Ta 13
Ðɔɖɔɖo la—Nudidi la Trɔ Bubui
1, 2. (a) Aleke agbalẽ aɖe si ƒo nu tso Ðɔɖɔɖoa ŋu la ɖɔ Titinaɣeyiɣi me Roma Katoliko-ha lae? (b) Biabia kawoe fɔ ɖe te ku ɖe nɔnɔme si me Roma-ha la nɔ ŋu?
“NUSI koŋ zu afɔku na Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me sɔleme lae nye be edo kpo zɔzɔ aduadu kple ɣeyiɣiawo. . . . Le esi teƒe be wòanɔ ŋgɔ yim, anɔ gbɔgbɔmemɔfiafia nam la, enɔ megbemegbe yim eye nuwo nɔ ƒaƒãm le eme ɖe edzi, eƒe hameviwo katã nye ame gbegblẽwo.” Alea agbalẽ si nye The Story of the Reformation gblɔ tso Roma Katoliko-ha sẽŋu, si ɖu Europa ƒe akpa gãtɔ dzi tso ƒe alafa 5 lia vaseɖe alafa 15 lia M.Ŋ. me la ŋu.
2 Aleke wɔ Roma-ha la ge tso eƒe ŋusẽnɔƒe gã la be ‘wòyi to eye nuwo gblẽ le eme?’ Aleke wɔ papa siwo gblɔna be apostolowo ƒe dzidzime ƒe dziyiyie yewonye la, do kpo “gbɔgbɔmemɔfiafia” kura teti nana? Eye nukae nye kpododonu sia metsonu? Be míake ɖe ŋuɖoɖoawo ŋu la, ele be míadzro sɔleme si ƒomevi tututu wòva zu kple akpa si wòwɔ le ameƒomea ƒe Mawu vavã la didi me la me.
Sɔlemeha la ƒe Asitɔtɔanyi
3. (a) Aleke Roma-ha la ƒe ŋutilãmenuwo nɔ le ƒe 15 lia ƒe nuwuwu? (b) Aleke sɔlemeha la dze agbagba be yeƒe atsyɔ̃ la nanɔ ye ŋui?
3 Le ƒe alafa 15 lia ƒe nuwuwu la, Roma ƒe Sɔlemeha la, si si nutome siwo dzi nunɔlawo ɖuna, nunɔla saɖagaxɔmenɔlawo, kple nyɔnununɔla saɖagaxɔmenɔlawo ƒe nɔƒewo le la va zu amesi si anyigba le wu le Europa katã. Woka nya ta be France kple Germania ƒe anyigba ƒe afã sɔŋ nye etɔ eye ne womã Sweden kple England ƒe anyigbawo ɖe akpa atɔ̃ me la, elɔ akpa eve alo esi wu ema. Nukae wòkpɔ tso wo me? Agbalẽ si nye A History of Civilization gblɔ be: “Roma ƒe atsyɔ̃ dzi ɖe edzi ale gbegbe be mele gbɔgblɔ me o le ƒe 1400 ƒeawo ƒe nuwuwu kple ƒe 1500 ƒeawo ƒe gɔmedzedze me, eye ŋusẽ si wòkpɔ le dunyahehe me la dzi ɖe edzi va de asi na ɣeyiɣi aɖe.” Gake atsyɔ̃ ma gbegbe mezu etɔ dzodzro o, eye be wòayi edzi anɔ anyi la, ele be papawo nadi gakpɔmɔnu yeyewo. Le nu ƒoƒo tso mɔ vovovo siwo dzi woto ŋu me la, ŋutinyaŋlɔla Durant ŋlɔe be:
“Wobia tso amesiame si woɖo nunɔlae si be wòanɔ ga si wòɖuna le nɔƒe si wòle le ƒe gbãtɔ me la ƒe afã (“annates”) xem na papa ƒe Ʋɔnu (Curia)—dɔwɔƒe siwo dzi papa la ƒe dziɖuɖu tona la—eye le ema megbe la, anɔ nu ewolia nam ƒe sia ƒe. Bisiɔpgã yeye axe ga gbogbo aɖe ɖe eƒe nunɔlawu—avɔ ɣi aɖe si wotsɔ lãfu lɔ̃e si ɖo kpe eƒe bisiɔpnyenye dzi eye wòganye eƒe ŋusẽdzesi—ta. Le papatenɔla, bisiɔpgã, bisiɔp, alo saɖagaƒedzikpɔla ɖesiaɖe ƒe ku me la, eya ŋutɔ ƒe nunɔamesi ɖesiaɖe trɔna zua papa tɔ. . . . Wokpɔa mɔ na nunana xɔxɔ ɖe ʋɔnu ɖesiaɖe si wodrɔ̃ na ame alo dɔmenyo ɖesiaɖe si wowɔ na ame ta, eye ɣeaɖewoɣi nunana la ƒe lolomee fiaa alesi woadrɔ̃ ʋɔnuae.”
4. Aleke kesinɔnu siwo kpɔm sɔlemeha le la gblẽ papawoe?
4 Ga gbogbo siwo yina ɖe papa ƒe kotoku me ƒe sia ƒe la na wòzã eƒe ŋusẽ ɖe mɔ gbegblẽ nu hewɔ nu gbegblẽ. Wogblɔ be ‘papa mate ŋu aka asi aŋɔ ŋu esi eƒe asi maƒo ɖi o,’ eye nusi ŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖe yɔ be “papa siwo kplɔ wo nɔe ɖo siwo xexemenuwo dzɔa dzi na ŋutɔ” la bɔ ɖe sɔlemeha la ƒe ŋutinya me. Wo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Sistus IV (papa, ƒe 1471-84), si zã ga gbogbo aɖe tsɔ tu Sistus ƒe Gbedoxɔ hetsɔ eya ŋutɔ ƒe ŋkɔ nɛ, eye wòwɔ eƒe nyruiyɔviwo kple tɔgãyɔviwo kesinɔtɔwoe; Aleksanda VI (papa, ƒe 1492-1503), si ƒe nugbegblẽwɔwɔ de du amesi meɣlae kura be yedzi ahasiviwo o eye wòdo wo ɖe ŋgɔ; kple Julius II (papa, ƒe 1503-13) si nye Sistus IV nyruiyɔvi, amesi aʋawɔwɔwo, dunyahehe, kple aɖaŋudɔwo wɔwɔ dzɔ dzi na wu eƒe mawusubɔsubɔdɔwo. Eyata Katolikotɔ agbalẽnyala Erasmus kpɔe tututu esi wòŋlɔ le ƒe 1518 me be: “Roma Curia la ƒe ŋumakpemakpe la ɖo eƒe kɔkɔƒe kekeake.”
5. Nukae nuŋlɔɖi siwo nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi la gblɔ tso nunɔlawo ƒe agbenɔnɔ ŋu?
5 Menye papawo dzi koe nugbegblẽwɔwɔ kple agbegbegblẽnɔnɔa se ɖo o. Nyagbɔgblɔ aɖe si bɔ ɣemaɣie nye: “Ne èdi be ye viŋutsu nagblẽ la, na wòazu nunɔla.” Ɣemaɣi me nuŋlɔɖiwo ɖo kpe nya sia ƒe nyateƒenyenye dzi. Durant gblɔ be le England la, “le agɔdzela siwo ŋu wotsɔ [gbɔdɔdɔ] ƒe ɖokuidzimaɖumaɖunya ɖo le ƒe 1499 me dome la, . . . agɔdzela siwo nye nunɔlawo nye ame 23 le alafa me le xexlẽme ma me togbɔ be le dukɔmevi alafa me la nunɔlawo made 2 o hã. Amesiwo woʋua nuvɔ̃ me na dometɔ aɖewo dina be yewoadɔ nyɔnu nuvɔ̃meʋulawo gbɔ. Ahiãviwo le nunɔla akpe geɖe si; le Germania la, ele wo katã kloe si.” (Kpɔ alesi wòto vovo tso Korintotɔwo I, 6:9-11; Efesotɔwo 5:5 gbɔe ɖa.) Agbenyuinɔnɔ ƒe toyiyi ɖo teƒe bubuwo hã. Wogblɔ be Spaniatɔ aɖe si nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi xa nu be: “Mekpɔe be míate ŋu akpɔ naneke tso Kristo ƒe subɔlawo si ga manamanae o; ga le mawutsidetaƒe . . . ga le srɔ̃ɖeƒe, ga le nuvɔ̃meʋuƒe—womasi ami na wò [kɔnu mamleawo] ga maxɔmaxɔe o, kura o! Womaƒo ga ga maxɔmaxɔe o, womaɖi wò ga maxɔmaxɔe o; ale be ewɔ abe ɖe woxe Paradisomɔ ɖe amesiwo si ga mele o nu ene.”—Kpɔ alesi wòto vovo tso Timoteo I, 6:10 gbɔe ɖa.
