Naḥmanides​—Wakaleja bubi bua Buena-nkristo anyi?

TSHIKONDO tshia Moyen Âge. Tshidi tshikuvuluija tshinyi? Mvita ya krwazade? Tubadi tua makonkoloja? Tshikisu? Nansha muvuatshi pa tshibidilu katshiyi tshikondo tshia diyukidilangana dipepele pa malu a ntendelelu, mu tshikondo atshi, mu tshidimu tshia 1263, kuakenzeka dimue dia ku mayukidilangana a pa buawu mu miyuki ya ku Mputu pankatshi pa bena Yuda ne bena nkristo. Mbanganyi bavuamu? Nnkonko kayi ivua mijudibue? Mmunyi mudi diyukidilangana adi mua kutuambuluisha lelu’eu bua kujingulula tshitendelelu tshilelela?

Ntshinyi tshiakajula diyukidilangana edi?

Mu tshikondo tshia Moyen Âge, Ekleziya Katolike wa bena Roma wakadileja yeye nkayende bu tshitendelelu tshilelela. Nansha nanku, bena Yuda kabavua banji kulekela kuamba muvuabu bikale tshisamba tshisungula tshia Nzambi. Dipangila dia ekleziya bua kutuisha bena Yuda bua dikengela dia kukudimuna mutshima diakafikisha ekleziya ku didiumvua bu mubudisha bivuaye ukengela ne misangu mivule kufikisha ku tshinyangu ne dikengeshangana. Mu mvita ya Krwazade bakashipa anyi bakuosha makumi a binunu a bena Yuda bakudika ku mutshi, pavuabu babalomba bua kusungula pankatshi pa batismo anyi lufu. Mu matunga a bungi, disunguluja bena Yuda dienzeja kudi ekleziya divua ditangalake.

Kadi, mmuenenu mukuabu wakatua mushimi mu Espagne wa bena Katolike wa mu siekele wa 12 ne wa 13. Bena Yuda bavua ne budikadidi bua ntendelelu​—anu pavuabu kabayi babunda ditabuja dia Buena-nkristo—​ne bakabapesha mene miaba mibandile mu lupangu lua Mukalenge. Kadi panyima bu pa siekele mujima wa dianyisha dia nunku, ba-nsaserdose Dominiken bakabanga bua kukepesha buenzeji bua bena Yuda mu nsangilu wa bantu ne bua kubitabijija Buena-katolike. Mukalenge Jacques I wa mu Aragon wakenzejibua kudi ba-Dominiken bua kulongolola diyukidilangana dianyishibue, kipatshila kadi kavua ka kufila tshijadiki tshia ngikadilu mushadile wa ntendelelu wa bena Yuda ne dikengela bua bena Yuda bonso kukudimunabu mutshima.

Edi kadivua diyukidilangana dia kumpala pankatshi pa bena Yuda ne bena nkristo nansha. Mu tshidimu tshia 1240, diyukidilangana dianyisha diakenzeka mu Paris, ku France. Kipatshila kadi kanene kavua ka kupima mushinga wa Talmud, mukanda munsantu bua bena Yuda. Kadi bakapesha bena Yuda bavuamu budikadidi bukese bua diakula. Panyima pa ekleziya mumane kumanyisha ditshimuna diende mu dielangana dia mpata edi, bakuosha kopi ya Talmud mishiki ne mishiki mu masangu a njila.

Kadi lungenyi lutambe kuikala lua dilekelela malu lua Mukalenge Jacques I wa mu Aragon kaluakanyisha tuseku tua kapeja tua nunku nansha. Bajingulula bualu ebu, ba-Dominiken bakakeba mushindu mukuabu wa kuenza. Anu muvua Hyam Maccoby mubiumvuije mu mukanda wende kampanda, bakabikila bena Yuda ku diyukidilangana bikale “ne tshidingishilu tshia dianyisha ne dienzejangana, pamutu pa dibanda dia patoke bu muvuabi mu Paris.” Ba-Dominiken bakasungula Pablo Christiani bu mfumu muleji-mpala wabu, muena Yuda ukavua muitabe Buena-katolike ne ukavua mulue nsaserdose Dominiken. Mu ditumika ne dimanya divua nadi Pablo Christiani pa mifundu ya Talmud ne ya ba-rabbi, ba-Dominiken bakashindika ne: bavua mua kujadika bualu buabu.​—Judaism on Trial (Buena-Yuda ku tshilumbu).

