Nso Idi Akpanikọ Aban̄ade Mme Ikpan̄wed Inyan̄ Inụn̄?

Ke se ikande isua 50 emi ẹkebede, itiat emi ekpemerọn̄ owo Bedouin okotopde esịn ke abaitiat ama ada esịm edifiọhọ se ndusụk owo ẹkotde n̄kponn̄kan n̄kpọeset oro ẹdọkde ẹsio ke isọn̄ ke ọyọhọ isua ikie 20. Owo Bedouin oro ama okop nte itiat oro ọtọde aban̄ mbat obom. Ke anamde ndụn̄ọde, enye ama ọfiọhọ akpa ke otu mme ikpan̄wed oro ẹkedide ẹdidiọn̄ọ nte Mme Ikpan̄wed Inyan̄ Inụn̄.

MME ikpan̄wed emi ẹdi n̄kpọ emi ẹwụkde ntịn̄enyịn ẹnyụn̄ ẹnenide ẹban̄a ke otu nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ye ke ndutịm usuanetop. Ndutịme ye ukwan̄ ntọt ẹyọyọhọ ke otu mbio obio. Ẹsuan ufụmikọ nte ke ẹdịp ediwak ntọt, ke ntak ndịk nte ke mme ikpan̄wed oro ẹyarade mme akpanikọ oro ẹdinamde mbuọtidem mme Christian ye eke mme Jew emem. Edi nso ke mme ikpan̄wed emi ẹnen̄ede ẹdi? Ke se iwakde ikan isua 50 ẹma ẹkebe, nte ẹkeme ndifiọk se idide akpanikọ?

Nso ke Mme Ikpan̄wed Inyan̄ Inụn̄ Ẹdi?

Mme Ikpan̄wed Inyan̄ Inụn̄ ẹdi mme uwetn̄kpọ mme Jew eset, ẹwet ata ediwak ke otu mmọ ke usem Hebrew, ẹwet ndusụk ke usem Aramaic, ye ibat ibat ke usem Greek. Ediwak ke otu ikpan̄wed emi ye mbai esie ẹbịghi ẹkan isua 2,000, ẹbịghide ẹfiak edem ẹbe emana Jesus. Nnyan n̄kani uwetn̄kpọ itiaba emi ẹma ẹketaha ke nsio nsio idaha ẹma ẹsịne ke otu akpa ikpan̄wed oro ẹkebọde ẹto mbon Bedouin. Nte ẹkedụn̄ọrede mme abaitiat efen efen, ẹma ẹfiọhọ mme ikpan̄wed efen ye ediwak tọsịn mbai ikpan̄wed. Ke ufan̄ isua 1947 ye 1956, ẹma ẹkụt abaitiat 11 emi mme ikpan̄wed ẹdude ke mbọhọ Qumran, ke mben Inyan̄ Inụn̄.

Ke ini ẹsatde kpukpru ikpan̄wed ye mbai ikpan̄wed, mmọ ẹwak ẹsịm n̄kpọ nte n̄kani uwetn̄kpọ 800. N̄kpọ nte mbahade kiet ke itie inan̄, m̀mê se iwakde esisịt ibe n̄kani uwetn̄kpọ 200, ẹdi mme ikpehe ke n̄kani uwetn̄kpọ Bible usem Hebrew. N̄kani uwetn̄kpọ efen efen ẹdi mme uwetn̄kpọ mme Jew eset emi mîdịghe eke Bible, uwetn̄kpọ Apocrypha ye Pseudepigrapha.a

Ndusụk ke otu mme ikpan̄wed oro ẹketịmde ẹdemede udọn̄ nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ẹdi mme uwetn̄kpọ oro owo mîkọfiọkke ke mbemiso. Mmọ emi ẹsịne mme ntọt ẹnamde ibet mme Jew an̄wan̄a, mme san̄asan̄a ibet oro ẹkenọde n̄ka oro okodụn̄de ke Qumran, mme uto ye akam edinam utuakibuot, ọkọrọ ye mme ukpepn̄kpọ akan̄a ubonowo oro ẹyararede mme ekikere ẹban̄ade edisu ntịn̄nnịm ikọ Bible ye ukperedem ini. Mme n̄wọrọnda n̄wed usiakikọ Bible ẹdu n̄ko, kpa mme ata akpa n̄wed usiakikọ oro ẹkedude mbemiso mme n̄wed usiakikọ eyomfịn oro ẹnemede mme itien̄wed Bible kiet kiet.