6. Aleke Machiavelli ɖɔ Roma-ha lae? (Romatɔwo 2:21-24)
6 Be míagblɔ nɔnɔme si me Katoliko-ha la nɔ le ƒe alafa 16 lia ƒe gɔmedzedze kpuie la, míayɔ nya tso Machiavelli, si nye Italiatɔ xexemenunyafiala xɔŋkɔ ɣemaɣi la ƒe nyawo me:
“Ne ɖe wokpɔ Kristotɔnyenye ƒe ha la ta wòle Eɖola ƒe ɖoɖowo nu la, anye ne ɖekawɔwɔ kple dzidzɔkpɔkpɔ anɔ Kristodukɔa ƒe anyigba kple anyigba siwo le kadodo me kplii la dzi sãa wu alesi wòle. Eye anye ne eƒe agbeƒaƒãnɔnɔ ƒe kpeɖodzi si lolo wu aɖeke manɔ anyi be, alesi amewo tsɔ ɖe Roma-ha si nye woƒe subɔsubɔha la ƒe ta gbɔe kpuie la, nenemae woƒe mawusubɔsubɔ yia toe o.”
Ðɔɖɔɖowɔwɔ ƒe Agbagbadzedze Gbãtɔwo
7. Agbagba belibeli kawoe sɔlemeha la dze be yeatsɔ adzra nugbegblẽwɔwɔawo ƒe ɖewo ɖoe?
7 Menye amesiawo, abe Erasmus kple Machiavelli ene, koe kpɔ zitɔtɔ ƒe nɔnɔme si me sɔlemeha la nɔ o ke boŋ sɔlemeha la ŋutɔ hã nyae. Woyɔ sɔlemeɖaŋuɖotakpekpewo be woatsɔ adzra nutsotso kple nugbegblẽwɔwɔawo dometɔ aɖewo ɖoe, gake ɖeko wòglo. Papawo, amesiwo le mimlim le ŋusẽ kple ŋutikɔkɔe me la, kɔ tsi ɖe agbagba nyui ɖesiaɖe si woadze be woaɖɔ nuwo ɖo la me.
8. Nukae nye sɔlemeha la ƒe ɖekematsɔleme atraɖii la metsonu?
8 Ne ɖe sɔleme la lé fɔ ɖe eɖokuidzadzraɖo ŋu nyuie la, anye ne ɖewohĩ Ðɔɖɔɖonya aɖeke maɖi o. Gake abe alesi wòva yii ene la, wodze ɖɔɖɔɖoɣliwo sese le ha la me kple egodo. Míeƒo nu tso Waldotɔwo kple Albitɔwo ŋu xoxo le ta 11 lia me. Togbɔ be wobu fɔ wo be wonye aglãdzelawo eye wogbã wo gudugudu nublanuimakpɔmakpɔe hã la, wona ameawo megakpɔa ŋudzedze ɖe Katoliko nunɔlawo ƒe wɔwuiwɔwɔwo ŋu o eye wode didi wo me be woagatrɔ ɖe Biblia ŋu ake. Seselelãme mawo tɔgbe dze le Ðɔɖɔɖowɔla gbãtɔwo dometɔ geɖe me.
Tsitretsiɖeŋu Siwo Tso Ha la Ŋutɔ Me
9. Amekae nye John Wycliffe, eye nuka ŋue wògblɔ mawunya tsi tre ɖo?
9 John Wycliffe (ƒe 1330?-84) si wolɔ̃a yɔyɔ be “Ðɔɖɔɖoŋukeɣletivi” la nye Katoliko nunɔla kple mawunyafialagã le Oxford, England. Esi wònya nu tso nugbegblẽwɔwɔ siwo nɔ ha la me ŋu nyuie ta la, eŋlɔ agbalẽ tso nusiawo tɔgbe abe nugbegblẽwɔwɔ siwo le saɖagaƒewo me, papa ƒe adzɔxɔxɔ, nufiafia si nye be le Misa wɔwɔ me la aboloa kple wein la trɔna zua Yesu Kristo ƒe ŋutilã kple ʋu ŋutɔŋutɔ, nuvɔ̃meʋuʋu, kple sɔlemeha la ƒe nu dede dunyawo me ene la ŋu hegblɔ mawunya tsi tre ɖe wo ŋu.
10. Aleke Wycliffe ɖe eƒe dzitsitsi ɖe Biblia ŋu fiae?
10 Wycliffe koŋ ye ƒo nu kple dzideƒo blibo le ha la ƒe Biblia fiafia gbegblẽ ɖi ƒe nya la me. Egblɔ gbeɖeka be: “Mawu maɖi be Biblia nyui aɖe kple nyanyuiawo ŋuti numeɖegbalẽ nyuiwo nanɔ sɔleme la ƒe nuto ɖesiaɖe si le dukɔ sia me si, eye nunɔlawo nasrɔ̃ wo nyuie ahafia nyanyuia kple Mawu ƒe sewo amewo nyateƒe o!” Le susu sia ta Wycliffe zã eƒe agbemeŋkekewo ƒe akpa mamlea tsɔ ɖe Biblia gɔmee tso Latingbe si bɔ la (Latin Vulgate) me yi Eŋlisigbe me. To eƒe kpeɖeŋutɔwo, vevietɔ Nicolas si tso Hereford dzi la, eɖe Biblia gbãtɔ gɔme ɖe Eŋlisigbe me. Ðikekemanɔmee la, enye agbagba gãtɔ kekeake si Wycliffe dze na ameƒomea le woƒe Mawu didi la me.
11. (a) Dɔ kae Wycliffe yomedzelawo te ŋu wɔ? (b) Nukae dzɔ ɖe Lollardwo dzi?
11 Mawunyagblɔlawo ƒe ha aɖe si wolɔ̃a yɔyɔ be “Nunɔla Dahewo” le esi wodoa awu gbɔlowo ko hezɔa afɔ ƒuƒlu, eye ŋutilãmenuwo mele wo si o ta lae mã Wycliffe ƒe agbalẽwo kple Biblia ƒe akpa aɖewo ɖe England katã. Woyɔ wo fewuɖuɖutɔe le Hollandgbe me hã be Lollaerd, alo “amesi doa gbe ɖa alo dzia ha blublublu.” (Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable) Agbalẽ si nye The Lollards gblɔ be: “Wodzi ɖe edzi ŋutɔ le ƒe ʋee aɖewo me. Wobu akɔnta be ne mede ɖeke o hã la, dukɔa ƒe akpa enelia ya teti wɔ ɖeka kpli wo ŋutɔŋutɔ alo wogblɔe le nya me.” Gake esia katã menɔ ɣaɣla ɖe ha la o. Alesi Wycliffe xɔ ŋkɔe le dziɖuɖua gbɔ kple le agbalẽnyalawo domee ta la, woɖe mɔ wòku le ŋutifafa me le eƒe ŋkeke mamlea dzi le ƒe 1384 me. Eme menyo na eyomedzelawo o. Le England-fia Henry IV ƒe dziɖuɣi la, woyɔ wo be aglãdzelawo, eye wode wo dometɔ geɖe game, wowɔ funyafunya wo, alo wotɔ dzo wo wofiã heku.
12. Amekae nye Jan Hus, eye nuka ŋue wògblɔ mawunya tsi tre ɖo?
12 Ame aɖe si dzi John Wycliffe ƒe nuwɔna kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo vevie enye Bohemiatɔ (Czecktɔ) Jan Hus (ƒe 1369?-1415) si hã nye Katoliko nunɔla kple Prague Yunivɛsiti dzikpɔla. Abe Wycliffe ene la, Hus gblɔ mawunya tsi tre ɖe Roma-ha la ƒe gbegblẽ ŋu eye wòte gbe ɖe Biblia xexlẽ ƒe vevienyenye dzi. Esia he nunɔlaha la ƒe dziku helĩhelĩ va edzii enumake. Le ƒe 1403 me la, wode se nɛ be megagblɔ Wycliffe ƒe nya siwo tsi tre ɖe papa ŋu o, eye wotɔ dzo eƒe agbalẽwo hã le dutoƒo. Ke hã Hus yi edzi ŋlɔ fɔbuamenya tɔame kekeakewo dometɔ aɖewo ɖe ha la ƒe nuwɔnawo, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye nuvɔ̃tsɔtsɔkewo dzadzra, la ŋu.a Wobu fɔe eye wonyãe le ha me le ƒe 1410 me.
