Alesi Biblia Wɔ Va Ka Mi̇́a Si—Akpa Gbãtɔa
AGBALẼTALA aɖe kple ɖekakpui siwo nye eƒe dɔsrɔ̃viwo nɔ dɔwɔƒe sue aɖe eye wonɔ woƒe agbalẽtamɔ̃ si wotsɔ ati wɔe trom ɖe ɖoɖo nu hetsɔ beléle nɔ agbalẽ ɖeɖee siwo dzi womeŋlɔ nu ɖo o la dam ɖe mɔ̃a ƒe nutanu dzi. Ne woɖe agbalẽ ɖeɖeeawo la, woléa ŋku ɖe nuŋɔŋlɔ si ɖe ɖe wo dzi la ŋu. Wosiaa agbalẽ ɖeɖeeawo ɖe ka siwo wosa ɖe gli eve ŋu dzi bene woaƒu.
Kasia ko ʋɔƒoƒo sesẽ aɖe ɖi. Agbalẽtala la vɔ̃ eye wòɖe ga si wotsɔ do ʋɔa le ʋɔtrua me, eye asrafo siwo bla akpa lũ ɖe wo dzi. Wodze agbalẽ manɔsenu si wotsri wu ɖesiaɖe la didi gɔme—Biblia si le gbe si ame akpa gãtɔ dona me!
Wotsi megbe akpa. Woɖo afɔ afɔta na wo ale be gbegɔmeɖela kple kpekpeɖeŋunala aɖe ƒu du yi dɔwɔƒea va lɔ agbalẽ ɖeɖee gbogbo aɖewo siwo woate ŋu atsɔ ɖe asi eye wole Rhine Tɔsisia dzi yina ɖa. Ne womewɔ ɖeke o hã la, wokpɔ woƒe dɔa ƒe akpa aɖe ta.
William Tyndale ye nye gbegɔmeɖela la, eye agbagba dzem wònɔ be yeata yeƒe Eŋlisigbe me “Nubabla Yeye” si nu wode se ɖo la le Cologne, Germany, le ƒe 1525 me. Nusi dzɔ ɖe edzi la dzɔ ɖe ame gbogbo aɖewo hã dzi kpɔ. Anye ƒe 1,900 kloe tso esime wowu Biblia ŋɔŋlɔ nu la, ŋutsu kple nyɔnu geɖe tsɔ nusianu sa vɔe be yewoaɖe Mawu ƒe Nya la gɔme ahamãe. Dɔ si wowɔ la gale vi ɖem na mí amesiwo li egbea kokoko. Dɔ kae wowɔ? Aleke Biblia siwo le mía si fifia wɔ va ka mía si?
Biblia Gbugbɔgaŋlɔ Kple Egɔmeɖeɖe Gbãtɔwo
Tso gbaɖegbe ke la, Mawu subɔlawo dea bubu kɔkɔtɔ kekeake eƒe Nya ŋu. New Catholic Encyclopedia gblɔ be: “Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo de asixɔxɔ Agbalẽ Kɔkɔeawo xexlẽ ŋu abe wo tɔgbui Yudatɔwo ene. Apostoloawo dze Yesu ƒe kpɔɖeŋu yome (Mt 4.4; 5.18; Lk 24.44; Yoh 5.39), ale be wonya N[ubabla] X[oxoa] nyuie si fia be wotsɔ ɣeyiɣi geɖe xlẽe hesrɔ̃e nyuie, eye wode dzi ƒo na woƒe nusrɔ̃lawo be woawo hã nawɔe nenema ke. (Rom 15.4; Tm II, 3.15-17).”
