Endowooza Eyingira mu Madiini g’Ebuvanjuba

“Nnalowoozanga nti obutafa bw’emmeeme gaali mazima buli omu ge yali akkiriza. N’olwekyo nneewuunya nnyo bwe nnamanya nti abayivu abamu ab’Ebuvanjuba n’Ebugwanjuba baawakanya nnyo enjigiriza eyo. Kati nneebuuza engeri endowooza y’obutafa bw’emmeeme gye yayingira mu Bahindu.” ​—⁠OMUYIZI W’OMU UNIVASITE EYAKUZIBWA NG’OMUHINDU.

1. Lwaki okumanya okukwata ku kukulaakulana n’okusaasaana kw’enjigiriza y’obutafa bw’omuntu mu madiini agatali gamu kukulu gye tuli?

E NDOWOOZA nti omuntu alina emmeeme etefa yayingira etya mu nzikiriza y’Abahindu n’amadiini amalala ag’Ebuvanjuba? Ekibuuzo kino kikulu n’eri abo abali Ebugwanjuba abayinza okuba nga tebamanyi bulungi madiini gano, okuva enzikiriza eno bw’ekwata ku ngeri buli omu gy’atunuuliramu ebiseera eby’omu maaso. Okuva enjigiriza eno ey’obutafa bw’omuntu bw’ekkirizibwa mu madiini agasinga obungi leero, okumanya engeri endowooza eno gye yatandikamu mazima ddala kuyinza okwongera ku kutegeeragana n’empuliziganya.

2. Lwaki Buyindi erina kinene nnyo ky’ekoze ku madiini g’omu Asiya?

² Ninian Smart, profesa w’eby’eddiini mu Univasite y’e Lancaster mu Bungereza, agamba: “Ensi esinze okubaako ky’ekola ku zinnaazo mu by’eddiini mu Asiya ebadde Buyindi. Kino tekiri kityo lwa kuba Buyindi esibuseemu enzikiriza eziwerako kyokka​—⁠ey’Abahindu, ey’aba Budda, ey’Abajayini, ey’Abasiiki, n’endala.​—⁠naye olw’okuba emu ku zo, ey’aba Budda, erina kinene nnyo kye yakola ku mpisa y’omu nsi z’omu kitundu kyonna eky’e Buvanjuba bwa Asiya.” Ensi nnyingi ezaakwatibwako mu ngeri eno “zikyatwala Buyindi ng’ensi yaabwe ey’eby’omwoyo,” bw’atyo Nikhilananda omwekenneenya Omuhindu bw’agamba. Kati olwo, enjigiriza eno ey’obutafa yayingira etya mu Buyindi n’ebitundu ebirala eby’omu Asiya?

Enjigiriza y’Abahindu ey’Okubbulukukira mu Bulamu Obulala

3. Okusinziira ku munnabyafaayo, b’ani abaatwala endowooza y’emmeeme okusengukira mu bulamu obulala mu Buyindi?

³ Mu kyasa eky’omukaaga B.C.E., nga Pythagoras n’abagoberezi be mu Buyonaani bakulaakulanya endowooza y’emmeeme okusengukukira mu bulamu obulala, Abahindu abagezigezi abaali babeera ku mbalama z’emigga Indus ne Ganges mu Buyindi baali bakulaakulanya endowooza y’emu. Enjigiriza eno okubaawo mu kiseera kye kimu “mu Buyonaani ne mu Buyindi tekiyinza kuba nga kyagwawo bugwi,” bw’atyo munnabyafaayo Arnold Toynbee bw’agamba. “Ensibuko emu [gye yava],” Toynbee agamba, “eyinza okuba abantu abatalina bifo bya nkalakkalira abasangibwa mu Eurasia, mu kyasa ekya 8 ne 7 B.C., abaasenga mu Buyindi, mu Asiya w’Obukiika Ddyo bw’Ebugwanjuba, mu kitundu ekiri ku lubalama olw’obukiika kkono bw’Ennyanja Enzirugavu, era ne kyondo kya Balkan n’ekya Anatoli.” Amawanga ago agali mu Eurasia agaali gasengukasenguka kirabika gaatwala mu Buyindi endowooza y’okusengukira mu bulamu obulala.