Mmanie Ẹkewet Mme Ikpan̄wed Inyan̄ Inụn̄?

Nsio nsio usụn̄ uwet usenọfiọn̄ ke mme uwetn̄kpọ eset ẹwụt nte ke ekeme ndidi ẹkewet mme ikpan̄wed oro ke ufọt ọyọhọ isua ikie ita M.E.N. ye akpa isua ikie E.N. Ndusụk nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ẹdọhọ ẹte ke mme Jew ẹtode Jerusalem ẹkedịp mme ikpan̄wed oro ke mme abaitiat mbemiso nsobo temple ke 70 E.N. Nte ededi, ata ediwak ke otu nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ oro ẹnamde ndụn̄ọde ke mme ikpan̄wed oro ẹkụt nte ke ekikere emi idụhe ke n̄kemuyo ye se isịnede ke mme ikpan̄wed oro. Ediwak ikpan̄wed ẹwụt mme ekikere ye mme ido edinam oro ẹtuahade ye mme ekikere ikpọ owo ido ukpono Jerusalem. Mme ikpan̄wed emi ẹwụt otuowo oro ẹkenịmde ẹte ke Abasi ama esịn mme oku ye utom temple ke Jerusalem ye nte ke enye ekese utuakibuot mmimọ ke desat nte se idade itie utom temple. Itiehe nte ke ikpọ owo temple Jerusalem ẹkpekedịp mme ikpan̄wed oro ẹkesịnede mme utọ uwetn̄kpọ oro.

Okposụkedi ekemede ndidi otu mme osion̄o n̄wed ẹma ẹdu ke Qumran, eyedi otu oro ẹketan̄ ediwak ke otu ikpan̄wed oro ẹto ebiet efen ẹdi do. Ke usụn̄ifiọk kiet, mme Ikpan̄wed Inyan̄ Inụn̄ ẹdi udịm udịm n̄wed. Kpa nte edide ye n̄wed ekededi, mme n̄wed emi ẹkeme ndisịne nsio nsio ekikere, emi kpukpru mîwụtke mme ekikere ido ukpono eke mme andikot enye. Nte ededi, etịm etie nte ediwak uwetn̄kpọ oro ẹwụt mme san̄asan̄a udọn̄ ye mme edinịm ke akpanikọ otu oro.

Nte Mme Andidụn̄ Qumran Ẹkedi Mbon Essene?

Edieke ẹkedade mme ikpan̄wed emi ẹto Qumran, mmanie ẹkedụn̄ do? Prọfesọ Eleazar Sukenik, emi ọkọbọde ikpan̄wed ita aka Ufọkn̄wed Ntaifiọk Hebrew ke Jerusalem ke 1947, ekedi akpa owo ndidọhọ nte ke mme ikpan̄wed emi ẹkenyene mbon Essene.

Mbon Essene ẹkedi n̄ka mme Jew oro mme ewetn̄wed akpa isua ikie oro Josephus, Philo eke Alexandria, ye Akamba Pliny, ẹkewetde ẹban̄a. Owo inen̄ekede ifiọk nte mbon Essene ẹkesan̄ade ẹdidu, edi etie nte mmọ ẹkedidu ke ini ndutịme oro ẹketienede ini nsọn̄ibuot mme Maccabee ke ọyọhọ isua ikie iba M.E.N.b Josephus ama ọtọt edidu mmọ ke ini oro nte enye okobụkde nte mme ekikere ido ukpono mmọ ẹkekpụhọrede ye eke mme Pharisee ye mme Sadducee. Pliny ama asiak ebiet emi mbon Essene ẹkedụn̄ọde ke mben Inyan̄ Inụn̄ ke ufọt Jericho ye En-gedi.