Bene wòava eme nenema la, ele be woagbugbɔ aŋlɔ Biblia geɖe. Do ŋgɔ na Kristotɔwo ŋɔli la, agbalẽnyala siwo nye ‘nugbugbɔgaŋlɔla bibiwo,’ amesiwo vɔ̃na na vodadawɔwɔe wɔ dɔ sia ƒe akpa gãtɔ. (Ezra 7:6, 11, 12) Alesi wodze agbagba be yewoaŋlɔe wòade pɛpɛpɛ wɔe be woɖo dzidzenu kɔkɔ aɖe na Biblia gbugbɔgaŋlɔla siwo va ɖe wo yome.
Gake kuxi aɖe do mo ɖa le ƒe alafa enelia D.M.Ŋ. me. Alexander Gãtɔ di be woafia Helatɔwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ xexeametɔwo katã. Eƒe aʋadziɖuɖuwo ɖo kpe edzi be Helagbe si bɔ ɣemaɣi, alo Koinegbe, va zu gbe si nɔ amesiame nu le Titina Ɣedzeƒe. Ewɔe be Yudatɔ geɖe megasrɔ̃ Hebrigbe xexlẽ kaka tsi o eyata womete ŋu xlẽa Ŋɔŋlɔawo o. Eyata le ƒe 280 D.M.Ŋ. me lɔƒo la, Hebritɔ agbalẽnyalagã aɖewo ƒo ƒu va Alexandria, Egipte, be yewoaɖe Hebrigbe me Biblia gɔme ɖe Koinegbe si ame geɖe se me. Wova tsɔ ŋkɔ na woƒe gɔmeɖeɖea be Septuagint, si nye Latingbe na “Blaadre,” si fia ame xexlẽme si wosusu be woawoe ɖe egɔme. Wowu enu le ƒe 150 D.M.Ŋ. me lɔƒo.
Wogadoa Hebrigbe le Palestina le Yesu ŋɔli. Gake Koinegbee bɔ wu le afima va ɖo Roma fiaɖuƒea ƒe nuto siwo le didiƒe ke me. Eyata Helagbe ƒomevi sia si bɔe Kristotɔ Biblia-ŋlɔlawo zã bene wòate ŋu aɖo dukɔwo me tɔ geɖe alesi woate ŋui la gbɔ. Azɔ hã woyɔa nya geɖe tsoa Septuagint me zi geɖe eye wozãa eƒe nyagbe geɖe hã.
Esi Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo nye dutanyanyuigblɔla dzonɔamemetɔwo ta la, eteƒe medidi o wova bi ɖe Septuagint zazã me tsɔ ɖoa kpe edzi be Yesue nye Mesia si wonɔ mɔ kpɔm na ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe. Nusia ve dɔme na Yudatɔwo eye wòde dzo wo me be wota gɔmeɖeɖe yeye aɖewo ɖe Helagbe me hegbugbɔ trɔ asi le mawunyakpukpui siwo Kristotɔawo lɔ̃a zazã tsɔ ɖoa kpe woƒe nyawo dzii ŋu kple susu be yewoatsɔ atsi nya ɖe wo nu. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Septuagint zã Helagbe me nya aɖe si gɔmee nye “ɖetugbi nɔaƒe” le Yesaya 7:14, si nye nyagblɔɖi le Mesia la dada ŋu. Wotsɔ Helagbe me nya bubu si gɔmee nye “ɖetugbi” ko ɖo eteƒe le gɔmeɖeɖe yeyeawo me. Alesi Kristotɔawo ganɔ Septuagint la zazã dzi kokoko la ʋã Yudatɔwo mlɔeba be wova ɖe asi le woƒe ayemɔa ŋu kura eye wòva na be wotrɔ ɖe Hebrigbe me tɔwo ŋu. Mlɔeba la, wɔna sia wɔe be Hebrigbe dodo mebu o eye wòɖe vi geɖe le Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe me emegbe.