Bua tshinyi Naḥmanides?

Anu muntu umue mu Espagne ke uvua ne ngikadilu wa mu nyuma bua kuimanyina luseke lua bena Yuda bua diyukidilangana edi​—Moses ben Naḥman, anyi Naḥmanides.a Mulela bu mu 1194 mu tshimenga tshia Gérone, Naḥmanides ukavua mu bunsonga buende mumane kudisunguluja yeye nkayende bu mushikuluji wa Bible ne wa Talmud. Pakavuaye ne bidimu bu 30, ukavua mufunde mumvuija pa tshitupa tshinene tshia Talmud, ne katupa kakese panyima wakalua mutuadi wa dîyi mu dituangaja dikokangana pa mifundu ya Maimonides ivua mifuanyike kupandulula tshinsanga tshia bena Yuda.b Badi bangata Naḥmanides bu muena Yuda mushikuluji mutambe bunene wa Bible ne Talmud wa mu tshikondo tshiende, ne pamu’apa anu bu muibidi mu nyima mua Maimonides mu buenzeji buende pa Buena-Yuda mu tshikondo atshi.

Naḥmanides uvua ne buenzeji bualabale pa tshinsanga tshia bena Yuda mu Catalogne, ne nansha mene Mukalenge Jacques I wakamulomba lungenyi pa bilumbu kabukabu bia Mbulamatadi. Makole ende muondoke a ngelelu wa meji avua manemekibue kudi bena Yuda ne Bampangano kabidi. Ba-Dominiken bakajingulula ne: bua kumona mua kufuisha bena Yuda bundu mu mushindu muimpe, yeye, rabbi ntunga-mulongo wabu, uvua ne bua kuikala eu uvua mua kuenza diyukidilangana edi.

Naḥmanides wakelakana bua kuitaba ne kuya mu diyukidilangana, wela meji ne: ba-Dominiken kabavua ne dijinga dilelela nansha dimue dia kuikala kabayi ne kansungasunga. Uvua ne bua kuandamuna nkonko kadi kavua mua kuela nansha lumue. Kadi, wakitaba dilomba dia mukalenge, pa kulomba se: bamupeshe dianyisha dia kuakula mudilekelele mu difila mandamuna ende. Mukalenge Jacques I wakitaba bualu ebu. Dianyisha bu edi bua budikadidi bua diakula butshintshikila kadivua dianji kuenzeka katshia ne kadivua mua kuenzeka kabidi mu tshikondo tshia Moyen Âge, etshi ntshijadiki tshia patoke tshia muvua mukalenge utua Naḥmanides mushinga mubandile. Kabidi, Naḥmanides uvua ne tshiumvuilu tshikole. Bikalaye uvua muangatshibue mu mushindu munekesha bu mufidi wa mmuenenu mibengangane ne lukasa luonso mu diyukidilangana, kuvua mua kuikala bipeta bia njiwu buende yeye ne bua tshinsanga tshia bena Yuda. Tshinyangu tshivua mua kubudika mu tshikondo kayi tshionso.

Naḥmanides ukokangana ne Pablo Christiani

Muaba munene bua diyukidilangana uvua mu nzubu wa mukalenge mu Barcelone. Bakenza bitupa binayi​—mu dia 20, 23, 26, ne dia 27 Kashipu 1263. Mukalenge yeye nkayende wakalombola tshitupa tshionso, tshibuela kudi banene bakuabu ba Ekleziya ne ba Mbulamatadi, ne kabidi kudi bena Yuda ba mu tshinsanga tshia muaba au.

Bua ekleziya, kakuvua dielakana bua tshipeta tshia diyukidilangana edi. Mu mifundu yabu mianyisha, ba-Dominiken bakamba ne: kipatshila ka diyukidilangana kakavua ‘bua ditabuja kuedibuadi mpata nansha, bienze bu se: tshivua tshilumbu tshia mpata, kadi mbua kumona mua kujikija bilema bia bena Yuda ne kumbusha ditabuja dishindika dia bena Yuda bavule.’

