Abraham​—Nyɔŋmɔ Gbalɔ Kɛ Naanyo

BOKAGBƐ maŋtsɛmɛi ejwɛ asraafoi ni efee ekome fo Eufrate Faa lɛ. He ni amɛkɛ amɛhiɛ etsɔɔ ji Maŋtsɛ Gbɛjegbɛ lɛ ni ka Yordan Faa lɛ jɔɔ lɛ bokagbɛ lɛ. Beni amɛyaa lɛ, amɛyɛ Refaimbii lɛ anɔ kunim, amɛyɛ Zuzimbii, Emimbii kɛ Horbii lɛ anɔ kunim. Kɛkɛ ni tutualɔi nɛɛ tsɔ amɛhe ni amɛye mɛi ni yɔɔ Negeb wuoyigbɛ lɛ fɛɛ nɔ kunim.

Mɛni ji nɛkɛ tawuu mli tafaa nɛɛ yiŋtoo? Jwetri ko yɛ ni ka Yordan niiaŋ ni ayɛ nɔ kunim lɛ kɛ Negeb teŋ. Eji jɔɔ ko ni hiɛ kɔ̃ɔ nɔ waa ni atsɛɔ lɛ Yordan Niiaŋ. (1 Mose 13:10) Biɛ ji he ni maji enumɔ, Sodom, Gomora, Adama, Zeboim, kɛ Bela maji lɛ amlibii hiɔ yɛ niyenii falɛ kɛ hejɔlɛ shihilɛ mli yɛ. (Ezekiel 16:​49, 50) Be ko lɛ asraafoi lɛ fɛɛ hi Elam maŋtsɛ, Kedorlaomer shishi. Shi agbɛnɛ amɛtse atua amɛshi lɛ. Shi agbɛnɛ, akɛni amɛbɛ mɛi komɛi ni fiɔ amɛsɛɛ hewɔ lɛ, esa akɛ amɛkɛ lɛ akpe hiɛ kɛ hiɛ. Kedorlaomer kɛ mɛi ni fata ehe lɛ yɛ kunim yɛ ta lɛ mli ni amɛjɛ amɛgbɛfaa kakadaŋŋ ni kɛ amɛ kuɔ sɛɛ kɛbaa shia kɛ haa nii babaoo lɛ shishi.

Mɛi ni fata nomii nɛɛ ahe ji jalɔ ko, Lot. Eji Abraham wɔfaase, ni buui amli ehiɔ yɛ Hebron gɔji ni bɛŋkɛ jɛmɛ lɛ anɔ. Beni Abraham nu saji ni ehiii nɛɛ lɛ, amrɔ nɔŋŋ pɛ kɛkɛ ni ebua ehii lɛ ateŋ mɛi 318 naa. Ekɛ ekaa kɛ mɛi krokomɛi asɛɛfimɔ tiu maŋtsɛmɛi ejwɛ lɛ ni amɛyanina amɛ asraafoi lɛ trukaa yɛ gbɛkɛ mli. Mɛi ni baha nii nɛɛ jo foi. Ni enine shɛ Lot kɛ eshiabii lɛ anɔ, kɛ nomii krokomɛi kɛ amɛnibii babaoo nɔ.

Mɛni wɔyɔɔ ni wɔɔdamɔ nɔ wɔhɛ sane ni aŋma afɔ shi ni yɔɔ 1 Mose yitso 14 nɛɛ wɔye? Ani aje gbɛ aka yiŋ agba sane nɛɛ koni eha jeŋmaji babaoo ablematsɛ, ni Yudafoi lɛ fata he lɛ afee mɔ ni ehe gbɛi yɛ maŋ lɛ mli? Ni nibii krokomɛi ni etee nɔ yɛ Abraham shihilɛ mli lɛ hu?