Kristotɔ Agbalẽtala Gbãtɔwo
Kristotɔ gbãtɔ veviedolawo dze Biblia geɖe alesi woate ŋui gbugbɔgaŋlɔ kple asi gɔme. Woawo hãe to codex si si axawo le abe egbe gbalẽwo ene vɛ ɖe agbalẽxatsaxatsa legbee la teƒe. Tsɔ kpe ɖe alesi mawunyakpukpuiwo kpɔkpɔ le codex me nɔ bɔbɔe ŋu la, nya geɖe ate ŋu anɔ eƒe ɖeka me wu alesinu woate ŋu aŋlɔ ɖe agbalẽxatsaxatsa ɖeka me—le kpɔɖeŋu me, Hela Ŋɔŋlɔawo katã alo Biblia bliboa gɔ̃ hã.
Yohanes si nye apostolo mamlɛtɔ ƒe agbalẽwoe wotsɔ wu Kristotɔwo ƒe Hela Ŋɔŋlɔawo ƒe agbalẽ siwo dzi woda asi ɖo la nui. Yohanes ƒe Nyanyuia ƒe kakɛ aɖe li si woyɔna be Rylands Papyrus 457 (P52), si ŋɔŋlɔ mado megbe wu ƒe 125 M.Ŋ. me o. Anye ƒe 150 M.Ŋ. va ɖo ƒe 170 M.Ŋ. me lɔƒo la, Tatian si nye Justin Martyr ƒe nusrɔ̃vi ŋlɔ Diatessaron si nye agbalẽ si gblɔ Yesu ƒe agbenɔnɔ ŋutinya siwo wòŋlɔ tso Nyanyuigbalẽ ene siwo tututu le míaƒe egbe Biblia me la me.b Esia fia be Nyanyuigbalẽ mawo koe wòbu be wonye akuakuawo eye be woawoe li xoxo wonɔ zazãm. Le ƒe 170 M.Ŋ. me lɔƒo la, woŋlɔ agbalẽ si me woɖo “Nubabla Yeyea” me gbalẽwo ɖe ɖoɖo nu le ƒe gbãtɔwo dometɔ ɖeka si woyɔna be Muratori ƒe Agbalẽ Kakɛ. Kristotɔwo ƒe Hela Ŋɔŋlɔawo me gbalẽwo dometɔ akpa gãtɔ le eme.
Eteƒe medidi o Kristotɔwo ƒe dzixɔsewo ƒe kaka na wòva hiã be woaɖe Kristotɔwo ƒe Hela Ŋɔŋlɔawo kple Hebri Ŋɔŋlɔawo gɔme. Mlɔeba la, wova ɖe geɖe ɖe gbegbɔgblɔwo abe Armeniagbe, Coptgbe, Georgiagbe, kple Aramgbe ene me. Zi geɖe ele be woato ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo vɛ ɖe wo gɔmeɖeɖe ta. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, wogblɔ be Ulfilas si nye ƒe alafa enelia me Roma Sɔlemeha ƒe bisiɔp ye to Gothgbe me ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo vɛ be yeatsɔ aɖe Biblia gɔmee. Gake mede Fiawo ƒe agbalẽwo eme o elabena esusu be woagaƒlɔ dzo ɖe Gothtɔwo ƒe aʋalɔlɔ̃ me. Gake nusi wòwɔ la mexe mɔ be Gothtɔ siwo “wotrɔ dzime na va Kristoha me” la meha Roma le ƒe 410 M.Ŋ. me o!
Latin Kple Slavonikgbe me Bibliawo
Emegbe Latingbe va zu gbe vevi aɖe, eye Blema Latingbe me gɔmeɖeɖe geɖe va do. Gake atsyã si wotsɔ ŋlɔ woe kple alesi gɔmeɖeɖeawo asɔ pɛpɛpɛ la mesɔ kple wo nɔewo o. Eyata Papa Damasus de dɔ asi na eƒe agbalẽŋlɔla, Jerome, le ƒe 382 M.Ŋ. me be wòaŋlɔ Latingbe me Biblia si ŋu tatɔwo ɖe mɔ le.