4. Lwaki endowooza y’emmeeme okusengukira mu bulamu obulala yasikiriza Abahindu abagezigezi?

⁴ Enzikiriza y’Abahindu yali yatandika dda mu Buyindi, Abaliyani bwe baatuukirayo awo nga mu 1500 B.C.E. Okuviira ddala ku ntandikwa, enzikiriza y’Abahindu yalimu endowooza nti emmeeme ya njawulo ku mubiri era nti emmeeme ewonawo ku kufa. Bwe kityo, Abahindu baasinzanga bajjajja era baateerangawo emmeeme z’abafu baabwe emmere ey’okulya. Endowooza y’okusenguka kw’emmeeme bwe yatuuka mu Buyindi nga wayiseewo ebyasa by’emyaka, eteekwa okuba nga yasikiriza Abahindu abagezigezi abaali babakanye n’ekizibu ekikwata ku bonna eky’obubi n’okubonaabona mu bantu. Bwe baagatta endowooza eno n’etteeka eriyitibwa erya Karma, etteeka ery’ekibaawo n’ekivaamu, Abahindu abagezigezi baakulaakulanya endowooza y’okubbulukukira mu bulamu obulala ebirungi n’ebibi gye bisasulirwa oba gye bibonerezebwa.

5. Okusinziira ku nzikiriza y’Abahindu, ekiruubirirwa eky’enkomerero eky’emmeeme kye kiruwa?

⁵ Naye waaliwo endowooza endala erina ekinene ennyo kye yakola ku njigiriza y’Abahindu ekwata ku mmeeme. “Kirabika nga kituufu nti mu kiseera endowooza y’emmeeme okusengukira mu bulamu obulala n’eya karma we zaatandikibwawo, oba nga tekinnatuuka,” Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics egamba, “endowooza endala . . . yali ekulaakulanyizibwa mu kibiina ky’abantu abayivu mu Bukiika kkono bwa Buyindi​—⁠endowooza y’ekifirosoofo eya Brahman-Ātman [Brahman ow’oku ntikko era ow’olubeerera, ow’enkomerero].” Endowooza eno yagattibwa wamu n’ey’okubbulukukira mu bulamu obulala okusobola okutuuka ku kiruubirirwa ekikulu eky’Abahindu​—⁠okununulwa mu kusengukiranga mu bulamu obulala osobole okubeera obumu n’ow’enkomerero. Abahindu bakkiriza nti kino kifunibwa ng’ofuba okweyisa mu ngeri ekkirizibwa mu bantu n’okufuna okumanya kw’Ekihindu okw’enjawulo.

6, 7. Enzikiriza y’Abahindu ab’omu kiseera kino ekwata ku Bulamu Oluvannyuma lw’Okufa y’eruwa?

⁶ Bwe kityo, Abahindu abagezigezi baakyusa endowooza y’emmeeme okusengukira mu bulamu obulala ne bagifuula enjigiriza y’okubbulukukira mu bulamu obulala nga bagigatta n’etteeka lya Karma n’endowooza ya Brahman. Octavio Paz, omuwandiisi w’ebikwate eyawangula Ekirabo kya Nobel era eyali omubaka wa Mexico mu Buyindi, awandiika: “Enzikiriza y’Abahindu bwe yagenda esaasaana, era n’endowooza . . . enkulu nnyo eri enzikiriza ya Brahman, ey’aba Budda n’amadiini amalala mu Asiya nayo yagenda esaasaana: ey’emmeeme okusengukira mu bulamu obw’omuddiŋŋanwa.”