13. (a) Nukae Hus fia be eyae nye sɔlemeha vavãtɔ? (b) Nukae nye Hus ƒe tsitrenɔnɔ sesĩe la metsonu?
13 Hus mena ta le alesi wòda megbee na Biblia la me o. Eŋlɔ be: “Aglã dzedze ɖe papa si tra mɔ ŋu la nye to ɖoɖo Kristo.” Eŋlɔ hã be le esi teƒe be ha vavãtɔ la nanye papa kpakple Roma-ha la, “enye ame tiatiawo katã kple Kristo ƒe ŋutilã si le ɣaɣla, si ƒe tae Kristo nye la; kple Kristo ƒe ŋugbetɔ, amesi eƒe lɔlɔ̃ gã la ɖe kple eya ŋutɔ ƒe ʋu.” (Tsɔe sɔ kple Efesotɔwo 1: 22, 23; 5:25-27.) Le esiawo katã ta wodrɔ̃ ʋɔnui le Constance ƒe Aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe me eye wobu fɔe be enye aglãdzela. Esi wòʋu eme be “enyo be yeaku dzidzɔtɔe wu esi yeanɔ nuxaxa ƒe agbe” la, egbe ta nana eye wotɔ dzoe ɖe ati ŋu le ƒe 1415 me. Aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe ma ke de se be woaho Wycliffe ƒe ƒuwo atɔ dzoe togbɔ be eƒe kuku xɔ wu ƒe 30 hã!
14. (a) Amekae nye Girolamo Savonarola? (b) Nukae Savonarola dze agbagba be yeawɔ, eye nukae nye emetsonu?
14 Ðɔɖɔɖowɔla gbãtɔwo dometɔ bubue nye Girolamo Savonarola (ƒe 1452-98) si tso San Marcos ƒe saɖagaƒe me le Florence, Italia. Esi Italiatɔwo ƒe tɔtrɔ ɖe agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃ ŋu le ŋutinya me ƒe gbɔgbɔ ge ɖe eme la, eƒo nu dzideƒotɔe tɔ nugbegblẽwɔwɔ siwo le Ha la kple dziɖuɖua me. Egblɔ be Ŋɔŋlɔa dzie yenɔ te ɖo, eye yekpɔ ŋutegawo hexɔ ɖeɖefiawo hã; eyata eɖo be yeaɖo Kristotɔwo ƒe dukɔ, alo teokrasiɖoɖo, anyi. Papa nyãe le ha me le ƒe 1497 me. Le ƒe si kplɔe ɖo me la, wolée wɔ funyafunyae eye wohee ɖe ati ŋu. Nya susɔe siwo wògblɔ hafi kue nye: “Nye Aƒetɔ ku ɖe nye nuvɔ̃wo ta; ɖe nyemakpɔ dzidzɔ be matsɔ agbe dahe sia ana ɖe eta oa?” Wotɔ dzo eƒe kukua eye wotsɔ dzowɔa kɔ ɖe Arno-tɔsisia me. Esɔ be Savonarola yɔ eɖokui be “ŋgɔdola kple vɔsa.” Le ƒe ʋee aɖewo ko megbe la, Ðɔɖɔɖo la do kple ŋusẽ blibo ɖe Europa ƒe afisiafi.
Aƒe si me Mã
15. Aleke Ðɔɖɔɖo ƒe afɔɖeɖewo mã Kristodukɔa mee le Ɣetoɖoƒe Europa?
15 Esi Ðɔɖɔɖo ƒe yawo ƒo mlɔeba la, egbã Kristodukɔa ƒe aƒe si le Ɣetoɖoƒe Europa la gudugudu. Esi wònye eƒe afisiafi kloe nɔ Roma Katoliko-ha ƒe dziɖuɖu te tsã ta la, fifia ezu aƒe si me mã. Dziehe Europa—Italia, Spania, Austria, kple France—gakpɔtɔ nye Katolikotɔwo. Susɔea mã ɖe akpa gã etɔ̃ me: Luthertɔwo le Germania kple Scandinavia Calvintɔwo (alo Ha si Wogbugbɔ Ðo) le Switzerland, Netherlands, Scotland, kple France ƒe akpa aɖewo; eye Anglikantɔwo le England. Ƒuƒoƒo siwo le suesue wu gake woƒe nya sẽ wu la kaka ɖe ha siawo dome, gbã, Anabaptisttɔwo eye emegbe Mennotɔwo, Huttertɔwo, kpakple Puritatɔwo, amesiwo va tsɔ woƒe dzixɔseawo yi Anyiehe Amerikae.
16. Nukae va dzɔ ɖe Kristodukɔa ƒe aƒe la dzi? (Marko 3:25)
16 Le ƒe siwo kplɔe ɖo me la, memamã gã siawo me gamã klukluklui ɖe ha alafa geɖe siwo li egbea la me—wo dometɔ ʋee aɖewoe nye Presbyteriatɔwo, Episcopaltɔwo, Methodisttɔwo, Baptisttɔwo, kple Congregationaltɔwo. Kristodukɔa zu aƒe si me mã nyateƒe. Aleke mamã siawo wɔ va?
Luther Kple Eƒe Nutsotsowo
17. Ɣekaɣi koŋ dzie woate ŋu atɔ asii be ɣemaɣie Protestantɔwo ƒe Ðɔɖɔɖo la dze egɔme?
17 Nenye be woayɔ ɣeyiɣi si tututu Protestantɔwo ƒe Ðɔɖɔɖoa dze egɔme la, ke anye October 31, 1517, esime Augustine saɖaganunɔla Martin Luther (ƒe 1483-1546) klã eƒe nutsotso 95 ɖe sɔlemexɔgã si le Wittenberg le Germania nuto si nye Saxony (Saksoni) la ƒe ʋɔtru dzi. Gake nuka gbɔe tɔtrɔ kpata sia tso? Amekae nye Martin Luther? Nuka ŋue wòtsi tre ɖo?
18. (a) Amekae nye Martin Luther? (b) Nukae ʋã Luther wòŋlɔ eƒe nutsotsoawo?
18 Abe Wycliffe kple Hus siwo do ŋgɔ nɛ ene la, Martin Luther nye agbalẽnyala si nye saɖaganunɔla. Enye mawunyanyala kple Biblia me nusɔsrɔ̃wo fiala le Wittenberg Yunivɛsiti hã. Luther ƒe ŋkɔ ɖi ŋutɔ le alesi gbegbe wòse Biblia mee ta. Togbɔ be nukpɔsusu sesẽwo le esi ku ɖeɖekpɔkpɔ, alo afia dzɔdzɔe tsotso na ame, to xɔse dzi ke menye to fufiafiameɖokui dzi o hã la, meɖo tame aɖeke be yeado le Roma-ha la me o. Nyateƒee be le nutsotso siawo wɔwɔ me la, nudzɔdzɔ aɖe koŋ ŋue wòƒo nu le, meɖo aglã dzedze o. Nuvɔ̃tsɔtsɔke dzadzra ŋue wònɔ tsitre tsim ɖo.
19. Le Luther ŋɔli la, aleke wowɔ nuvɔ̃tsɔtsɔkewo dzadzra ŋudɔ ɖe mɔ gbegblẽ nui?
19 Le Luther ŋɔli la, menye agbagbeawo ɖeɖekoe wonɔ nuvɔ̃tsɔtsɔkewo dzram na le dutoƒo o, ke boŋ ame kukuwo hãe. “Ne gakua ŋkɔ nya ɖi le aɖaka la me ko la, luʋɔ la tsona kpla le Ŋutiklɔdzoa me” nye nyagbɔgblɔ aɖe si bɔ. Le ame hahoawo gome la, nuvɔ̃tsɔtsɔke va zu akpoxɔnu na nuvɔ̃ ƒe tohehe, eye woda dzimetɔtrɔ ɖe axadzi. Erasmus ŋlɔe bena: “Wodzraa ɖeɖe tso ŋutiklɔdzo ƒe funyafunya me le afisiafi; eye menye edzram koe wole o, ke boŋ wozinɛ ɖe amesiwo gbena dzi hã.”
20. (a) Nuka wɔ ge Tetzel yi le Jüterbog? (b) Nukae Luther wɔ le Tetzel ƒe nuvɔ̃tsɔtsɔkewo dzadzra ŋu?