Kristotɔwo ƒe Hela Ŋɔŋlɔawo ƒe Latingbe me tɔwo me nyawo ɖɔɖɔɖoe Jerome tsɔ dze egɔmee. Gake le Hebri Ŋɔŋlɔawo gome la, ete tɔ ɖe edzi be yeaɖe egɔme tso Hebrigbea ŋutɔŋutɔ me. Eyata eʋu yi Betlexem le ƒe 386 M.Ŋ. me be yeasrɔ̃ Hebrigbe eye be rabiwo nakpe ɖe ye ŋu. Nusia he nyaʋiʋli geɖe va sɔlememegãwo dome. Ame aɖewo siwo dome Jerome ŋɔlimetɔ Augustine hã nɔ la xɔe se be Septuagint la tso gbɔgbɔ me, eye wòbu fɔ Jerome ɖe “Yudatɔwo gbɔ yiyi” ta. Jerome yi eƒe dɔ dzi ale be ewu enu anye le ƒe 400 M.Ŋ. me lɔƒo. Alesi Jerome ge ɖe gbe gbãtɔ gblɔlawo dome eye wòzã agbalẽ gbãtɔwo kpakple alesi wòŋlɔ wo ɖe gbe si wodona ɣemaɣi me la na be wòva zu amesi dze egbegbe nugɔmeɖemɔnuwo zazã gɔme ƒe akpe ɖeka do ŋgɔ. Eƒe gɔmeɖeɖee wova yɔ be Vulgate, alo Amehawo Degbe ƒe Gɔmeɖeɖe, eye eɖe vi na amewo ƒe alafa geɖe.
Ame geɖe ganɔ Septuagint kple Kristotɔwo ƒe Hela Ŋɔŋlɔawo xlẽm le Kristodukɔa ƒe ɣedzeƒenutome. Gake emegbe Slavonikgbe si nye Slavgbewo kple eƒe gbetagbewoe va bɔ wodona le Europa ƒe dzieheɣedzeƒe nutome. Le ƒe 863 M.Ŋ. me la, nɔviŋutsu eve siwo nye Cyril kple Methodius, amesiwo doa Helagbe la yi Moravia si le Czech Dukɔ me fifia la me. Wodze Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe ɖe Blema Slavonikgbe me. Be woate ŋu aɖe egɔme la, woto Glagolitsagbe me ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo vɛ, eye mlɔeba Cyrilgbe me ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo wotsɔ Cyril ƒe ŋkɔ na la va xɔ ɖe eteƒe. Eya dzie wokpɔ hafi ɖe egbegbe Russiagbe, Ukrainegbe, Serbiagbe, kple Bulgariagbe me tɔwo gɔme. Slavonikgbe me Bibliae nuto ma me tɔwo zã ƒe geɖe. Gake esi ƒewo va le yiyim eye gbegbɔgblɔwo le tɔtrɔm la, ame akpa gãtɔ megate ŋu sea egɔme o.