Nɔ ni Osɔfoi Ewie

Afii ohai 19 lɛ mra be mli ni Lutheran nyɔŋmɔjamɔ he nilelɔ Peter von Bohlen kɛɛ akɛ Abraham ji blema adesai amli gbɔmɔ, ni akɛ Kedorlaomer tutuamɔ lɛ bɛ shishitoo yɛ yinɔsane mli. Mɔ kroko, Nilelɔ Julius Wellhausen jaje akɛ: “Wɔbɛ blematsɛmɛi lɛ ahe nilee ko yɛ yinɔsane mli.” Ewo ŋaa akɛ: “[Abraham] baanyɛ afee gbɔmɔ ko kɛkɛ ni aka yiŋ abɔ lɛ yɛ nitɛŋmɔ kɛ niŋmaai amli.”

Ŋleshi nyɔŋmɔjamɔ hɛ nilelɔi nyiɛ nɔ ni amɛnanemɛi Germanbii lɛ ekɛɛ lɛ asɛɛ. Osɔfo Stopford Brooke ŋma yɛ ewolo The Old Testament and Modern Life lɛ mli akɛ: “Blɛmatsɛmɛi ahe saji ni yɔɔ 1 Mose lɛ tsɔ yinɔsane hiɛ, ni amɛjeee yinɔsane mli anɔkwalei taakɛ bɔ ni saji ni kɔɔ . . . Maŋtsɛ Arthur he lɛ hu jeee anɔkwale lɛ.” John Colenso, Anglican osɔfonukpa ni hi tsutsu Ŋleshi nɔyeli he ni ji Natal lɛ kɛɛ akɛ: “Wɔnaa blematsɛmɛi lɛ eko fɛɛ eko su kɛ baŋ ni bɛ trɔmɔɔ ni bɛ mli hu kɛjɛɔ . . . 1 Mose. . . .” Ni ekɛfata he akɛ: “Anyɛŋ akɛ he afɔ nɛkɛ niŋmaai nɛɛ eko nɔ.”

Nɛkɛ wiemɔ-kɛ-shimɔ nɛɛ gbɛ shwa tamɔ hela ni tsɛŋeɔ mɔ. (2 Timoteo 2:17) Ŋmɛnɛ, sɔlemɔyalɔi akpekpei abɔ ebuuu blematsɛmɛi lɛ ashihilɛ lɛ akɛ eji nɔ ko. Ni kɛlɛ, nɔ ni woɔ Kristendom nyɔŋmɔjamɔ he nilelɔi lɛ ahiɛgbele ji akɛ, mɛi ni heee Nyɔŋmɔ nɔ amɛyeee lɛ miikɛɛ bianɛ akɛ awiɛ ashi Biblia lɛ kɛtee shɔŋŋ tsɔ. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ lɛ, Bol’shaia Souetskaia Entsiklopediia (Great Soviet Encyclopedia) lɛ jaje akɛ: “Yɛ nyɛsɛɛ afii nɛɛ amli lɛ, aku sɛɛ apɛi nibii komɛi ni etsɔ bei ni awieɔ ashiɔ yɛ Biblia lɛ mli lɛ mli ekoŋŋ yɛ nibii amlipɛimɔ heei ni eba lɛ naa, titri lɛ yɛ Biblia mli nibii ni atsa shi ayana lɛ hewɔ. Etamɔ nɔ ni Biblia mli blema saji komɛi ni abu amɛ akɛ amɛji blema adesai lɛ . . . tamɔ nɔ ko ni ba yɛ yinɔsane mli.” Agbɛnɛ susumɔ bɔ ni shitsaa he nilee eha la ekpɛ eshwie saji ni kɔɔ Abraham he lɛ nɔ lɛ he.