20 Le ƒe 1517 me la, Dominik nunɔla John Tetzel yi nuvɔ̃tsɔtsɔke dzra ge le Jüterbog si te ɖe Wittenberg ŋu. Woatsɔ ga si wòakpɔ ƒe akpa aɖe agbugbɔ atu Petro Kɔkɔe ƒe Gbedoxɔgã si le Roma lae. Woatsɔ akpa aɖe hã akpe ɖe Albert si tso Brandenburg ŋu be wòaxe ga si wòdo tsɔ xe fee na Roma Curia le eƒe ɖoƒe si nye Mainz bisiɔpgãnɔƒe ta lae. Tetzel zã eƒe asitsaɖaŋu ɖesiaɖe le edzadzra me eye amewo ƒo zi ɖe eŋu. Nya la te ɖe Luther dzi, eye wòzã mɔnu tsɔtsɔetɔ kekeake gblɔ eƒe nukpɔsusu le amebanya sia ŋu le dutoƒo—esi wòklã nutsotso 95 siwo ŋu woahe nya le la ɖe sɔlemexɔa ƒe ʋɔtru ŋu.
21. Nya kawoe Luther gblɔ tsɔ tsi tre ɖe nuvɔ̃tsɔtsɔkewo dzadzra ŋuti?
21 Luther yɔ eƒe nutsotso 95 la be Disputation for Clarification of the Power of Indulgences (Nyaʋiʋli be Woatsɔ Akɔ Nuvɔ̃tsɔtsɔkewo ƒe Ŋusẽ Mee). Menye eƒe taɖodzinu koŋ ye nye be yeatɔ gbe sɔlemeha la ƒe ŋusẽ o ke boŋ be yeatɔ asi wɔwuiwɔwɔwo kple alesi wole papa ƒe nuvɔ̃tsɔtsɔkeawo zãm ɖe mɔ gbegblẽ nu la dzi. Míate ŋu akpɔ esia le nutsotso siwo gbɔna me:
“5. Papa medi be yeatsɔ tohehe aɖeke ake o eye mate ŋu atsɔ wo ake hã o, negbe esiwo wòtsɔ ke le eya ŋutɔ ƒe ŋusẽ nu la ko. . . .
20. Eyata ne papa ƒo nu tso tohehewo katã tsɔtsɔ ke keŋkeŋ ŋu la, menye wo katã ŋutɔŋutɔ gblɔm wòle o, ke esiwo eya ŋutɔ tsɔ ke ko gblɔm wòle. . . .
36. Gome le Kristotɔ ɖesiaɖe si eƒe dzitsinya ɖe fu na ŋutɔŋutɔ la si be ate ŋu akpɔ eƒe nuvɔ̃wo katã ŋuti tohehe kple fɔɖiɖi ƒe tsɔtsɔke keŋkeŋ ne mexɔ tsɔtsɔkelɛtawo o gɔ̃ hã.”
22. (a) Nukae dzɔ esi Luther ƒe gbedasia nɔ ta kekem? (b) Nukae dzɔ le ƒe 1520 me si ku ɖe Luther ŋu, eye nukae do tso eme?
22 To agbalẽtamɔ̃ si to yeyee zazã dzi la, nya tɔame siawo mexɔ ɣeyiɣi aɖeke hafi ɖo Germania ƒe teƒe bubuwo—kple Roma hã o. Nusi dze egɔme abe agbalẽnyalawo dome nyahehe ene la va zu nyahehe le xɔsenyawo kple papa ƒe ŋusẽ ŋu. Gbã, Roma-ha la he nya kple Luther eye woƒo nya ɖe enu be wòaɖe asi le nya la ŋu. Esi Luther gbe la, wona nunɔlawo kple dziɖuɖu ƒe ŋusẽwo zii ɖe edzi. Le ƒe 1520 me la, papa ŋlɔ segbalẽ si de se ɖe Luther ƒe mawunyagbɔgblɔ nu eye wòɖe gbe be woatɔ dzo eƒe agbalẽwo. Luther tɔ dzo papa ƒe lɛta la le dutoƒo papa mabumabutɔe. Papa nyãe le ha me le ƒe 1521 me.
23. (a) Nukae nye Worms Amegãwo ƒe Takpekpe la? (b) Aleke Luther gblɔ eƒe nukpɔsusui le Worms, eye nukae nye emetsonu?
23 Emegbe le ƒe ma me la, woyɔ Luther yi amegãwo ƒe takpekpee le Worms. Roma Fiaɖuƒe Kɔkɔea ƒe fiagã Charles V si nye Katolikotɔ sesẽ aɖe, hekpe ɖe Germania ƒe amegã ade siwo tiaa fiagã ɖoa zi dzi la ŋuti, kpakple sɔlemeha la kple dziɖuɖua kplɔlawo kple amegã bubuwo drɔ̃ ʋɔnui. Esi wogazii ɖe edzi be neɖe asi le nya la ŋu la, Luther gblɔ eƒe nya si wonya nyuie la be: “Ne menye Ŋɔŋlɔa alo nusi me kɔ kɔte o kpa . . . , nyemate ŋu aɖe asi le nya aɖeke ŋu o eye nyemele asi ɖe ge hã o, elabena nusi tsi tre ɖe dzitsinya ŋu wɔwɔ menyo o eye mele dedie hã o. Mawu, kpe ɖe ŋunye. Amen.” Eyata fiagã la nyãe le dukɔa me. Gake nuto si me eya ŋutɔ tso le Germania la dziɖula, Ametiala Frederick si tso Saxony kpe ɖe eŋu eye wòna sitsoƒee le Wartburg-mɔ̃ la me.
24. Dɔ kae Luther wɔ esime wònɔ Wartburg-mɔ̃a me?
24 Gake afɔɖeɖe siawo mete ŋu xe mɔ na Luther ƒe nufiafiawo ƒe takeke o. Le eƒe dedienɔƒe le Wartburg la, Luther tsɔ eɖokui ɖo anyi ɣleti ewo na agbalẽŋɔŋlɔ kple Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe. Eɖe Hela Ŋɔŋlɔawo gɔme tso Eramus ƒe Helagbe me nuŋɔŋlɔa me ɖe Germaniagbe me. Eva ɖe Hebri Ŋɔŋlɔawo me emegbe. Luther ƒe Biblia la va nye nusi tututu ame gbɔlowo hiã. Woka nya ta be “wodzra ɖekaɖeka akpe atɔ̃ le ɣleti eve me, [wodzra] akpe alafa eve le ƒe wuieve me.” Wotsɔa ŋusẽ si wòkpɔ ɖe Germaniagbe kple woƒe agbenɔnɔ kple dekɔnuwo dzi sɔna kple ŋusẽ si King James Version Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe kpɔ ɖe Eŋlisiawo tɔ dzi.
25. (a) Aleke wowɔ to nya si nye Protestantɔ vɛ? (b) Nukae nye Augsburg Xɔsemeʋuʋu la?
25 Le ƒe siwo kplɔ Worms Amegãwo ƒe Takpekpea ɖo me la, ame geɖe va kpɔ ŋudzedze ɖe Ðɔɖɔɖo ƒe afɔɖeɖea ŋu ale gbegbe be le ƒe 1526 me la fiagã la ɖe mɔ na Germania nuto ɖesiaɖe be wokpɔ mɔ atia ha si dze wo ŋu, eɖanye Katoliko-ha alo Luther-ha o. Gake esi fiagã la trɔ eƒe nyametsotsoa le ƒe 1529 me la, Germania amegã aɖewo tsi tre ɖe nuwɔna la ŋu; alee wɔ woto nya Protestant (Tsitretsiɖeŋula le Eŋlisigbe me) vɛ tsɔ yɔa Ðɔɖɔɖo ƒe afɔɖeɖeae. Le ƒe si kplɔe ɖo si nye ƒe 1530 me le Amegãwo ƒe Takpekpe me le Augsburg la, fiagã la dze agbagba be yeadzra masɔmasɔ siwo le akpa evea dome ɖo. Luthertɔwo ŋlɔ woƒe dzixɔsewo ɖe agbalẽ si woyɔ be Augsburg Xɔsemeʋuʋu si Philipp Melanchthon ŋlɔ la me gake wòtu wo ɖe Luther ƒe nufiafiawo dzi. Togbɔ be agbalẽa fia be woalé avu yewo hã la, Roma-ha la gbee, eye ʋe si le Katolikotɔwo kple Protestantɔwo dome la tsi maxemaxe. Germania nuto geɖe de Luther dzi, eye kasia Scandinavia-dukɔwo dze wo yome.
Ðɔɖɔɖoe loo alo Aglãdzedzee?