Nansha mukavuaye mukulakaje ne bidimu bitue ku 70, Naḥmanides wakaleja bukole bua ngelelu wende wa meji muondoke mu dikeba bua kuimanyikila diyukidilangana anu pa nkonko minene. Wakatuadija pa kuamba ne: “Makokangana [a kumpala] pankatshi pa bampangano ne bena Yuda avua atangila bitupa bivule bia mikandu ya bitendelelu bidi kabiyi ne bukokeshi pa dîyi dinene dia ditabuja. Kadi, mu lupangu elu lua mfumu, ndi musue bua tuyukidilangane anu pa malu adi masuikakaja ku dikokangana edi.” Pashishe bakitaba ne: biena-bualu bivua mua kuimanyina pa se: bikala Masiya ukavua mumane kulua, anyi bikalaye uvua Nzambi peshi muntu, ne pa se: mbena Yuda badi ne mikenji milelela anyi mbena nkristo.

Mu difila kabingila kende ka mbangilu, Pablo Christiani wakamba ne: uvua mua kujadika ku diambuluisha dia Talmud bua se: Masiya ukavua mumane kulua. Naḥmanides wakandamuna ne: pikalabi bivua nanku, bua tshinyi ba-rabbi bavua bitaba Talmud kabavua bitaba Yezu? Pamutu pa kuimanyikila tubingila tuende pa ngelelu wa meji mutoke ne wa mu Mifundu, Christiani wakanyemena misangu ne misangu ku mifundu mibuitshidile ya ba-rabbi bua kushindika tubingila tuende. Ku kamue ku kamue Naḥmanides wakatonkola tubingila etu pa kuleja ne: tuvua tulejibue kabiyi mu diumvuangana ne tshiena-bualu. Bivua bia meji bua se: Naḥmanides uvua mua kudileja yeye muine bu mutambe kupiluka mu diyukidilangana pa mifundu ivuaye mupitshishile tshitupa tshinene tshia matuku ende a muoyo bua kuyilonga. Nansha pavua Christiani utumika ne Mifundu, mfidilu wende wa tubingila uvua uzangika malu avua mapepele bua kuatonkola.

Nansha muvuaye muenzeja bua kuimanyina anu pa diandamuna nkonko, Naḥmanides wakapatula tubingila tua bukole tuakaleja bua tshinyi bena Yuda ne bakuabu bena meji kabavua mua kuitaba mmuenenu wa Ekleziya Katolike. Bua dilongesha dia Busatu Bunsantu, wakamba ne: “Lungenyi lua muena Yuda nansha umue anyi muntu kayi yonso kaluakuanyisha bua kuitaba se: Mufuki wa diulu ne buloba . . . uvua mua kupitshila mu difu dia mukaji muena Yuda . . . ne [uvua] pashishe mua [kulua] kufidibua mu bianza bia baluishi bende, aba . . . bakamushipa.” Naḥmanides wakamba ne dijadika dionso ne: “Tshinudi nuitabuja​—ne tshidi nshindamenu wa ditabuja dienu—​ki ntshia kuitaba mu lungenyi ludi ne [kabingila] nansha.”

Mu dizangika bukutakane bua ngenyi budi too ne lelu’eu bupangishe bena Yuda nansha bua kukonkonona mushindu udi Yezu mua kuikala Masiya, Naḥmanides wakela kashonyi pa diela dia mashi panshi dipite bunene dia ekleziya. Wakamba ne: “Muprofete udi wamba ne: mu tshikondo tshia Masiya, . . . nebafule nkasu ya kudima nayi ku miele yabu ya mvita, nebafule miele ya kukosa nayi matamba mafubidila a mitshi ku mafuma abu; tshisamba tshikuabu katshiena tshibisha muele wa mvita bua kuluisha nawu tshisamba tshikuabu, ne kabena bayila lungenyi lua kuluangana nalu mvita kabidi. Katshia ku dituku dia Muena Nazarete too ne mpindieu, buloba bujima mbûle ne tshinyangu ne buivi. [Bushuwa], bena nkristo badi bela mashi mavule panshi kupita bikuabu bisamba, ne badi kabidi ne nsombelu wa tshiendenda. Mmunyipu muikalabi bikole buebe wewe, mukalenge mfumu wanyi, ne bua ba muadiamvita bebe aba bikalabu kabayi . . . mua kulonga kabidi mvita!”​—Yeshaya 2:4.

