Nembelo ya mu Bipikichala ne Baibolo

PANYUMA ya kuba mulaka waambanga bantu bamulubankanya pa Babele, kwatendekele kwikala nembelo yapusana pusana. Nembelo ya bantu baikalanga mu Mesopotamya, nabiji bena Sumerian ne bena Babilona yajinga ya mu bipikichala. Byambo bya kuba’mba nembelo ya mu bipikichala yafuma ku byambo bya mulaka wa Kilatini bya kuba’mba “kintu kyatwa” kabiji bilumbulula kinembesho kyaingijishiwanga kunembelako mu buchimba bukyangye kuma.

Bamfunji ba bya kupoyapoya bavumbwile binembelo byanembwa mu bipikichala byaamba pa bantu ne bintu byatongolwapo mu Binembelo. Abya twayukapo ka pa uno mutundu wa nembelo ya kala? Kabiji ino nembelo ya mu bipikichala imwesha byepi amba Baibolo kine waketekelwa?

Byanembwa Byaikala Kimye Kyabaya

Bashayuka baketekela’mba nembelo itanshi yaingijishiwanga mu Mesopotamya, yajinga ya bipikichala, kabiji kipikichala kimo kyaimenangako kyambo nangwa mulanguluko. Kya kumwenako, inge babena kwamba pa ñombe, banembangatu kipikichala kibena kumwesha mutwe wa ñombe. Monka mu kulama bintu byanembwanga kala, batendekele kunemba byambo mu bipikichala. Buku umo waamba’mba: “Biyukilo kechi byatendekeletu kwimenwako na byambo byonka ne, bino ne na bipimvwa bilenga byambo, abino bipimvwa bilenga byambo inge bebivwanga pamo, byalenganga kyambo.” (NIV Archaeological Study Bible) Mu kuya kwa kimye, biyukilo nobe 200 byalengejile nembelo ya mu bipikichala “kwikala mulaka, wajinga na byambo ne mulakazhilo.”

Kimye kyajingako Abalahama, nobe mu 2,000 B.C.E., nembelo ya mu bipikichala yayukanyikilwe bingi. Mu myaka kitota kya bu 20, milaka nobe 15 yo yaitabizhe ino nembelo ya mu bipikichala. Kyatanwa kuba’mba binembelo byavula bya mu bipikichala byavumbulwa byanembelwe pa mabwe a mabumba. Pa myaka kukila 150 yapitapo, mabwe a mabumba avula avumbulwa mu Ula, Uruk, Babilona, Nimrud, Nippur, Ashur, Ninevwa, Mari, Ebla, Ugarit, ne mu Amarna. Buku umo waamba’mba: “Bashayuka basopelela’mba mabumba panembwa byambo mu bipikichala pakachi ka milyonyi umo ne mamilyonyi abiji byo byavumbulwa, kabiji bikwabo 25,000 nangwa kukilapo byo bivumbulwa pa mwaka pa mwaka.” (Archaeology Odyssey)

Bashayuka ba byambo byanembwa mu bipikichala mwaya ntanda baji na mwingilo mukatampe wa kuyuka mwatala bino bipikichala. Kwesakana na kusopelela kumo, “binembelotu bicheche byanembwa mu bipikichala byo byatangiwa kampe jimo mu ano moba.”

Kuyuka mulaka umo byo alengwa na milaka ibiji nangwa isatu yanembwa mu bipikichala jo jishinda japelele kuyukilamo mwatala tubipikichala. Bashayuka bataine’mba bino byambo bipashishe bingi mu milaka ikwabo yanembelwe mu bipikichala. Pa kuba’mba ino nembelo ya mu bipikichala iyukanyikwe bulongo, kwajinga kumona’mba mazhina, mitwe, ne ndonda ya bisemi bya bakalama, ne byambotu bikwabo byaambilenga pa kwitakaika byabwezhiwapo javula bingi.

Byo kyaubile ke mu ma 1850, bashayuka bakonsheshe kutanga mulaka wanembwanga mu bipikichala wa bantu ba ku Middle East, Akkadia, nangwa Assyro-Babylonian. Buku umo waamba’mba: “Mulaka wa bena Akkadian wanembwanga mu bipikichala bamupeselepesele ne kumuyuka, ne kumvwa mo atajile, kabiji kino kyalengejile kumutuntulula bulongo mu milaka ikwabo yanembwanga mu bipikichala.” (Encyclopædia Britannica) Nga ino nembelo yakwatankana byepi na Binembelo?

Biyukilo Byakwatankana na Byaamba Baibolo

Baibolo wamba’mba Yelusalema walamwanga na bamfumu ba bena Kenana kufikatu ne kimye Davida kyo amushinjile nobe mu 1070 B.C.E. (Yosh. 10:1; 2 Sam. 5:4-9) Pano bino bashayuka bamo bazhinaukile kino kishinka. Nangwa byonkabyo, mu 1887, mwanamukazhi umo watulukile mabwe a mabumba ku Amarna, mu Ijipita. Panyuma ya kutuntululwa kwa binembelo 380, bashayuka bataine’mba byajinga byambo byanema bingi byaumvwañenangamo bakalama ba ku Ijipita (Amenhotep III ne Akhenaton) na bufumu bwa bena Kenana. Bisopelo bitanu na kimo byafumine kwi ‘Abdi-Heba, kalama wa mu Yelusalema.