26. Nukawoe nye nu vevi siwo Luther gblɔ be woawoe he Protestantɔwo kple Katolikotɔwo ƒe mamã la vɛ?
26 Nukawoe nye nu vevi siwo mã Protestantɔwo ɖa tso Roma Katolikotɔwo gbɔ? Luther gblɔ be nu etɔ̃e. Gbã la, Luther xɔe se be “afia dzɔdzɔe tsotso tsoa xɔse ɖeɖeko me” (Latingbe, sola fide)b ke menye tso nunɔlawo ƒe nuvɔ̃tsɔtsɔke alo fufiafiameɖokui me o. Evelia, efia nu be Mawu ƒe amenuveve dzaa (sola gratia) ta koe woate ŋu atsɔ nuvɔ̃ ake ke menye nunɔlawo alo papawo ƒe ŋusẽ mee wòtso o. Mlɔeba Luther gblɔ be ele be woatsɔ Ŋɔŋlɔa ɖeɖeko (sola scriptura) aɖo kpe nufiafianya ɖesiaɖe dzii ke menye papawoe alo aɖaŋuɖotakpekpewoe o.
27. (a) Katolikotɔwo ƒe nufiafia kple nuwɔna siwo metso Ŋɔŋlɔawo me o kawoe Protestantɔwo lé ɖe asi? (b) Tɔtrɔ kawoe Protestantɔwo bia be woawɔ?
27 Togbɔ be nya le alea hã la, The Catholic Encyclopedia gblɔ be Luther “xɔ dzixɔse kple mawunyagbɔgblɔkɔnu xoxo alesinu wòte ŋu na wosɔ ɖe eya ŋutɔ ƒe nukpɔsusuwo nu le nuvɔ̃ kple afiatsotso ŋu nu la ɖi.” Augsburg Xɔsemeʋuʋua gblɔ tso Luther ƒe xɔsea ŋu be “le nusi agbalẽŋlɔlawo nya tso Ha la ŋu nu la, naneke mele eme si to vovo tso Ŋɔŋlɔawo, alo Katoliko-ha la, alo Roma-ha gɔ̃ hã gbɔ o.” Le nyateƒe me la, abe alesi wogblɔe le Augsburg Xɔsemeʋuʋua mee ene la, nufiafia siwo metso Ŋɔŋlɔawo me o siawo, abe Mawuɖekaetɔ̃, luʋɔ makumaku, funyafunyawɔwɔ mavɔ ene, kpakple nuwɔna siawo abe mawutsidedeta na viɖzĩwo kple sɔlemeŋkekenyuiwo kple azãɖuɖuwo ene, hã nɔ Luthertɔwo ƒe xɔse la me. Gake Luthertɔwo bia be woawɔ tɔtrɔ aɖewo, abe be woaɖe mɔ woaxɔ abolo kple wein la le Kplɔ̃ŋudede me ene eye be woaɖe trenɔnɔ, saɖaganunɔlawo ƒe adzɔgbeɖeɖewo, kple nuvɔ̃meʋuʋu ɖa.c
28. Nukawo mee Ðɔɖɔɖoa kpɔ dzidzedze le, eye nukawo mee wòdo kpo nu le?
28 Le etaƒoƒo me la, Ðɔɖɔɖo si Luther kple etɔwo he vɛ la kpɔ dzidzedze be wodo le papa ƒe kɔkuti te. Gake abe alesi Yesu gblɔe ɖe Yohanes 4:24 me ene la, “Mawue nye Gbɔgbɔ, eye amesiwo le [ta dem agu] nɛ la, ele be, [woade ta agu] le gbɔgbɔ kple nyateƒe me.” Woate ŋu agblɔe be le Martin Luther gome la, ameƒomea ƒe Mawu vavã didi ɖeko wòtrɔ bubui; nyateƒea ƒe mɔ xaxɛ la ganɔ didiƒe ʋĩ kokoko.—Mateo 7:13, 14; Yohanes 8:31, 32.
Ðɔɖɔɖo si Zwingli Wɔ le Switzerland
29. (a) Amekae nye Ulrich Zwingli, eye nuka ŋue wògblɔ mawunya tsi tre ɖo? (b) Aleke Zwingli ƒe ɖɔɖɔɖo la to vovo tso Luther tɔ gbɔe?
29 Esime Luther nɔ nya hem kple papa ƒe dɔlawo kple Germania dziɖuɖumegãwo ŋkubiãtɔe la, Katoliko nunɔla Ulrich Zwingli (ƒe 1484-1531) dze Ðɔɖɔɖowɔwɔ ƒe afɔɖeɖe aɖe gɔme le Zurich, Switzerland. Esi wònye Germaniagbee wodona le afima ta la, ɖɔɖɔɖo ƒe tɔtrɔ siwo nɔ edzi yim le anyiehe la wɔ dɔ ɖe ameawo dzi xoxo. Le ƒe 1519 me lɔƒo la, Zwingli dze mawunya gbɔgblɔ tsi tre ɖe nuvɔ̃tsɔtsɔkewo dzadzra, tadedeagu na Maria, nunɔlawo ƒe trenɔnɔ, kple Katoliko-ha la ƒe nufiafia bubuwo ŋu. Togbɔ be Zwingli gblɔ be yemewɔ ɖeka kple Luther o hã la, eƒe gbe dze Luther tɔ dzi le nu geɖe me eye wòmã Luther ƒe traktwo le dukɔa me godoo. Gake esi Luther lé nu xoxowo ɖe asi la, Zwingli ya bia be woaɖe Roma-ha la ƒe nuwɔna susɔe ɖesiaɖe ɖa—nɔnɔmetatawo, Yesu ƒe atitsogawo, nunɔlawuwo, kple ha siwo wodzina le sɔlemekɔnuwo wɔwɔ me kura gɔ̃ hã.
30. Nya vevi kae de mamã Zwingli kple Luther dome?
30 Gake nyaʋiʋli sesẽ si le Ðɔɖɔɖowɔla eveawo domee nye nya si ku ɖe Nu Ðuɖu kple Mawu, alo Misa (Kplɔ̃ŋudede) ŋu. Le gbe tete ɖe edzi be woaɖe Yesu ƒe nya siwo nye ‘Esiae nye nye ŋutilã’ gɔme abe alesi nyawo ɖii ŋutɔŋutɔ ene dzi la, Luther xɔ edzi se be le Misa wɔwɔ me la, Kristo ƒe ŋutilã kple eƒe ʋu gena ɖe abolo la kple wein la me to nukumɔ dzi. Gake Zwingli ʋlii le eƒe numeɖegbalẽ si nye On the Lord’s Supper (Ku ɖe Aƒetɔ la ƒe Fiẽnuɖuɖu Ŋu) me be “ele be woabu” Yesu ƒe nyagbɔgblɔ la “be enye kpɔɖeŋunyagbɔgblɔ alo nu tsɔtsɔ sɔ kple nu; ‘Esiae nye nye ŋutilã,’ gɔmee nye, ‘Aboloa fia nye ŋutilã,’ alo ‘enye kpɔɖeŋu na nye ŋutilã.’” Le nyagɔmemasemase na ame nɔewo sia ta la, Ðɔɖɔɖowɔla evea dome klã.
31. Nukae do tso dɔ si Zwingli wɔ le Switzerland la me?
31 Zwingli yi edzi ɖe gbeƒã eƒe ɖɔɖɔɖonufiafiawo le Zurich eye wòwɔ tɔtrɔ geɖe le afima. Medidi o dugã bubuwo hã dze eyome, gake esi kɔƒenutometɔwo ku ɖe blemanuwo ŋu wu ta la, woku ɖe Katoliko-ha ŋu. Ʋiʋli si nɔ akpa evea dome nu va sẽ ale gbegbe be dukɔmeviʋa dzɔ ɖe Switzerland Protestantɔwo kple Roma Katolikotɔwo dome. Wowu Zwingli esime wònɔ asrafosɔfo ɖum le Kappel, si gogo Zug-ta la ƒe aʋa la me le ƒe 1531 me. Esi ŋutifafa va mlɔeba la, wona mɔ nuto ɖesiaɖe be wòatia ha si dze eŋu, be woanye Protestantɔwo loo alo Katolikotɔwo.