Kaldeabii Ur Lɛ

Taakɛ Biblia lɛ tsɔɔ lɛ, alɛ Abraham yɛ “Ur yɛ Kaldea.” (1 Mose 11:​27-31; 15:⁠7) He ni Ur yɔɔ lɛ bafee teemɔŋ sane afii ohai babaoo. Mɛi ni wieɔ shiɔ lɛ he ye akɛ kɛji akɛ eyɛ kwraa lɛ, eji he ko bibioo ko ni hiŋmɛigbelemɔ bɛ jɛmɛ. Kɛkɛ ni trukaa, nɔ ni wo amɛ hiɛgbele lɛ, abayoo akɛ amaŋfɔ ni Babilon kɛ Pershia Ŋshɔnine lɛ teŋ lɛ ji Ur nɔ ni tɔmɔ ko kwraa bɛ he. Su taoi akpei abɔ ni atsa shi ana yɛ jɛmɛ lɛ jie lɛ kpo akɛ Ur ji je lɛ jarayeli he wulu, ni gbɔmɛi ni yɔɔ maŋ lɛ mli lɛ fa babaoo diɛŋtsɛ. Yɛ Abraham bei lɛ amli lɛ, no mli lɛ maŋ lɛ yɛ skul sɔrɔtoi ni atsɔɔ gbekɛbii hii niŋmaa kɛ akɔntaabuu.

Kɛfata he lɛ, shitsaai ni etee nɔ yɛ Ur lɛ ejie lɛ kpo akɛ etsumaa he ŋaa kɛ akulashiŋi, akulashiŋi ni adɔ amɛ kɔntɔŋ, tsu yiteŋ ati kɛ tsu kɛ eyiteŋ kokloo tsu nii. Amɛŋaa nitsulɔi feɔ jwinei ni yɔɔ fɛo sɔrɔtoi babaoo, kpaa saŋkui kɛ dukpeii ni amɛsɛɛ tsei lɛ ji shika krɔŋŋ. Shiai ni shitsalɔi lɛ tsa lɛ ha amɛyana ododobɛŋi ni sɛbo tsɔɔ mli, ni akɛ su ni yɔɔ tswaa ni ashã yɛ flɔnɔɔ mli fee, ni kpelekeɔ shi kɛyaa bui wuji ni ajieɔ sɛbo kɛjɛɔ mli ni mlikwɔlɛ shɛɔ ninetalɔi 40.

Nɛkɛ nibii ni ayana nɛɛ ha woloŋlelɔi na jwɛŋmɔ kroko yɛ Abraham he. Sir Leonard Woolley ŋma yɛ ewolo ni ji Digging Up the Past lɛ mli akɛ: “Kulɛ wɔsusuɔ Abraham he akɛ nuu folo kɛkɛ ni hiɔ buui amli, ni wɔna akɛ eji mɔ ni hiɔ shia ni akɛ brikisi ni atswa lɛ jogbaŋŋ ma yɛ maŋtiase ko mli lɛ mli.” Agbɛnɛ shitsalɔ Alan Millard ŋma yɛ ewolo ni ji Treasures From Bible Times lɛ mli akɛ: “Abraham shi maŋtiase ni hiŋmɛigbelemɔ babaoo yɔɔ mli lɛ, kɛ eshweshweeshwe shihilɛ kɛ emiishɛɛ lɛ, koni ebatsɔ shifolɔi ni hiɔ buui amli ni abuu amɛ lɛ ateŋ mɔ kome!”

Kedorlaomer Tutuamɔ Lɛ

Shi kunim ni Abraham ye yɛ Kedorlaomer, Elam maŋtsɛ lɛ nɔ lɛ hu? Yɛ afii ohai 19 lɛ shishijee mli lɛ, no mli lɛ nɔ ko bibioo ko pɛ ale yɛ Elambii lɛ ahe. Mɛi ni wieɔ shiɔ Biblia lɛ kpoɔ jwɛŋmɔ ni ahiɛ akɛ Elam ehi shi ni ena hewalɛ yɛ Babilonia nɔ lɛ, aahu ni amɛaahe Palestina nɔ amɛye. Agbɛnɛ, asusuɔ Elambii lɛ ahe yɛ gbɛ kroko kwraa nɔ. Shitsaa ejie amɛ kpo akɛ amɛji maŋ ni sumɔɔ tawuu waa. Funk & Wagnalls Standard Reference Encyclopedia lɛ kɛɔ akɛ: “Elambii lɛ kpata Ur maŋtiase lɛ hiɛ aaafee afi 1950 B.C. . . . No hewɔ lɛ amɛna Babilonia nɔyelɔi lɛ anɔ hewalɛ waa.”

