enɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na Ptolemy si nye anyigbaŋutinunyala kple ɣletiviŋutinunyala xɔŋkɔ aɖe si nɔ anyi le ƒe alafa evelia M.Ŋ. me, amesi kɔ Hipparchus ƒe nusɔsrɔ̃ me hefia be anyigba le xexeame katã titina.

[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 24]

Asclepius ƒe atikplɔ si ŋu woxatsa da ɖo nye ŋkuɖodzinu be dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya yi ŋgɔ aduadu kple mawusubɔsubɔ