Anabaptisttɔwo, Mennotɔwo, Kple Huttertɔwo
32. Amekawoe nye Anabaptisttɔwo, eye aleke wɔ woyɔ ŋkɔ ma na wo?
32 Gake Protestantɔ aɖewo se le wo ɖokui me be Ðɔɖɔɖowɔlawo ƒe nu gbegbe le Katoliko papa la ƒe ha la ƒe gbɔdzɔgbɔdzɔwo gbɔ mede edeƒe tututu o. Woxɔe se be ele be Kristo-sɔleme la me tɔwo nanye hamevi nuteƒewɔla siwo wode mawutsi ta na ɖeɖeko, ke menye nuto alo dukɔ blibo aɖe me tɔwo katã o. Eyata wogbe mawutsi dede ta na vidzĩwo eye wote tɔ ɖe edzi be ele be Sɔlemeha kple Dziɖuɖu naɖe vovo le wo nɔewo ŋu. Wogbugbɔ de mawutsi ta na woƒe hameviwo eye esia na wotsɔ ŋkɔ na wo be Anabaptisttɔwo (Tsigbugbɔdetatɔwo, ana gɔmee nye “ake” le Helagbe me). Esi wogbe be yewomazã aʋawɔnuwo o, yewomaka atam o, alo anɔ amegãnɔƒewo o ta la, wobu wo be wonye afɔku na dukɔa eye Katolikotɔwo kple Protestantɔwo siaa ti wo yome.
33. (a) Nukae na wowɔ ŋutasẽnuwo ɖe Anabaptisttɔwo ŋu? (b) Aleke Anabaptisttɔwo ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi kakae?
33 Gbã la, Anabaptisttɔwo nɔ ƒuƒoƒo suesuewo me hekaka ɖe Switzerland, Germania, kple Netherlands ƒe teƒeteƒewo. Esi wonɔ gbeƒã ɖem woƒe dzixɔsewo le afisiafi si woyi ta la, woƒe xexlẽme dzi ɖe edzi kabakaba. Esi mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe dzonɔameme ge ɖe Anabaptisttɔwo me la, woɖe asi le woƒe ŋutifafa nɔnɔmea ŋu eye wova dze Münster ƒe dugã la dzi le ƒe 1534 me hedze agbagba be yewoatso du si anye srɔ̃geɖeɖelawo ƒe Yerusalem Yeye. Wotsɔ ŋutasesẽnuwɔna gã aɖe gbã ha lae kpata. Esia na woyɔ ŋkɔ baɖa na Anabaptisttɔwo eye woatsrɔ̃ wo ɖa keŋkeŋ kloe. Le nyateƒe me la, Anabaptisttɔwo dometɔ akpa gãtɔ nye amesiwo mawusubɔsubɔnya dzɔa dzi na ko, amesiwo dina be yewoaɖe vovo anɔ tomefafagbe. Anabaptisttɔwo ƒe dzidzimevi siwo te ŋu wɔ ɖoɖo si nyo wu lae nye Mennotɔwo, amesiwo nye Hollandtɔ Menno Simons yomedzelawo, kple Huttertɔwo, siwo nɔ Tiroltɔ Jacob Hutter ƒe kpɔkplɔ te. Le yometiti ta la, wo dometɔ aɖewo si yi Ɣedzeƒe Europa—Poland, Hungary, kple Russia gɔ̃ hã—bubuwo yi Anyiehe Amerika, afisi wova nya wo le be wonye Huttertɔwo kple Ammantɔwo ƒe duwo.
Calvintɔwo ƒe Dodo
34. (a) Amekae nye John Calvin? (b) Agbalẽ vevi kae wòŋlɔ?
34 Switzerland ƒe Ðɔɖɔɖodɔa yi ŋgɔ le Franse ŋutsu aɖe si woyɔna be Jean Chauvin, alo John Calvin (ƒe 1509-64), si va nya nu tso Protestantɔwo ƒe nufiafiawo ŋu le eƒe sukudeɣi le France la ƒe kpɔkplɔ te. Le ƒe 1534 me la, Calvin dzo le Paris le subɔsubɔha yometiti ta eye wòva tsi Basel si le Switzerland. Le Protestantɔwo ta ʋiʋli me la, eŋlɔ agbalẽ si nye Institutes of the Christian Religion si me woŋlɔ sɔlemefofo gbãtɔwo kple Titinaɣeyiɣi me mawunyafialawo, kpakple Luther kple Zwingli ƒe nukpɔsusuwo ɖo kpuie. Wova bu eƒe agbalẽa be eya dzie wotu Ðɔɖɔɖosɔleme siwo wova ɖo emegbe le Europa kple Amerika la ƒe nufiafiawo ɖo.
35. (a) Aleke Calvin ɖe eƒe Mawu ƒe nuɖoɖiname nufiafia la mee? (b) Aleke nufiafia sia ƒe sesẽ dze le Calvin ƒe nufiafia ƒe akpa bubuwo mee?
35 Egblɔ eya ŋutɔ ƒe mawunyafiafia ɖe Institutes la me. Calvin ƒe dzixɔsee nye be Mawue nye dziɖula gãtɔ, amesi ƒe lɔlɔ̃nue ɖoa nu na nusianu hekpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe edzi. Gake amegbetɔ si dze anyi la nye nuvɔ̃me eye medze kura o. Eyata menye amegbetɔ ƒe dɔ nyui wɔwɔwo gbɔe eƒe ɖeɖekpɔkpɔ atso o ke boŋ Mawu gbɔe—esiae he Calvin ƒe nufiafia si nye xɔvɛ la vɛ, si ŋu wòŋlɔ le be:
“Míele gbe tem ɖe edzi be Mawu tsɔ tameɖoɖo mavɔ matrɔmatrɔ ɖo amesiwo Wòaxɔ ɖe agbe kple amesiwo Wòabu fɔe hena tsɔtsrɔ̃ la siaa ɖi zi ɖeka ɖe ɣeyiɣiawo katã nu. Míele egblɔm kple kakaɖedzi be le ame tiatiawo gome la, wotu tameɖoɖo mavɔ sia ɖe Eƒe amenuvevenublanuikpɔkpɔ dzi, metso amegbetɔ ƒe nyuiwɔwɔ aɖeke gbɔ kura o; gake be le amesiwo wòɖo ɖi na fɔbubu gome la, wotsɔ ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ dzɔdzɔe mokakamanɔŋutɔ, si gɔme womate ŋu ase o la tu agbegbo la ɖe wo nui.”
Nufiafia sia ƒe sesẽ dze le nuwɔna bubuwo hã me. Calvin te gbe ɖe edzi be ele be Kristotɔwo nanɔ agbe kɔkɔe kple agbe nyui, eye menye nuvɔ̃ koe woatsri o ke boŋ woatsri vivisese kple fefenuwo hã. Hekpe ɖe eŋu la, egblɔ be ele be ha la, si me tɔwo nye ame tiatiawo navo tso dziɖuɖu ƒe mɔxeɖenu ɖesiaɖe me eye be ha la dzi koe woato aɖo amewo ƒe habɔbɔ si vɔ̃a Mawu ŋutɔŋutɔ la anyi.
36. (a) Nukae Calvin kple Farel dze agbagba be yewoawɔ le Geneva? (b) Se sesẽ kawoe wode? (d) Calvin ƒe nuwɔna siwo tso eme siwo ɖe dzesi la dometɔ ɖeka ɖe, eye aleke wòɖe eƒe nuwɔnawo nui?
36 Le Institutes la tata megbe kpuie la, William Farel si hã nye Ðɔɖɔɖowɔla le France la de dzi ƒo na Calvin be wòava nɔ Geneva. Woƒo ƒu dze Calvin-subɔsubɔ gɔme. Woƒe taɖodzinue nye be yewoatrɔ Geneva wòazu Mawu ƒe du, teokrasi si anye Mawu ƒe dziɖuɖu si atsaka Mawusubɔsubɔ kple Dziɖuɖu ƒe dɔwɔnawo ɖekae. Wode se sesẽwo hetsɔ wo ŋuti tohehewo kpee, woku ɖe nusianu ŋu tso mawunyafiafia kple sɔlemewɔwɔ dzi vaseɖe hadomenudzeamewɔwɔ dzi va se keke dzadzɛnyenye kple alesi woaxe mɔ ɖe dzo ƒe nu gbegblẽ nu gɔ̃ hã dzi. Ŋutinya me nyatakaka aɖe gblɔ be “le kpɔɖeŋu me, wode ɖawɔla aɖe game ŋkeke eve le esi wobui be atsyã si wòtsɔ wɔ ɖae na ŋugbetɔ aɖe medze o ta; eye dadaa, kple exɔlɔ̃ nyɔnu eve siwo kpe ɖe eŋu le ewɔwɔ me hã xɔ tohehe ma ke. Ʋɔnu hea to na ame le ɣeɖuɖu kple spaadada hã ta.” Wohe to sesẽwo na amesiwo ƒe susu to vovo tso Calvin tɔ gbɔ le mawunyafiafia me, esiawo dometɔ si ɖi hoo wue nye dzo tɔtɔ Spaniatɔ Miguel Serveto, alo Michael Servetus.—Kpɔ aɖaka si le axa 322.