Kɛfata he lɛ, ana Elam maŋtsɛmɛi agbɛii yɛ shitsaa mli taoi anɔ. Ekomɛi jeɔ shishi kɛ wiemɔ “Kudur,” ni tamɔ “Kedor.” Elam nyɔŋmɔyoo ko ni ehe gbɛi ji Lagamar, ni tamɔ “laomer.” No hewɔ lɛ, agbɛnɛ mɛi komɛi kpɛlɛɔ Kedorlaomer nɔ akɛ eji yinɔsane mli nɔyelɔ, ni egbɛi lɛ shishi aaanyɛ afee “Lagamar Sɔɔlɔ.” Niŋmalamɔi komɛi ni yɔɔ Babilonia wiemɔ mli lɛ hiɛ gbɛi ni tamɔ maŋtsɛmɛi etɛ ni batutua amɛ lɛ anɔ​—Tudhula (Tidal) , Eri-aku (Ariok) , kɛ Kudur-lahmil (Kedorlaomer) . (1 Mose 14:⁠1) Dr. A. Custance kɛfata he yɛ ewolo ni ji Hidden Things of God’s Revelation lɛ mli akɛ: “Nɔ ni fata nɛkɛ gbɛii nɛɛ ahe ji nibii sɔrɔtoi ni tamɔ nɔ ni amɛkɔɔ saji ni tee nɔ yɛ Babilonia yɛ be mli ni Elambii lɛ ye nakai maŋ lɛ nɔ lɛ he. . . . No hewɔ lɛ, nɛkɛ taoi ni maa Ŋmalɛi lɛ anɔ mi lɛ ji nɔ ni Mɛi ni Wieɔ Shiɔ Biblia lɛ huru amɛdamɔ nɔ ni amɛfee nɔ fɛɛ nɔ ni amɛaanyɛ yɛ amɛhewalɛ mli koni amɛkɛba bɔ ni amɛhe hiaa ha lɛ shi lɛ.”

Ni maŋtsɛmɛi ejwɛ lɛ atutuamɔ lɛ hu? Ani shitsaa mli odaseyeli ko yɛ Yordan niiaŋ kɛ Negeb ni fiɔ enɛ sɛɛ? Hɛɛ. Yɛ ewolo ni ji The Archaeology of the Land of Israel lɛ mli lɛ, Nilelɔ Yohanan Aharoni wie bɔ ni fee ni hiŋmɛigbelemɔ ko ni tsɔ Israel hiɛ ni yɔɔ shihilɛ hei “ni yɔɔ naakpɛɛ” yɛ Yordan kɛ Negeb, aaafee “afi 2,000 D.Ŋ.B.” ni laaje lɛ he. Shitsalɔi krokomɛi kɛɔ akɛ enɛ ba aaafee afi 1,900 D.Ŋ.B. Dr. Harold Stigers ŋma yɛ ewolo ni ji Commentary on Genesis lɛ mli akɛ: “Su mli nibii ni ashɔ̃ ni ana yɛ Negeb kɛ Yordan niiaŋ yɛ nɛkɛ be nɛɛ mli lɛ fɛɛ je amɛhe ni fɛɛ tsɔɔ bɔ ni nakai hiŋmɛigbelemɔ lɛ ba naagbee trukaa.” Mɛi ni wieɔ shiɔ Biblia lɛ, tamɔ John Van Seters po kpɛlɛɔ nɛkɛ odaseyeli nɛɛ nɔ. Ewie yɛ ewolo Abraham in History and Tradition lɛ mli akɛ: “Nɔ kome ni anyɛɛɛ ana naa ji he ni nɛkɛ gbɔmɛi nɛɛ tee, kɛ amɛtee he ko po, yɛ nakai be lɛ naagbee.”