Hebrigbe me Biblia Gakpɔtɔ Li
Le ɣeyiɣi sia si nye tso ƒe alafa adelia va ɖo ewolia M.Ŋ. me la, Yudatɔwo ƒe ha aɖe si woyɔna be Masoretwo to nugbugbɔgaŋlɔ ƒe mɔnu si le ɖoɖo nu vɛ bene woatsɔ akpɔ Hebrigbe me Ŋɔŋlɔawo ƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo tae. Wodze agbagba ale gbegbe be woxlẽ fli kple ŋɔŋlɔdzesi ɖesiaɖe gɔ̃ hã ɖekaɖeka, eye wode dzesi vovototowo le asinuŋɔŋlɔawo me kple susu ko be nuŋlɔɖi akuakua nakpɔtɔ anɔ anyi. Womedze agbagba dzodzro o. Eƒe kpɔɖeŋu ɖekae nye be, esi wotsɔ egbegbe Masoretwo ƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo sɔ kple Ƒu Kukua ƒe Agbalẽ Xatsaxatsa siwo woŋlɔ le ƒe 250 D.M.Ŋ. kple 50 M.Ŋ. me dome la, wokpɔe be ƒe 1,000 sɔŋ va yi gake nufiafia aɖeke metrɔ o.c
Le Europa la, Titinaɣeyiɣiwo koe nye Blukɔ Ɣeyiɣiwo. Amewo ƒe agbalẽxexlẽ kple nusɔsrɔ̃ yi to ale gbegbe. Ʋeʋeʋe la, subɔsubɔhakplɔlawo ƒe akpa gãtɔ gɔ̃ hã megate ŋu va nɔ sɔlemeha la ƒe agbalẽ siwo le Latingbe me xlẽm o eye zi geɖe la, womegate ŋu xlẽa woa ŋutɔwo degbe gɔ̃ hã o. Ɣeyiɣi sia mee wosika Yudatɔ gbogbo aɖewo ɖe nɔƒe ɖigbɔwo le Europa. Anye wo sikasika ɖe teƒe ɖeka sia hãe na be woƒe Hebrigbe me Biblia nyanya gakpɔtɔ nɔ anyi. Gake le nazãbubu kple makamakaɖeamedzi ta la, Yudatɔwo ƒe nunya mete ŋu ɖo ame bubuwo gbɔ o. Helagbe nyanya hã nɔ to yim le ɣetoɖoƒe Europa. Alesi Ɣetoɖoƒe Sɔlemeha la va nɔ bubu dem Jerome ƒe Latingbe me Vulgate la ŋu gagblẽ nya la ɖe edzi kura. Togbɔ be Latingbe dodo va nɔ bubum le Masoretwo ŋɔli ƒe nuwuwu lɔƒo hã la, ame akpa gãtɔ va nɔ ebum be eya koe nye gɔmeɖeɖe ɖeka kolia si dzi woda asi ɖo. Eyata esi amewo va nɔ didim be yewoanya Biblia la, masɔmasɔ gã aɖee wòahe vɛ.
Wotsi Tre Ðe Biblia Gɔmeɖeɖe Ŋu
Le ƒe 1079 me la, Papa Gregory VII de se si nye Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me sɔlemehawo ƒe sedede gbogbo siwo xe mɔ ɖe ame degbe me gɔmeɖeɖewo tata kple ɣeaɖewoɣi woƒe amesinɔnɔ nu la ƒe gbãtɔ. Ete fli ɖe mɔɖeɖe si li be wowɔa Misa le Slavonikgbe me la me kple susu be ava na wòahiã be woagaɖe Ŋɔŋlɔ Kɔkɔeawo ƒe akpa aɖewo gɔme ta. Eŋlɔ nya si to vovo kura tso Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusu gbɔ be: “Edze Mawu Ŋusẽkatãtɔ la ŋu be ŋɔŋlɔ kɔkɔea nanɔ ɣaɣla le teƒe aɖewo.” Esi sɔlemeha la ƒe nukpɔsusu va trɔ alea ta la, wobua amesiwo dea Biblia xexlẽ ƒe dzi ƒo be wonye ame vlowo.
Togbɔ be ɣeyiɣia mede ame dzi o hã la, Biblia gbugbɔgaŋlɔ kple egɔmeɖeɖe ɖe gbe siwo ame geɖe gblɔna me nɔ edzi yim. Wonɔ gbegbɔgblɔ geɖe me ƒe gɔmeɖeɖewo mãm le bebeme le Europa. Asi wotsɔ ŋlɔ wo katãe, elabena ƒe 1400 ƒe ƒeawo ƒe domedome lɔƒo hafi woava to agbalẽtamɔ̃ vɛ le Europa. Gake esi woxɔ asi eye womesɔ gbɔ o ta la, dzidzɔnyae wònyena na ame tsɛ si si Biblia-gbalẽ ɖeka ƒe akpa aɖe alo axa ʋee aɖewo ko le. Ame aɖewo srɔ̃ eƒe akpa gbogbo aɖewo ɖe tame, wosrɔ̃ Kristotɔwo ƒe Hela Ŋɔŋlɔ bliboa katã gɔ̃ hã!