⁷ Enjigiriza y’okubbulukukira mu bulamu obulala ye njigiriza enkulu mu nzikiriza y’Abahindu ey’omu kiseera kino. Nikhilananda omufirosoofo Omuhindu agamba: “Buli Muhindu omunyiikivu akkiriza nti okufuna obutafa si nkizo ya bantu batono abalondemu, naye ya bonna.”

Okuzaalibwa mu Bulamu Obulala mu Nzikiriza y’aba Budda

8-10. (a) Enzikiriza y’Ababuda ennyonnyola etya obulamu? (b) Omwekenneenya Omubudda annyonnyola atya okuzaalibwa mu bulamu obulala?

⁸ Enzikiriza y’aba Budda yatandikibwawo mu Buyindi awo nga mu 500 B.C.E. Okusinziira ku bulombolombo bw’enzikiriza y’aba Budda, omulangira Omuyindi ayitibwa Siddhārtha Gautama, eyatuuka okuyitibwa Buddha oluvannyuma lw’okufuna okumanya, yatandikawo enzikiriza y’aba Budda. Okuva enzikiriza eno bwe yava mu y’Abahindu, enjigiriza zaayo zifaananamu ez’Abahindu. Okusinziira ku nzikiriza y’aba Budda, obulamu ye nkyukakyuka etakoma ey’okuzaalibwa n’ofa, era nga bwe kiri mu nzikiriza y’Abahindu, omuntu obulamu bw’aba alimu businziira ku bikolwa bye mu bulamu obwayita.

⁹ Naye enzikiriza y’aba Budda tegamba nti obulamu bweyongera okubaawo ng’emmeeme ewonawo ku kufa. “[Buddha] yalaba mu muntu embeera ezitakwatagana ezimala akaseera obuseera, nga zikuumiddwa wamu okwegomba,” bw’atyo Arnold Toynbee bw’agamba. Kyokka Buddha yalina enzikiriza nti waliwo ekintu​—⁠embeera oba amaanyi​—⁠ekiva mu bulamu obumu okudda mu bulala. Dr. Walpola Rahula, omwekenneenya Omubudda, bw’atyo bw’annyonnyola:

¹⁰ “Obulamu ge maanyi ag’omubiri n’obwongo nga gagattiddwa wamu. Omubiri okulekera awo okukola kye tuyita okufa. Amaanyi gano gonna gaggwaawo ng’omubiri gulekedde awo okukola? Enzikiriza y’aba Budda egamba nti ‘Nedda.’ Okwegomba okuba omulamu, okuba mu bulamu obw’omuddiŋŋanwa, maanyi ga nsusso, agakubiriza obulamu, era n’ensi yonna. Gano ge maanyi agasingirayo ddala mu nsi. Okusinziira ku nzikiriza y’aba Budda, amaanyi gano tegaggwaawo ng’omubiri gulekedde awo okukola, kwe kufa; naye geeyongera okubaawo mu ngeri endala, ne gasobozesa okuba omulamu nate, ekiyitibwa okuzaalibwa mu bulamu obulala nate.”

11. Ababuda balina ndowooza ki ku bulamu Oluvannyuma lw’Okufa?

¹¹ Endowooza y’aba Budda ku bulamu Oluvannyuma lw’Okufa y’eno: Obulamu bwa mirembe gyonna okuggyako ng’omuntu atuuse ku kiruubirirwa kya Nirvana eky’enkomerero, okununulibwa mu kukyukanga okuva mu bulamu obumu okudda mu bulala. Nirvana si mbeera ya ssanyu lya lubeerera wadde ey’okuba obumu n’ow’enkomerero. Y’embeera ey’obutabaawo​—⁠“ekifo ekitaliimu kufa” ng’omuntu takyaliwo ddala. Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary ennyonnyola “Nirvana” nga “ekifo oba embeera eteri kulabirirwa, bulumi oba bulamu.” Mu kifo ky’okunoonya obutafa, Ababuda bakubirizibwa okubwebalama nga bafuna Nirvana.

12-14. Engeri ez’enjawulo ez’enzikiriza y’aba Budda zoogera zitya ku ndowooza y’obutafa?

¹² Enzikiriza y’aba Budda bwe yasaasaana mu bifo ebitali bimu mu Asiya, enjigiriza zaayo zaakyukamu okusobola okutuukana n’enzikiriza z’omu kitundu. Ng’ekyokulabirako, enzikiriza y’aba Budda ab’ettabi lya Mahayana, esangibwa mu China ne Japan, ekkiririza mu ba-bodhisattva ab’omu bwengula, oba Babudda ab’omu biseera eby’omu maaso. Ba-bodhisattva balekayo okuyingira mu Nirvana ne beeyongera okukyukanga okudda mu bulamu obulala emirundi mingi nnyo basobole okuweereza abalala era babayambe okugiyingiramu. Bwe kityo omuntu ayinza okulondawo okweyongera mu bulamu obw’ekyukakyuka etakoma ey’okuzaalibwanga mu bulamu obulala wadde ng’amaze okutuuka ku ssa ery’okuyingira mu Nirvana.

¹³ Enkyukakyuka endala erina ekinene kye yakola mu China ne Japan, ye njigiriza eyitibwa Ensi Ennongoofu ey’Ebugwanjuba, eyatandikibwawo Buddha Amitabha, oba Amida. Abo abakoowoola erinnya lya Buddha mu kukkiriza bazaalibwa nate mu Nsi Ennongoofu, oba ekifo eky’okwesiima, embeera gye zisobozesa okufuna okumanya okw’enkomerero. Kiki ekivudde mu njigiriza eno? Profesa Smart, eyayogeddwako emabega, annyonnyola: “Nga bwe kyandibadde kisuubirwa, ebirungi by’omu kifo eky’okwesiima, ebyogerwako mu bimu ku byawandiikibwa by’Abamahayana, byadda mu kifo kya nirvana ne bifuuka ekiruubirirwa ekisingirayo ddala obukulu.”

¹⁴ Enzikiriza y’aba Budda ab’omu Tibet, erimu enzikiriza endala ez’omu kitundu. Ng’ekyokulabirako, ekitabo ky’Abatibeti ekyogera ku bafu kyogera ku kituuka ku muntu ali mu mbeera eddirira ey’okuzaalibwa nate mu bulamu obulala. Kigambibwa nti abafu bamulisibwa ekitangaala eky’amaanyi ekya ow’enkomerero, era abo abatasobola kugumira kitangaala ekyo tebanunulibwa naye bazaalibwa mu bulamu obulala. Kya lwatu, enzikiriza y’Ababuda mu ngeri zaayo ezitali zimu eyoleka endowooza y’obutafa.

Okusinza Bajjajja mu Nzikiriza ya Shinto mu Japan

15-17. (a) Okusinza kw’emyoyo gy’abafu kwatandika kutya mu nzikiriza ya Shinto?

¹⁵ Eddiini yaliwo mu Japan ng’enzikiriza y’aba Budda tennatuuka mu kyasa eky’omukaaga C.E. Yali ddiini etalina linnya, era yalimu enzikiriza ezikwataganyizibwa n’empisa n’obulombolombo bw’abantu. Kyokka, enzikiriza y’aba Budda bwe yatuukayo, wajjawo obwetaavu bw’okwawula eddiini y’Abajapani ku ngwira. N’olwekyo, ekigambo “Shinto,” ekitegeeza “ekkubo lya bakatonda,” kyatandika okukozesebwa.

¹⁶ Enzikiriza ya Shinto eyasooka yali eyogera ki ku bulamu Oluvannyuma lw’Okufa? Okulima omuceere mu ntobazi bwe kwatandika, “obulimi mu ntobazi bwali bwetaagisa abantu abategekeddwa obulungi era abali obumu,” bw’etyo Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, bw’ennyonnyola, “era emikolo gy’obulimi​—⁠oluvannyuma egyalina ekifo ekikulu mu nzikiriza ya Shintō​—⁠gyatandikibwawo.” Okutya emmeeme z’abafu kyaleetera abantu bano ab’edda okugunjawo emikolo egy’okugiwooyawooya. Kino kyavaamu okusinza emyoyo gya bajjajja.

¹⁷ Okusinziira ku nzikiriza ya Shinto, emmeeme “y’omufu” eba ekyalina engeri zaayo naye ng’erina ebbala olw’okufa. Abakungubaga bwe bakola emikolo gy’okujjukira abafu, emmeeme erongoosebwa n’eggibwamu obubi bwonna, era n’efuna engeri ez’emirembe era ez’ekisa. Oluvannyuma lw’ekiseera, omwoyo gw’omufu gutuuka ku ddaala lya bajjajja abasinzibwa, oba ery’okuba omukuumi. Olw’okubeerawo mu kiseera kye kimu n’enzikiriza y’aba Budda, enzikiriza ya Shinto yayingizibwamu enjigiriza z’aba Budda, nga mw’otwalidde n’enjigiriza y’ekifo eky’okwesiima. Bwe kityo, tulaba nti okukkiririza.

Obutafa mu Nzikiriza ya Tao,

Okusinza Bajjajja mu Nzikiriza ya Confucius

18. Ab’enzikiriza ya Tao balina ndowooza ki ku butafa?

¹⁸ Enzikiriza ya Tao yatandikibwawo, Lao-tzu, agambibwa nti yaliwo mu China mu kyasa eky’omukaaga B.C.E. Ekiruubirirwa mu bulamu, okusinziira ku nzikiriza ya Tao, kwe kukwataganya ebikolwa by’omuntu ne Tao​—⁠obutonde obulabika. Endowooza y’abo abakkiririza mu nzikiriza ya Tao ekwata ku butafa eyinza okuwumbibwako bw’eti: Tao gwe musingi ogufuga obutonde bwonna. Tao talina ntandikwa na nkomerero. Omuntu bw’atuukanya obulamu bwe ne Tao, assa kimu nabwo era afuuka wa lubeerera.

19-21. Okuteebereza kw’ab’enzikiriza ya Tao kwavaamu ki?

¹⁹ Mu kufuba okuba obumu n’obutonde, ab’enzikiriza ya Tao baayagala nnyo okumanya ebikwata ku butaggwaawo n’okugumira enkyukakyuka. Baateebereza nti oboolyawo okubeera obumu ne Tao, obutonde obulabika, omuntu yandisobodde okuzuula ebyama by’obutonde n’aba nga takyatuukibwako kabi mu mubiri, nga takyalwala, wadde okufa.

²⁰ Ab’enzikiriza ya Tao baatandika okufumiitiriza, okwegezangamu okussa omukka, n’okwekenneenya eby’endya, mbu ebyandisobozesezza omubiri obutayonooneka n’okufa amangu. Enfumo zaatandika okusaasaana era zaali zikwata ku bantu abatafa abaabuukiranga ku bire era abaalabikanga ate ne babulawo era abaabeeranga ku nsozi entukuvu oba ku bizinga eby’esudde emyaka egitabalika, era nga babeesebwawo ensulo n’ebibala eby’eby’amagero. Ebyafaayo by’Abakyayina biraga nti mu 219 B.C.E., Empula Ch’in Shih Huang Ti yasindika emmeeri nga zirimu abaana ab’obulenzi n’ab’obuwala 3,000 okuzuula ekizinga ekyogerwako mu nfumo ekiyitibwa P’eng-lai, ekifo ebeera abantu abatafa, basobole okuleeta ekimera ekiwa obutafa. Kya lwatu, tebaakomawo na kintu ekyo ekiwangaaza obulamu emirembe gyonna.

²¹ Okwagala okufuna obulamu obutaggwaawo kwaleetera ab’enzikiriza ya Tao okugezaako okukola eddagala erisobozesa omuntu obutafa nga beeyambisa enkola eyitibwa eya alchemy. Okusinziira ku ndowooza y’ab’enzikiriza ya Tao, obulamu bubaawo amaanyi agakontana aga yin ne yang (ag’ekikazi n’ekisajja) bwe geegatta. Bwe kityo, nga bagatta lead (omukwafu, oba yin) ne mercury (omutangaavu, oba yang), abagoberera enkola ya alchemy baali bakoppa enkola y’obutonde obulabika, era ne balowooza nti ekyandivudde mu ekyo lye ddagala ly’obutafa.

22. Enzikiriza y’aba Budda yakola ki ku ddiini y’Abakyayina?

²² Ekyasa eky’omusanvu C.E. we kyatuukira, enzikiriza y’aba Budda yali eyingidde mu ddiini y’Abakyayina. Ekyavaamu kyali ekintabuli omwali enzikiriza y’Ababuda, obusamize, n’okusinza bajjajja. “Enzikiriza y’Ababuda n’eya Tao,” Profesa Smart agamba, “zaakulaakulanya enzikiriza ezikwata ku bulamu oluvannyuma lw’okufa ezaagobererwanga mu kusinza bajjajja okw’edda okw’Abakyayina.”

23. Confucius yalina ndowooza ki ku kusinza bajjajja?

²³ Confucius, omusajja Omukyayina omugezigezi eyaliwo mu kyasa eky’omukaaga B.C.E., nga endowooza ye ye yasibukamu enzikkiriza eyitibwa Confucianisim, teyayogera nnyo ku Bulamu Oluvannyuma lw’Okufa. Wabula, yaggumiza obukulu bw’empisa ennungi n’empisa ezikkirizibwa mu bantu. Naye yalina endowooza nnungi eri okusinza bajjajja era yateeka nnyo essira ku kutuukiriza emikolo egikwata ku myoyo gy’abafu.

Amadiini Amalala ag’Ebuvanjuba

24. Enzikiriza y’Abajayini eyigiriza ki ku mmeeme?

²⁴ Enzikiriza ya Abajayini yatandikibwa mu Buyindi mu kyasa eky’omukaaga  B.C.E. Eyagitandikawo, Mahāvīra, yayigiriza nti ebintu byonna ebiramu birina emmeeme ezitafa era nti okununulibwa kw’emmeeme okuva mu buddu bwa Karma kusoboka okuyitira mu kwefiiriza n’okwefuga era n’obutooleka bukambwe bwonna eri bitonde byonna. Abajayini bakyalina enzikiriza zino na guno gujwa.

25, 26. Nzikiriza ki ez’Abahindu ezisangibwa mu nzikiriza y’Abasiiki?

²⁵ Era Buyindi y’esibukamu enzikiriza y’Abasiiki, eddiini egobererwa abantu obukadde 19. Eddiini eno yatandika mu kyasa ekya 16, Guru Nānak bwe yasalawo okugatta enzikiriza y’Abahindu n’Obusiraamu n’akolamu eddiini emu. Enzikiriza y’Abasiiki yayingizibwamu enzikiriza z’Abahindu ez’obutafa bw’emmeeme, okubbulukukira mu bulamu obulala, n’eya Karma.

²⁶ Kya lwatu, enzikiriza nti obulamu bweyongera okubaawo oluvannyuma lw’omubiri okufa, kintu kikulu nnyo mu madiini agasinga obungi ag’Ebuvanjuba. Naye, kiri kitya eri Kristendomu, eddiini y’Ekiyudaaya, n’Obusiraamu?

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Enzikiriza y’aba Budda erina kinene kye yakola mu Asiya yenna ow’Ebuvanjuba

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Okubbulukukira mu bulamu obulala ye njigiriza enkulu ey’Abahindu

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Ng’ali bumu n’obutonde, ow’enzikiriza ya Tao agezaako okufuuka ataggwaawo

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Confucius yalina endowooza ennungi eri okusinza bajjajja