¹ Mose yitso 14 kɛ naagba lɛ naa tsabaa loo hetoo haa. Taakɛ Biblia mli beebuu tsɔɔ lɛ, Abraham bashɛ Kanaan yɛ afi 1943 D.Ŋ.B. Eka shi faŋŋ akɛ Kedorlaomer tutuamɔ ni ekɛkpata nii ahiɛ lɛ tee nɔ yɛ no sɛɛ be kuku ko mli. Yɛ sɛɛ mli, yɛ nakai afii oha lɛ nɔŋŋ mli lɛ, Nyɔŋmɔ kɛ hiɛkpatamɔ ni tamɔ la ba maji enyɔ ni ji Sodom kɛ Gomora nɔ yɛ amɛ ahoshwibɔɔ lɛ hewɔ. Enɛ tsake bɔ ni Yordan Jɔɔ lɛ ji shikpɔŋ kpakpa ni baa nii lɛ kwraa. (1 Mose 13:​10-13; 19: 24, 25) Ejeee nɔ ni maŋsɛɛ tutualɔi shweɔ dɔŋŋ.

Nɔkwɛmɔ nii pii yɛ ni tsɔɔ bɔ ni shitsaa he nilee kɛ Ŋmalɛ lɛ feɔ ekome ni amɛhaa anaa saji ni tee nɔ yɛ Abraham shihilɛ be mli lɛ mli faŋŋ. Shi shitsaa he nilee yɛ he ni ebaanyɛ efee nii kɛyashɛ aloo efatɔɔi. Odaseyeli ni ekɛhaa lɛ tsɔɔ gbɛi krokomɛi anɔ yɛ bei komɛi amli ni adesai ni yeee emuu lɛ tsɔɔ shishi bɔ ni amɛsumɔɔ.

Odaseyeli ni Anyɛɔ Akɛ he Fɔɔ nɔ fe Fɛɛ

Odaseyeli ni mli wa fe fɛɛ ni tsɔɔ akɛ Abraham hi shi diɛŋtsɛ ji nɔ ni gbɔmɔ Bɔlɔ, Yehowa Nyɔŋmɔ kɛhaa lɛ. Nyɔŋmɔ wie kɛ nɔkpɛlɛmɔ etsɔɔ Abraham, Isak kɛ Yakob akɛ ‘egbalɔi’ yɛ Lala 105:​9-15. Nɔ ni fe afii akpe yɛ Abraham gbele sɛɛ lɛ, Yehowa Nyɔŋmɔ wie Abraham he, kɛ hooo lɛ kɛtsɔ gbalɔi etɛ nɔ, ni etsɛ lɛ akɛ “mishieŋtsɛ” loo naanyo ko po. (Yesaia 41:8; 51:2; Yeremia 33:​26; Ezekiel 33:24) Nakai nɔŋŋ hu Yesu Kristo kɛ Abraham tsɔɔ akɛ nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ. Beni eyɔɔ ŋwɛi ni etsɔko adesa lɛ, Nyɔŋmɔ Bi lɛ diɛŋtsɛ ena bɔ ni e-Tsɛ lɛ kɛ nɛkɛ blematsɛ nɛɛ ye ha. No hewɔ lɛ ebaanyɛ ekɛɛ Yudafoi lɛ akɛ:

“Abraham bii ji nyɛ jikulɛ, nyɛaatsu Abraham nitsumɔi. Shi agbɛnɛ nyɛmiitao mi nyɛgbe, mi gbɔmɔ ko ni kɛɛ nyɛ anɔkwale ni minu yɛ Nyɔŋmɔ naa lɛ; Abraham efeee enɛ. Nyɛtsɛ Abraham mli fili lɛ akɛ eeena migbi lɛ, ni ena ni emii shɛ. Kɛkɛ lɛ Yudafoi lɛ kɛɛ akɛ: Onako oye afii nyɔŋmai enumɔ, ni ona Abraham lo? Yesu kɛɛ amɛ akɛ: Lɛlɛŋ, lɛlɛŋ, miikɛɛ nyɛ akɛ: Miyɛ dani Abraham yɔɔ.”​—Yohane 8:​39, 40, 56-58.