Prọfesọ James VanderKam, eyen ukpepn̄kpọ Ikpan̄wed Inyan̄ Inụn̄, ọnọ ekikere ete ke “mbon Essene oro ẹkedụn̄ọde ke Qumran ẹkedi sụk ata ekpri ubak akamba n̄ka Essene,” emi Josephus ọkọdọhọde ete ke ẹma ẹwak ẹsịm n̄kpọ nte tọsịn inan̄. Okposụkedi kpukpru se ẹtịn̄de mîtịmke idot ye mmọ, etie nte se ẹwetde ke mme uwetn̄kpọ Qumran odot ye mbon Essene akan otu mme Jew efen ekededi oro ẹkediọn̄ọde ke ini oro.

Ndusụk owo ẹdọhọ ẹte ke Ido Ukpono Christ ekenyene ntọn̄ọ esie ke Qumran. Nte ededi, ẹkeme ndikụt ediwak n̄wọrọnda ukpụhọde ke ufọt ekikere ido ukpono n̄ka Qumran ye mme akpa Christian. Mme uwetn̄kpọ Qumran ẹyarade mme ebeubọk ibet Sabbath ye se ikperede ndidi ebeubọk edinọ ntịn̄enyịn ke usanaidem. (Matthew 15:1-20; Luke 6:1-11) Ẹkeme nditịn̄ ukem oro mban̄a mbon Essene ndidụn̄ isio ye n̄kaowo, mmọ ndinịm akan̄a ye ukpọn̄ ikpaha ke nsinsi ke akpanikọ, ye mmọ ndinen̄ede nsịn udọn̄ nnọ itie unana ndọ ye mme ndedịbe ekikere ẹban̄ade edibuana ke utuakibuot mme angel. Emi owụt nte ke mmọ inyịmeke mme ukpepn̄kpọ Jesus ye eke mme akpa Christian.—Matthew 5:14-16; John 11:23, 24; Colossae 2:18; 1 Timothy 4:1-3.

Owo Idịpke Ikpan̄wed Ndomokiet

Ke mme isua oro ẹketienede ke ẹma ẹkefiọhọ Mme Ikpan̄wed Inyan̄ Inụn̄, ẹma ẹmịn̄ nsio nsio n̄wed oro ẹkenamde mme akpa ikpan̄wed oro ẹkefiọhọde ẹdu ẹnọ nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ke ofụri ererimbot. Edi ediwak tọsịn mbai ikpan̄wed ẹtode kiet ke otu abaitiat, oro ẹdiọn̄ọde nte Abaitiat Ọyọhọ 4, ẹma ẹnen̄ede ẹsọn̄ ndidiọn̄ọ. Mmọ emi ẹkesịne ke ubọk ekpri otu nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ofụri ererimbot oro ẹketịmde ke Edem Usiahautịn Jerusalem (oro ekedide ubak Jordan ini oro) ke Itie Ubon N̄kpọeset Ẹsion̄ode ke Isọn̄ ke Palestine. Owo ikesịnke eyen ukpepn̄kpọ Jew m̀mê Israel ndomokiet ke otu emi.

Otu oro ama enịm mbet oro mîkayakke owo okụt mme ikpan̄wed oro tutu mmọ ẹnam ẹdiọn̄ọ mme utịp ndụn̄ọde mmọ. Ẹkenenịm adan̄a ke ibat nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ oro ẹdude ke otu oro. Edieke owo otu oro kiet akakpade, ẹdimek obufa eyen ukpepn̄kpọ kiet kpọt ẹsịn ke itie esie. Utom oro ama oyom otu oro ẹkewakde ẹkan oro, ndien ke ndusụk idaha, ama oyom mbon oro ẹketịmde ẹfiọk usem Hebrew ye Aramaic eset. James VanderKam ekesịn enye ke usụn̄ emi ete: “Ediwak mbai ikpan̄wed tọsịn ke mme itie duop ẹma ẹwak ẹkan se ntaifiọk itiaita ẹkpekemede ndise mban̄a, inamke n̄kpọ m̀mê mmọ ẹkenyene usọ didie.”