Gake le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe la, amewo wɔ afɔɖeɖe vovovo le teƒe geɖe hena ɖɔɖɔɖowɔwɔ le sɔlemeha la ŋu. Nusiwo gbɔ wòtso dometɔ ɖekae nye alesi wova kpɔ Mawu ƒe Nya ƒe vevienyenye le gbesiagbegbenɔnɔ me dze sii. Aleke afɔɖeɖe siawo kple agbalẽtata toto vɛ akpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Biblia dzii? Eye nukae va dzɔ ɖe William Tyndale kple eƒe gɔmeɖeɖe si ŋu míeƒo nu tsoe do ŋgɔ la dzi? Míado afɔ na ŋutinya lédziname sia vaseɖe míaƒe ɣeyiɣiawo me le tata siwo gbɔna me.
[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]
a Akpa 2 lia kple 3 lia adze le September 15 kple October 15 ƒe tatawo me.
b Agbalẽ si nye Ame Vevitɔ Kekeake Si Nɔ Anyi Kpɔ, si Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. ta nye egbegbe kpɔɖeŋu aɖe si fia alesi Nyanyuigbalẽ eneawo de nu wo nɔewo mee.
c Kpɔ Insight on the Scriptures, si Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. ta, Babla 2 lia ƒe axa 315.
[Nyaɖoɖo si le 8, 9]
Ƒe Veviwo le Biblia Ŋɔŋlɔ Ði me
(Edze nyuie le agbalẽa ŋutɔ me)
DO ŊGƆ NA MÍA ŊƆLI (D.M.Ŋ.)
Wowu Hebri Ŋɔŋlɔawo nu le ƒe 443 D.M.Ŋ. lɔƒo
ƒe 400 D.M.Ŋ.
Alexander Gãtɔ (ƒe 323 D.M.Ŋ.)
ƒe 300 D.M.Ŋ.
Wodze Septuagint gɔmeɖeɖe gɔme le ƒe 280 D.M.Ŋ. lɔƒo
ƒe 200 D.M.Ŋ.
ƒe 100 D.M.Ŋ. Ƒu Kukua ƒe Agbalẽ Xatsaxatsawo Akpa Gãtɔ ƒe 100 D.M.Ŋ. va ɖo 68 M.Ŋ. lɔƒo
MÍA ŊƆLI (M.Ŋ.)
Wotsrɔ̃ Yerusalem le 70 M.Ŋ.
Wowu Hela Ŋɔŋlɔawo nu ƒe 98 M.Ŋ.
ƒe 100 M.Ŋ.
Yohanes ƒe Rylands Papyrus (do ŋgɔ na ƒe 125 M.Ŋ.)
ƒe 200 M.Ŋ.
ƒe 300 M.Ŋ.
ƒe 400 M.Ŋ. Jerome ƒe Latingbe me Vulgate ƒe 400 M.Ŋ.
500 M.Ŋ.
ƒe 600 M.Ŋ.
Wowɔ Masoretwo ƒe Nuŋlɔɖia
ƒe 700 M.Ŋ.
ƒe 800 M.Ŋ.
Cyril nɔ Moravia ƒe 863 M.Ŋ.
ƒe 900 M.Ŋ.
ƒe 1000 M.Ŋ.
Sedede ɖe degbe me Biblia nu le 1079 M.Ŋ.
ƒe 1100 M.Ŋ.
ƒe 1200 M.Ŋ.
ƒe 1300 M.Ŋ.
[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 9]
Kristotɔ gbãtɔwoe zã “codex” gbã
[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 10]
Jerome yi Betlexem be yeasrɔ̃ Hebrigbe