Yɛ odaseyeli kɛ hewalɛwoo ni Gbɔmɛi wuji enyɔ ni yɔɔ jeŋ muu fɛɛ lɛ kɛha lɛ hewɔ lɛ, wɔyɛ nɔ ni hi fe fɛɛ ni wɔɔdamɔ nɔ wɔkpɛlɛ nɔ fɛɛ nɔ ni Biblia lɛ kɛɔ yɛ Abraham he lɛ nɔ. (Yohane 17:​5, 17) Eyɛ mli akɛ Biblia lɛ kɛ Abraham feɔ nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ moŋ, shi ewooo enɔ efeee lɛ mɔ ni he gbɛi yɛ maŋ. Abaanyɛ ana enɛ kɛtsɔ sane ni kɔɔ kunim ni eye maŋtsɛmɛi ejwɛ ni fee ekome lɛ anɔ lɛ mlipɛimɔ nɔ. Beni Abraham ku esɛɛ kɛjɛ tawuu lɛ mli lɛ, Melkizedek, ni ji Salem maŋtsɛ lɛ yaŋa lɛ ni ekɛɛ lɛ akɛ: “Aaajie ŋwɛi flooflo Nyɔŋmɔ lɛ yi, akɛ eŋɔ ohenyɛlɔi lɛ ewo odɛŋ!” Yehowa ji mɔ ni ejie eyi yɛ nakai yiwalaheremɔ lɛ hewɔ.​—1 Mose 14:18-20.

Shi, kunimyeli ko ni yɔɔ nyam fe fɛɛ ebɛŋkɛ! Etsɛŋ, nɛkɛ anunyam Nyɔŋmɔ nɛɛ nɔŋŋ baaye “shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ maŋtsɛmɛi fɛɛ” lɛ anɔ kunim yɛ jeŋ muu fɛɛ ta ni atsɛɔ lɛ Harmagedon lɛ mli. (Kpojiemɔ 16:​14, 16) Kɛkɛ lɛ Nyɔŋmɔ shiwoo ni ekɛha Abraham, egbalɔ kɛ shieŋtsɛ lɛ baaba mli kwraa akɛ: “Ni oseshi lɛ mli aaajɛ ajɔɔ shikpɔŋ lɛ nɔ jeŋmaji fɛɛ.” Akpekpei abɔ etsɔ hiɛ amɛmiiná bɔ ni nakai jɔɔmɔi lɛ baaji lɛ amli ŋɔɔmɔ bianɛ po. Abaanyɛ akɛ bo afata he, taakɛ nikasemɔi ni jeɔ kpo yɛ wolo tɛtrɛɛ nɛɛ baafai 18-28 baatsɔɔ lɛ.​—1 Mose 22:⁠18.

[Shikpɔŋ he mfonirii/Mfonirii ni yɔɔ baafa 7]

(Kɛ́ ootao ona bɔ ni saji nɛɛ ji diɛŋtsɛ lɛ, no lɛ kwɛmɔ wolo lɛ mli)

Ŋshɔ Kpeteŋkpele

NEGEB

Damako

Haran

Eufrate Faa

Tigri Faa

Ur

ELAM

Persia Ŋshɔ Nine

[Shikpɔŋ he mfoniri]

Damasko

Dan

REPHAIM

ZUZIM

Shekem

Betel

Jordan Niiaŋ

Ŋoo Ŋshɔ

Hebron

NEGEB

Maŋtsɛmɛi Agbɛjegbɛ

EMIM

Gomora

Sodom

HORBII

[Mfonirii]

Abraham bo toi, ni eshi Ur,maŋ ni yɔɔ nii babaoo lɛ mli

Ninenaa nitsumɔi ni jɛ Ur amaŋfɔ lɛ mli:

1. Kaklai ni akɛ shika fee

2. Lala adeka ni awula lɛ

3. Kpai asaŋku adeka (tsina yitso ni akɛ shika efee)

4. Toiiaŋnii kɛ hewulamɔ nibii

5. Yifii nii ni akɛ jwiɛtɛii etara mli

[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]

Photos: Courtesy of the British Museum