Ke ntak Ekọn̄ Usen Itiokiet eke 1967, Edem Usiahautịn Jerusalem ye mme ikpan̄wed esie ẹma ẹdidu ke idak Israel, edi owo ikokpụhọke mbet otu mme anam ndụn̄ọde ikpan̄wed oro. Nte edisio mme ikpan̄wed ẹtode Abaitiat Ọyọhọ 4 ekebịghide ọtọn̄ọde ke isua ifan̄ kpọt esịm ediwak iduọk isua, ediwak nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ẹma ẹyat esịt. Ke 1977, Prọfesọ Geza Vermes eke Oxford University okokot enye ndiọkn̄kan iyatesịt nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ke ọyọhọ isua ikie 20. Ẹma ẹtọn̄ọ ndisuan ufụmikọ nte Ufọkabasi Catholic okokoi edịp ntọt otode mme ikpan̄wed oro ẹdibiatde Ido Ukpono Christ.

Ke iduọk isua 1980, ẹma ẹtat otu oro ke akpatre ẹsịm nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ 20. Ekem, ke 1990, ke idak ndausụn̄ etubom ewetn̄wed oro ẹkemekde obufa, Emanuel Tov, eke Ufọkn̄wed Ntaifiọk Hebrew ke Jerusalem, ẹma ẹfiak ẹtat otu oro awak ebe nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ 50. Ẹma ẹwet ndutịm oro akanade ẹtiene ketket kaban̄a edisio ofụri ntọt otode mme anam ndụn̄ọde ke mme ikpan̄wed oro ẹkesụhọde.

Ẹma ẹnam akamba n̄kọri oro owo mîkodorike enyịn ke 1991. Akpa, ẹma ẹsio A Preliminary Edition of the Unpublished Dead Sea Scrolls (Akpa Nsiondi eke Mme Ikpan̄wed Inyan̄ Inụn̄ Oro Owo Mîkosioho). Ẹkenam emi ye un̄wam kọmputa oro ọkọkọn̄ọde ke n̄wed usiakikọ otu oro. Ekem, Itie Ubon N̄wed Huntington ke San Marino, California, ama ọtọt ete ke mmimọ iyanam eyen ukpepn̄kpọ ekededi enyene ofụri ndise mme ikpan̄wed oro. Ikebịghike-bịghi, ye edisio A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Nsiondi Mme Ata Ata Ikpan̄wed Inyan̄ Inụn̄), ẹma ẹkeme ndikụt mme ndise ikpan̄wed oro owo mîkosioho ke mbemiso mmemmem mmemmem.

Ntre ke isua duop emi ẹkebede, kpukpru Ikpan̄wed Inyan̄ Inụn̄ ẹdu ndida nnam ndụn̄ọde. Ndụn̄ọde oro owụt nte ke owo ikedịpke ikpan̄wed ndomokiet. Sia ẹma ẹkesion̄o mme akpatre akpan nsiondi ikpan̄wed oro, idahaemi kpọt ke ẹkeme nditọn̄ọ ọyọhọ ndụn̄ọde. Ẹmetọn̄ọ obufa otu nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ ikpan̄wed. Edi nso ke ndụn̄ọde emi ọwọrọ ọnọ nditọ ukpepn̄kpọ Bible?

[Mme Ikọ idakisọn̄]

[Ndise ke page 3]

Mmọ emi ẹsịne ke otu mme abaitiat oro ẹdude ẹkpere Inyan̄ Inụn̄ emi ẹkefiọhọde mme ikpan̄wed eset

[Ebiet Ẹdade Ndise Ẹto ke page 3]

Ubak ikpan̄wed: Page 3, 4, ye 6: Ẹbọ ẹto Israel Antiquities Authority

[Ebiet Ẹdade Ndise Ẹto ke page 5]

Ẹbọ ẹtọ Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum, Jerusalem