Panyima pa tshitupa tshinayi, mukalenge wakimanyika diyukidilangana edi. Wakambila Naḥmanides ne: “Tshitu muanji kumona muntu uvua muimane mu mpata mibi bu muuvua muenze nansha.” Bua kukumbaja dilaya diende, mu difila tshieya tshia budikadidi bua diakula ne dikubibua bia Naḥmanides, Mukalenge Jacques I wa mu Aragon wakamupingaja kuende, ne kumupesha dipa dia dinar 300. Ku dilomba dia muepiskopo wa mu Gérone, Naḥmanides wakenza luapolo lufunda lua diyukidilangana edi.

Pavuabu eku bamba bua ditshimuna dinene, ba-Dominiken bakafuishibua bundu patoke. Pashishe bakafunda Naḥmanides ku kabadi bua bipendu bipenda ekleziya, pa kutumika ne mifundu yende ivua itangila diyukidilangana bu tshijadiki. Babungame bua bimpe bivua mukalenge muenzele Naḥmanides, ba-Dominiken bakaya ne tshilumbu kudi Pape Clément IV. Nansha muvuaye ne bidimu bipite pa 70, Naḥmanides wakipatshibua mu Espagne.c

Mmuaba kayi udi bulelela?

Tubingila tua ku nseke yonso ibidi tuakambuluishaku bua kujingulula tshitendelelu tshilelela anyi? Nansha muvua yonso wa kudibu muzangike bilema bia luseke lua mukuabu, nansha umue kakaleja mukenji mutoke wa bulelela. Tshivua Naḥmanides mubipishe ne bukole buonso katshivua Buena-nkristo bulelela nansha kadi, bishilangane, ndilongesha dia bantu, bu mudi edi dia Busatu Bunsantu, dienza kudi Bukua-buena-nkristo mu siekele ya panyima pa Yezu. Ngikadilu wa tshiendenda wa Bukua-buena-nkristo ne diela mashi panshi dikena luse, biela kashonyi nenku ne dikima kudi Naḥmanides, bidi pabi malu akena kuela mpata a mu miyuki.

Ki mbikole bua kumvua bua tshinyi, mu nsombelu eyi, Naḥmanides ne bakuabu bena Yuda bakapangila bua kukokeshibua kudi tubingila tufila bua kubingisha Buena-nkristo. Kabidi, tubingila tua Pablo Christiani tuvua tuashila, ki mpa ngelelu wa meji mutoke ne wa mu Mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu, kadi pa ditumika dibi ne mifundu ya ba-rabbi.

Tòo, Naḥmanides kakaleja bubi bua Buena-nkristo bulelela nansha. Mu tshikondo tshiende butoke bulelela bua malongesha a Yezu ne bijadiki bia bu-Masiya buende bikavua bibuitshidija kudi diumvuija dibi. Dimueneka dia butontolodi bua nenku divua bushuwa dimana kumanyisha kudi Yezu ne bapostolo bende.​—Matayo 7:21-23; 13:24-30, 37-43; 1 Timote 4:1-3; 2 Petelo 2:1, 2.

Nansha nanku, tshitendelelu tshilelela ntshilejibue mu mushindu mutoke lelu’eu. Yezu wakamba bua balondi bende balelela ne: “Nenubajingulule ku mamuma abo. . . . Nunku mitshi yonso idi mimpe itu yakuama mamuma mimpe; kadi mitshi mibi itu yakuama mamuma mabi.” (Matayo 7:16, 17) Tudi tukulomba bua kuenza dijingulula adi. Anyisha bua Bantemu ba Yehowa bakuambuluishe bua kutuadija dikonkonona dia kipatshila dia bijadiki bia mu Mifundu. Newikale pa nanku mua kulonga diumvuija dilelela dia malaya a Nzambi adi atangila Masiya ne bukokeshi buende.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 20]

Naḥmanides wakafila kabingila ka tshilumbu tshiende mu Barcelone

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 19]

Bimfuanyi mu mabeji 19-20: Biangatshila mu Illustrirte Pracht - Bibel/​Heilige Schrift des Alten und Neuen Testaments, nach der deutschen Uebersetzung D. Martin Luther’s