37. Aleke Calvin ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi keke ɖo Switzerland ƒe liƒowo godo sãae?
37 Calvin yi edzi nɔ ɖɔɖɔɖo si ƒomevi wòto vɛ la ŋudɔ wɔm le Geneva vaseɖe eƒe kuɣi le ƒe 1564 me, eye Sɔlemeha si woɖɔ ɖo la va li ke. Protestant ɖɔɖɔɖowɔla siwo nɔ sisim le yometiti nu yi du bubuwo me la va kɔ ɖe Geneva bibibi, wova xɔ Calvin ƒe nufiafiawo eye wozu dɔwɔnuwo heɖo ɖɔɖɔɖohawo ɖe wo denyigbawo dzi. Medidi o Calvin ƒe ha la kaka ɖe France, afisi Katolikotɔwo ti Huguenottɔwo (aleae woyɔna na Franse Protestantɔ Calvintɔwo) yome le vevie. To Calvintɔwo ƒe kpekpeɖeŋu dzi la, woɖo Hollandtɔwo (Netherlandtɔwo) ƒe Ha si Woɖɔ Ðo anyi ɖe Netherlands. Le John Knox, si nye Katoliko nunɔla tsã ƒe dzonɔameme ƒe kpɔkplɔ te la, woɖo Scotland Presbyteria Hame la anyi ɖe Calvintɔwo ƒe ɖoɖo nu. Calvin-ha hã wɔ akpa aɖe le England ƒe Ðɔɖɔɖowɔwɔ la me, eye tso afima la, Puritatɔwo tsɔ Ðɔɖɔɖoa yi Anyiehe Amerika. Le gɔmesese sia nu la, togbɔ be Luther ye dze Protestantɔwo ƒe Ðɔɖɔɖoa gɔme hã la, Calvin koŋ ye na wòkeke ta ɖe edzi.
Ðɔɖɔɖoa le England
38. Aleke dɔ si John Wycliffe wɔ la ƒã Protestant-gbɔgbɔ ɖe amewo mee le England?
38 Woate ŋu ake ɖe Eŋlisiawo ƒe Ðɔɖɔɖo ƒe ke ŋu le John Wycliffe, amesi ƒe mawunyagbɔgblɔ tɔ nunɔlawo kple eƒe gbe tete ɖe Biblia dzi he Protestant-gbɔgbɔ va England la ƒe ŋkekeawo me ke, esia to vovo sãa na ɖɔɖɔɖofɔ siwo woɖe le Germania kple Switzerland la. Ame bubuwo dze agbagba siwo wòdze le Biblia gɔme ɖeɖe me la ƒe kpɔɖeŋu yome. William Tyndale si si va le England la wu eƒe Nubabla Yeye gbãtɔ nu le ƒe 1526 me. Emegbe wofia eyomemɔ le Antwerp hetro kɔ le enu le ati ŋu, eye wotɔ dzo eƒe kukua. Miles Coverdale wu Tyndale ƒe gɔmeɖeɖea nu, eye Biblia bliboa do le ƒe 1535 me. Ðikekemanɔmee la, Biblia gɔme ɖeɖe ɖe gbe si me amehawo sena me lae nye nu vevitɔ ɖeka si wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le England ƒe Ðɔɖɔɖowɔwɔa me.
39. Akpa kae Henry VIII wɔ le England ƒe Ðɔɖɔɖoa me?
39 Wodo le Roma Katoliko-ha la me keŋkeŋ esime Henry VIII (ƒe 1491-1547) si papa la yɔ be Xɔse la Taʋlila la de Gãnyenye ƒe Se le ƒe 1534 me eye wòtsɔ eɖokui wɔ England Sɔlemeha la ƒe tatɔe. Henry tú saɖagaƒewo hã eye wòmã woƒe nunɔamesiwo na ame ŋkutawo. Hekpe ɖe ema ŋu la, eɖe gbe be woatsɔ Eŋlisigbe me Biblia ɖekaɖeka ada ɖe sɔleme ɖesiaɖe me. Gake dunyahehe koŋ ŋue Henry ƒe nuwɔna la ku ɖo tsɔ wu ɖe mawusubɔsubɔ ŋu. Nusi dim wònɔe nye vovo tso papa ƒe ŋusẽ te, vevietɔ le eƒe srɔ̃ɖenyawo me.d Le subɔsubɔ gome la, eyi edzi nye Katolikotɔ le nusianu me negbe ŋkɔa koe to vovo.
40. (a) Tɔtrɔ kawoe wowɔ le England Sɔlemeha la me le Elizabeth I ƒe dziɖuɣi? (b) Ƒuƒoƒo siwo dze aglã kawoe va do le England, Netherlands, kple Anyiehe Amerika?
40 Elizabeth I ƒe dziɖuɣi didi la (ƒe 1558-1603) mee England Sɔleme la va zu Protestantɔ le nuwɔna me gake le hameɖoɖo me la, woƒe nuwɔnawo ƒe akpa gãtɔ nye Katolikotɔwo tɔ. Wote fli ɖe ɖokui bɔbɔ ɖe papa te, nunɔlawo ƒe trenɔnɔ, nuvɔ̃meʋuʋu, kple Katoliko-nuwɔna bubuwo me, gake egblẽ bisiɔpwo ƒe dziɖuɖuɖoɖo ɖi le eƒe bisiɔpgãwo kple bisiɔpwo, kpakple saɖaganunɔlawo kple nyɔnu saɖaganunɔlawo le eƒe nunɔlaɖoɖoa me.e Kuku ɖe nu xoxowo ŋu sia he dzidzɔmakpɔmakpɔ geɖe vɛ, eye ƒuƒoƒo siwo dze aglã geɖe do. Puritatɔwo bia be woawɔ ɖɔɖɔɖo si de blibo wu be woakɔ ha la ŋu tso Roma Katoliko-ha la ƒe nuwɔnawo me; Ðeɖeɖeagatɔwo kple Ðokusinɔlawo te tɔ ɖe edzi be ele be hamemegã (presbyter) siwo le ha la me nakpɔ sɔlemenyawo gbɔ. Aglãdzelawo ƒe akpa gãtɔ si yi Netherlands alo Anyiehe Amerika, afisi wogatrɔ asi le woƒe Congregational kple Baptist hawo ŋu le wu. Ha siwo woyɔna be Xɔlɔ̃wo ƒe Ha (Quakers) siwo nɔ George Fox (ƒe 1624-91) ƒe kpɔkplɔ te kple Methodisttɔwo, siwo nɔ John Wesley (ƒe 1703-91) ƒe kpɔkplɔ te hã do le England.—Kpɔ aɖaka si le ete.
Dɔ Kae Wowɔ?
41. (a) Le agbalẽnyala aɖewo ƒe nukpɔsusu nu la, dɔ kae Ðɔɖɔɖoa wɔ ɖe amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutinya dzi? (b) Nyabiabia kawo ŋue wòhiã be woade ŋugble le kple moveviɖoɖo?
41 Esi míedzro Ðɔɖɔɖo la ƒe ha vevi etɔ̃awo—Luthertɔwo, Calvintɔwo, kple Anglikatɔwo—me vɔ la, ele be míatɔ ade ŋugble tso dɔ si Ðɔɖɔɖoa wɔ la ŋu. Womate ŋu ake ɖi le eŋu o be etrɔ alesi nuwo yia edzi le ŋutinya mee le Ɣetoɖoƒenyigbawo dzi. John F. Hurst ŋlɔ ɖe eƒe agbalẽ si nye Short History of the Reformation me be: “Dɔ si Ðɔɖɔɖoa wɔe nye be ede ablɔɖemenɔnɔ kple dukɔmevinyenye si de ŋgɔ wu hedza wu la ƒe dzodzro sẽŋu amewo me. Afisiafi si Protestantɔwo ƒe Ðɔɖɔɖo la keke ta ɖo la, ena amehawo tea tɔ ɖe woƒe gomenɔamesiwo dzi geɖe wu.” Agbalẽnyala geɖe xɔe se be ne ɖe menye Ðɔɖɔɖoa ye o la, anye alesi míenya be Ɣedzeƒetɔwo ƒe ŋkuʋuʋu le egbea la manɔ anyi o. Togbɔ be anɔ eme alea hã la, ele be míabia be: Dɔ kae Ðɔɖɔɖoa wɔ le mawusubɔsubɔ gome? Kpekpeɖeŋu kae wòna le ameƒomea ƒe Mawu vavã la didi me?
42. (a) Ðikekemanɔmee la, nukae nye nu nyui gãtɔ kekeake si Ðɔɖɔɖowɔwɔa he vɛ? (b) Nya si ku ɖe dɔ siwo Ðɔɖɔɖoa wɔ ŋu kae wòle be míabia?
42 Ðikekemanɔmee la, nyui gãtɔ kekeake si Ðɔɖɔɖoa wɔe nye be ena Biblia bɔ na ame gbɔlowo le woawo ŋutɔwo degbe me. Esiae nye zi gbãtɔ si Mawu ƒe Nya blibo la katã le amewo si woate ŋu axlẽ, be woate ŋu akpɔ gbɔgbɔmenunyiame. Gake nyateƒee wònye be nu geɖe hiã wu Biblia xexlẽ ɖeɖeko. Ðe Ðɔɖɔɖoa na ablɔɖe amewo menye tso papa ƒe dziɖuɖu si me ko o ke boŋ tso nufiafia kple dzixɔse tatra siwo me wozi wo ɖo ƒe alafawo hã mea?—Yohanes 8:32.
43. (a) Dzixɔse kawo dzie egbe Protestant-hawo dometɔ geɖe gblɔ be yewolɔ̃ ɖo? (b) Nukae ablɔɖegbɔgbɔ kple nuwo ƒe vovototo siwo do tso Ðɔɖɔɖoa me la wɔ le ameƒomea ƒe Mawu vavã la didi me?
43 Protestant sɔlemewo katã kloe gblɔ be yewolɔ̃ ɖe xɔsemeʋuʋu ɖeka mawo ke dzi—Nicaea tɔa, Athanasio tɔa, kple Apostolowo ƒe xɔsemeʋuʋuawo—eye ha siawo gblɔna be yewoxɔ nufiafia siwo Katoliko-ha la nɔ fiafiam ƒe alafa geɖewo, abe Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ la, luʋɔ makumaku, kple dzomavɔ ene la dometɔ aɖewo dzi se. Nufiafia mawo siwo metso Ŋɔŋlɔawo me o la ƒã Mawu kple eƒe tameɖoɖo ŋuti nukpɔsusu totrowo ɖe amewo me. Le esi teƒe be wòakpe ɖe wo ŋu le nyateƒe Mawu la didi me la, ɖeko kɔmamã kple ha gbogbo siwo dzɔ tso eme le esi Protestantɔwo ƒe Ðɔɖɔɖoa ɖe mɔ ɖe nudzeameŋuwɔwɔ ŋuti ta la kplɔ amewo to mɔ vovovo dzi. Le nyateƒe me la, vovototo gbogboawo kple tɔtɔ si wòhe vɛ la na ame geɖe ke ɖi le Mawu ƒe anyinɔnɔ ŋu. Nukae do tso eme? Le ƒe 19 lia me la, mawudzimaxɔse kple mawumanyamanya ƒe nukpɔsusu siwo nɔ dzidzim ɖe edzi va nɔ anyi. Emae nye nya si me míadzro le ta si kplɔe ɖo me.
[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]
a Papa ƒe nuvɔ̃tsɔtsɔkelɛtawo.
b Luther te gbe ɖe “afia dzɔdzɔe tsotso na ame tsoa xɔse ɖeɖeko me” dzi ale gbegbe be le eƒe Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe me la, etsɔ nya “ɖeɖeko” kpe Romatɔwo 3:28. Meka ɖe Yakobo ƒe agbalẽa me nya si gblɔ be “xɔse dɔwɔwɔ manɔŋui . . . nye nu kuku” hã dzi tututu o. (Yakobo 2:17, 26) Mekpɔe dze sii be le Romatɔwo ƒe agbalẽa me la, Yudatɔwo ƒe Se ŋue Paulo nɔ nu ƒom le o.—Romatɔwo 3:19, 20, 28.
c Martin Luther ɖe nyɔnu saɖaganunɔla Katharina von Bora si si tso Cistercian ƒe kpɔ me la le ƒe 1525 me. Wodzi vi ade. Egblɔ be susu etɔ̃ tae yeɖe srɔ̃ ɖo: be yeadze ye fofo ŋu, be yeatsɔ ado dziku na papa la kple Abosam, eye be ɖasefowo nanɔ yeƒe xɔsetaku ŋu.
d Henry VIII ɖe srɔ̃ ade. Le tsitre tsitsi ɖe papa ŋu me la, ete fli ɖe srɔ̃ gbãtɔ si wòɖe me, eye wògagbe nyɔnu bubu hã. Ena wotso ta le srɔ̃a eve nu, eye wo ame eve ku le wo ɖokui si.
e Woɖe Helagbe me nya e·piʹsko·pos gɔme be “bisiɔp” le Eŋlisigbe Bibliawo me, abe le King James Version me ene.
[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 322]
“Vodada Siwo Le Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ la Me”
Esi Michael Servetus (ƒe 1511-53), Spaniatɔ aɖe si srɔ̃ se kple atikewɔwɔ, xɔ ƒe 20 la, eta agbalẽ si nye De Trinitatis erroribus (Vodada Siwo Le Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ la Me), si me wògblɔ le be “yemazã nya Mawuɖekaetɔ̃, si mele Ŋɔŋlɔa me o, eye edze abe ɖeko wòna xexemenunyafiafia me vodada le kekem ɖe enu ene.” Ebu fɔ Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ la be enye nufiafia “si gɔme womate ŋu ase o, nusi mate ŋu adzɔ le xexeame o, kple esi ate ŋu adze kura gɔ̃ hã abe busunya ene!”
Servetus ƒe nu ƒoƒo dzideƒotɔe na Katoliko-ha la bu fɔe. Gake Calvintɔwoe lée, drɔ̃ ʋɔnui, eye wowui esi wotɔ dzoe wònɔ fiafiãm vivivi. Calvin tsɔ nya siawo ʋli eƒe nuwɔnawo tae be: “Ne papatɔwo [Katolikotɔwo] wɔa ŋutasẽnu eye wowɔa adã ale gbegbe le woƒe aʋatsodzixɔsewo ta ʋiʋli me be wotsɔa dɔmedzoe kɔa ʋu maɖifɔ ɖe anyi la, ɖe mele ŋu kpem na Kristotɔwo ƒe ʋɔnudrɔ̃lawo be woɖea wo ɖokui fiana be dzo mele yewo me tututu ɖe nyateƒe si ŋu kakaɖedzi le la ta ʋiʋli ŋu oa?” Calvin ƒe subɔsubɔ la ƒe zazɛ̃nyahehe kple alesi eya ŋutɔ lé fui la na eƒe nuŋububu nyuie do viviti eye wòxe mɔ ɖe Kristotɔwo ƒe gɔmeɖosewo nu.—Tsɔe sɔ kple Mateo 5:44.
[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 322]
John Calvin, miame, na wotɔ dzo Michael Servetus, ɖusime, wòku be enye aglãdzela
[Nyaɖoɖo si le 327]
(Edze nyuie le agbalẽa ŋutɔ me)
Kristodukɔa ƒe Subɔsubɔha Gãwo ƒe Ŋutinya Kpui Aɖe
Xɔsegbegbe ƒe Gɔmedzedze - Ƒe Alafa 2 lia
Roma Katoliko-ha
Ƒe Alafa 4 lia (Konstantino)
Ƒe Alafa 5 lia Kopt tɔ
Yakobo tɔ
1054 M.Ŋ. Ɣedzeƒe Orthodoks
Russia tɔ
Hela tɔ
Romania tɔ kple bubuawo
Ƒe Alafa 16 lia Ðɔɖɔɖo
Luthertɔwo
Germania tɔ
Sweden tɔ
Amerika tɔ kple bubuwo
Anglikan
Episcopal
Methodist
Salvation Army
Baptist
Pentekostetɔwo
Congregational
Calvintɔwo
Presbyteriatɔwo
Ha Siwo Wogbugbɔɖo
[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 307]
Ƒe alafa 16 lia me nutata siawo siwo wotsɔ ati kpae la ɖe vovototo si le Kristo ƒe tsitre tsitsi ɖe gagbalawo ŋu kple papa ƒe nuvɔ̃tsɔtsɔke dzadzra dome la fia
[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 311]
Jan Hus le ati ŋu
Eŋlisi Ðɔɖɔɖowɔla kple Biblia gɔmeɖela John Wycliffe
[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 314]
Martin Luther, ɖusime, tsi tre ɖe nunɔla John Tetzel ƒe nuvɔ̃tsɔtsɔke dzadzra ŋu