Buku umo waamba’mba: “Byambo byanembwa pa mabwe bya bena Amarna byaamba pe Yelusalema amba wajinga muzhi, kechi mpunzhatu ne, kabiji amba kifulo kyajingapo ‘Abdi-Heba kya kwikala . . . ndamakyalo ne kwikala na nzubo ne bashilikale bena Ijipita 50 batuminwe ku Yelusalema bimwesha’mba, Yelusalema bwajinga bufumu bucheche bwaikejile ku mutumba.” (Biblical Archaeology Review) Uno yenka buku waamba’mba: “Twakonsha kusumininwa kwesakana na makalata abena Amarnia kuba’mba, awa muzhi wayukanyikilwe bingi kukila mizhi ikwabo yajingako kyokya kimye, wajingako kya kine.”

Mazhina anembwa Abena Asilya ne Bena Babilona

Bena Asilya, ne bena Babilona banembele byambo byabo pa buchimba bo bapapakanya, mabwe abuluñana, mabwe apapakana, ne pa bibumbwaloba. Onkao mambo, kimye bashayuka kyo bayukile mwatajile tubipikichala twa bena Akkandia, bataine kuba’mba bino byambo byatongwelepo ne mazhina a bantu banembwapo mu Baibolo.

Buku umo waamba’mba: “Mu jashi janji jo aambile mu 1870 ku Society of Biblical Archaeology Dr Samuel Birch wayukile [byambo bya mu mulaka wa bipikichala byaamba pa mazhina a] bamfumu ba Bahebelu nabiji Omuli, Ahaba, Yehu, Azaliya . . . , Menahema, Peka, Hosheya, Hezekiya ne Manase, bamfumu ba bena Asilya nabiji Tigilata-Pilesa . . . [III], Salegona, Senakelibu, Esarhaddon ne Osenapa, . . . ne bena Silya ba Benehadada, Hazela ne Rezin.” (The Bible in the British Museum).

Buku wa The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating waesakanya mpito ya mu Baibolo yaamba pa bena Isalela ne bena Yuda ku byanembwa bya kala byanembelwe mu bipikichala. Ki ka kyafumamo? Bamfumu bonse pamo 15 nangwa 16 ba mu Yuda ne mu Isalela banembwa mu mabuku a mu byalo bikwabo byajingako kyokya kimye, kabiji mazhina abo ne bimye byo baikeleko byakwatankana bingi na byambo biji mu [buku wa mu Baibolo wa] Bamfumu. Bamfumu bonse batongolwa mu mabuku akwabo bo batongolwapo ne kala mu buku wa mu Baibolo wa Bamfumu.”

Nembelo imo ya mu bipikichala yatulukilwe mu 1879, itelwa’mba, Mabwe Abuluñana a kwa Kilusa, panembwa’mba, panyuma ya konaunwa kwa Babilona mu 539 B.C.E., Kilusa waingijishe muzhilo wanji wa kubwezha babipuluka mu ntanda yabo. Pa boba bamwenejilemo pajinga Bayudea. (Ezela 1:1-4) Bashayuka bavula bajingako mu myaka kitota kya bu 19 bazhinaukile bukine bwa mukambizho waambiwapo mu Baibolo. Nangwa byonkabyo, nembelo ya mu bipikichala yajingako kimye Pelisha saka akiji na bulume, kubikakotu ne Mabwe Abuluñana a kwa Kilusa, bipana bishinka bya kuba’mba Baibolo kine waluñama.

Mu 1883 mpunzha po balamina byanembwa mu bipikichala kukila pa 700 byatainwe mu Nippur kwipi na Babilona. Pa mazhina 2,500 atongolwa, mazhina nobe 70 akonsha kuyukanyikwa’mba a Bayudea. Shayuka aye Edwin Yamauchi waamba’mba, amwesha “nobe bantu balayañana, kwikala bakamonyi, batambula misonko, ne kwikala babilolo ba mu bufumu.” Bishinka bimwesha’mba bano Bayudea batwajijile kwingila ino mingilo kwipi na Babilona mu kyokya kimye byanema bingi. Byakwatankana bingi na byaamba bungauzhi bwa mu Baibolo amba “bashalapo” bena Isalela byo babwelele ku Yudea kufuma mu buzha ku Asilya ne Babilona, bavula kechi babwelele ne.—Isa. 10:21, 22.

Ku ntatwilo ya myaka kiumbi kimo B.C.E., nembelo ya mu bipikichala yatainwe pamo na nembelo ya mu bisopelo. Bino kyapeleleko bena Asilya ne bena Babilona balekele kwingijisha nembelo ya mu bipikichala ne kutendeka kulondela nembelo ya mu bisopelo.

Mabwe apapakana avula aji mu bishimikwa mo basungila bya kishakulu akyangye kuyukanyikwa. Bino mabwe panembwa bintu byayukanyikwa kala na bashayuka apana kishiino kya kuba’mba Baibolo kine waketekelwa bingi. Twakonsha kuyukilapo bishinka bikwabo pa mambo a kuketekelwa kwa Baibolo umvwe byambo bikwabo byayukanyikwa.

[Byambo biji pa Kipikichala pa peja 21]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum