Ougarit ntshimenga tshia kale muvuabu batendelela Bâla

MU TSHIDIMU tshia 1928, tshikasu tshia katumba tshia tshidima mukuabu muena Syrie tshiakatuta mu dibue divua pamutu pa lukita luvua ne bintu bia kale bienza ne dîma. Kavua mumanye mushinga wa bintu bivuaye mupete abi to. Pakumvua kasumbu kampanda ka bakebuludi ba bintu bia kale biangula mu buloba ka mu ditunga dia France kalombola kudi Claude Schaeffer bua dipeta dia bintu ebi, kakenza luendu tshidimu tshivua tshilonda katangile muaba uvuabu bapete bintu abi.

Kabakanenga bua kupeta muinshi mua buloba tshintu kampanda tshivua ne mifundu mikuabu yakabambuluisha bua kujadika ne kumanya muaba uvuabu bapetele bintu ebi. Tshivua Ougarit, “tshimue tshia ku bimenga binene bia kale bia ku Proche Orient.” Mufundi Barry Hoberman wakamba ne: “Kakuena dipeta dia tshintu tshia kale, nansha dia Mivungu ya mu Mbuu Mufue, didi ne mushinga wa bungi mu diumvua dietu dia Bible.”​—The Atlantic Monthly.

Mu masangu a njila

Ougarit uvua tshimenga tshibanji tshienda lumu tshia bantu bafumine miaba ya bungi tshivua tshiashila pa mukuna wa Ras Shamra ku muelelu wa Mbuu Munene wa Méditerranée mu bidimu bia 1 000 kumpala kua bikondo bietu ebi, muaba udi mpindieu ku Nord kua ditunga dia Syrie. Tshivua tshialabale mu ntanta wa kilometre 60 kumbukila ku Mukuna wa Casius ku Nord too ne ku Tell Soukas ku Sud ne mu ntanta wa kilometre mitue ku 30 anyi 50 kumbukila ku Mbuu Munene wa Méditerranée ku Ouest too ne ku Tshibandabanda tshia Oronte ku Est.

Mivu mimpe ya mu Ougarit ivua yambuluisha bua kumuna nyama ya bungi. Mu tshitupa atshi kuvua midioko, mafuta a olive, mvinyo ne mabaya (tshintu tshivua katshiyi tshitambe kumueneka bikole mu Mésopotamie ne mu Ejipitu). Kupita apu, bu muvua tshimenga tshiashila mu masangu avua njila minene ya ba-ngenda isambakena, tshiakalua dimue dia ku dibungu dinene dia pa buloba. Ba-ngenda ba mu Égée, Anatolie, Babylone, Ejipitu ne makuabu matunga a ku Moyen Orient bavua balua mu Ougarit bua kuenda mushinga wa biamu, bia pa madimi ne bintu bikuabu bia bungi.

Nansha muvuaye ne bubanji bua bungi, Ougarit bavua anu bamulombola kudi makuabu matunga. Tshivua tshimenga tshia ku Nord menemene tshivua ku bupika bua Bukalenge bunene bua bena Ejipitu too ne pakaluatshi tshitupa tshia Bukalenge bunene bua bena Hiti mu bidimu bia 1300 kumpala kua bikondo bietu ebi. Ougarit uvua ne bua kuikala ufila milambu ne utuma basalayi bua kukuatshisha bena Hiti. Pakalua “Bantu ba ku Mbuu”a bua kuluisha bena Anatolie (munkatshi mua Turquie) ne bena ku Nord kua Syrie, bena Hiti bakalomba diambuluisha dia biluilu bia Ougarit ne matu abu. Bu tshipeta, tshimenga tshia Ougarit tshiakashala katshiyi ne batshikubi ne bakatshibutula butubutu tuamba bu mu tshidimu tshia 1200 kumpala kua bikondo bietu ebi.

Badi bajululula malu a kale

Dibutula dia Ougarit diakashiya mushiki munene uvua ne butumbuke butue ku metre 20 ne uvua ubuikila tshitupa tshia hektare mipite pa 25. Bakadi bumbule anu tshimue tshia bisambombo tshia mushiki wa bintu ebi. Bakebuludi mbapete mu bintu amu bishadile bia dibâlasa dinene dia bualabale bua metre 10 000 mu bule ne mu butshiama, divua dikosolola munda ne nzubu mitue ku lukama ne miaba ya buashi ya disombela. Dibâlasa divua ne mâyi a ku milonda munda, biowedi ne kumba ivua ne milonda ivua ipatula mâyi ne bintu bia bukoya pambelu. Bintu bia mu nzubu bivua bilengeja pambidi ne or, lapis-lazuli ne mibanga. Mbapete kabidi tablo minene ya mibanga mienza bimpe menemene. Tu-madimi tua bilongo tuashila bibumba ne majiba mumbula mu buloba bivua bilengeja kabidi dibalasa edi menemene.

Ntempelo ya nzambi Bâla ne Dagona ivua miasakane mu tshimenga ne mu mpata ivua mitshinyunguluke.b Mu bibumba bia ntempelo eyi (bia butumbuke butue ku metre 20) muvua kazubu kakese kavua kafikisha too ne ku nzubu wa munda uvuabu batekela lupingu lua nzambi. Kuvua tshibandilu tshia nzubu tshivua tshifikisha ku mbalanda uvua mukalenge wenzela malu a ditunga mashilashilangane. Butuku anyi mu tshikondo tshia mvula mikole, bavua batemesha midilu ku lusongo lua ntempelo eyi bua kulombola mâtu ku dibungu. Kakuyi mpata, bendeshi ba mâtu bavua bapesha lumu lua dialukila diabu kakuyi njiwu kudi nzambi wa mvula Bâla-Hadada, bavua balambula luongo ya mabue 17 idibu bapete mu nzubu wende wa difidila milambu.

Tshintu tshieza ne dima tshia mushinga mukole

Bakapeta mu bishadile bia Ougarit mifundu ya bungi mifundila pa dima dienza bibatubatu. Bakapeta mifundu ya malu a mushinga, a mikenji ya mbulamatadi, a diumvuanga ne matunga makuabu ne ya dilombola dia musoko mu miakulu muanda-mukulu, mifunda mu mishindu ya mfundilu itanu. Kasumbu ka Schaeffer kakapeta mifundu mu muakulu uvua kauyi mumanyike too ne tshikondo atshi, wakinyikabu ne: tshiena-Ougarit, uvua muenza ne maleta 30 mafuane misonso, avua mikale umue wa ku alfabe ya kale ikatubu bapete.

Pa kumusha diakula bua malu a matuku onso, mifundu ya tshiena-Ougarit ivua ne miyuki yakafila ngumvuilu mukuabu pa malu a ntendelelu ne bilele bia tshikondo atshi. Tshitendelelu tshia mu Ougarit ntshimueneke ne: tshivua ne malu a bungi mafuanangane ne avuabu benza kudi bena mutumba babu bena Kanana. Bilondeshile Roland de Vaux, mifundu eyi “idi ileja menemene nshidimukilu uvua mu Kanana kumpala kua bena Isalele kuangata buloba abu.”

Ntendelelu mu tshimenga tshia Bâla

Mifundu ya mu Ras Shamra idi yakula bua nzambi milume ne mikaji mipite pa 200. Ela ke uvua nzambi munene, ne bavua bamubikila ne: tatu wa ba-nzambi ne wa bantu. Bâla-Hadada nzambi wa mvula uvua “wendesha matutu” ne uvua “mukalenge wa buloba.” Badi bumvuija Ela bu muntu mukulakaje wa muedi mutoke ne wa meji uvua kule menemene ne bantu. Ku lukuabu luseke, Bâla nzambi wa bukole ne musue malu manene udi ukeba bua kukokesha nzambi mikuabu ne pa bantu kabidi.

Mifundu ivuabu bangule eyi bavua mua kuikala bayambulula matuku a misekelelu a mu ntendelelu bu mudi tshidimu tshipiatshipia anyi tshikondo tshia dinowa. Kadi diumvuija dilelela ki ndimanyike to. Mu kasala kakuabu kadi kakula bua difuilakana dia bumfumu, Bâla udi utshimuna Yamm (muana munanga wa Ela) nzambi wa mbuu. Ditshimuna edi diakapesha pamu’apa bendeshi ba mâtu ba mu Ougarit dieyemena dia se: Bâla uvua mua kubakuba pa mâyi. Mu diluangana ne nzambi Mota, badi batshimuna Bâla ne bamupuekesha muinshi mua buloba. Bu tshipeta, kudi kuenzeka minanga ne midimu ya bantu imana. Anata (nzambi wa dinanga ne wa mvita) uvua muakunyi ne mukaji wa Bâla udi ushipa Mota ne ujula Bâla. Bâla udi ushipa bana ba Athirat (anyi Asherah) mukaji wa Ela ne upingana mu bukalenge. Kadi Mota udi upingana panyima pa bidimu muanda-mutekete.

Bamue badi bumvuija kasala aka bu tshimfuanyi tshia dishintuluka dia mivu padi luya lukole lua mu muvua wa été itshimuna mvula idi itolokesha bintu ya mu muvu wa automne. Bakuabu badi bela meji ne: tshikondo tshia bidimu muanda-mutekete ntshikondo tshia buôwa bua nzala ne minanga. Mu mishindu yonso, bavua bamona bukokeshi bua Bâla bu tshintu tshia mushinga bua midimu ya bantu kuenzekayi bilenga. Mukebuludi wa malu a mu Bible Peter Craigie udi wamba ne: “Tshipatshila tshia ntendelelu wa Bâla tshivua tshia kukuba bukokeshi buende ne batendeledi bende bavua bitabuja ne: anu pavuaye ushala ne bukokeshi ke pavua bia pa madimi ne bimuna (bintu bidi ne mushinga bua muoyo wa bantu) ne bua kuvulalangana.”

Diepuka ntendelelu wa bampangano

Buenzavi buvua mu ntendelelu wa bena Ougarit budi bumueneka mu mifundu miangula mu maloba. Nkonga-miaku kampanda udi umvuija ne: “Mifundu idi ileja bipeta bibi bia ntendelelu wa nzambi eyi divua dishindamena pa mvita, bundumba bua tshijila, dinangangana dia balume ne bakaji ne bua dinyanguka dia nsombelu wa bantu.” (The Illustrated Bible Dictionary) De Vaux udi wamba ne: “Padi muntu ubala tusala etu, udi umvua muendi uvua bena Yuda batendeledi balelela ba Yawe ba kale ne baprofete banene bumvue bua ntendelelu eu.” Mikenji ivua Nzambi mupeshe tshisamba tshia Isalele tshia kale ivua ibakuba ku ntendelelu wa dishima wa nunku.

Bena mu Ougarit bavua benza lubuku lua tshianana ne lua lua mitoto ne majimbu bikole. Bavua bakeba bimanyinu ki ng’anu mu bintu bia mu diulu to, kadi kabidi mu tuana tutshivua munda ne bia munda bia nyama mishipa. Mufundi wa malu a kale Jacqueline Gachet udi umvuija ne: “Bavua bamba ne: nyama uvuabu balambula nzambi kampanda uvua ulua tshitupa tshiende tshimue, ne se: nyuma wa nzambi uvua ubuelakana ne nyuma wa nyama. Bu tshipeta, pavuabu babala bimanyinu bivua bimueneka pa bitupa bia mubidi ebi, bavua mua kumanya dijinga dia nyuma ya nzambi ivua mua kufila dianyisha anyi dibenga bu diandamuna ku lukonko lua kumanya malu atshilualua anyi tshia kuenza mu nsombelu kampanda.” (Le pays d’Ougarit autour de 1200 av.J.C.) Kadi bena Isalele buobu bavua ne bua kuepuka ngenzelu ya nunku.​—Dutelonome 18:9-14.

Mikenji ya Mose ivua ibenga patoke bua muntu kusangila ne nyama. (Lewitiki 18:23) Mmunyi muvua bena mu Ougarit bamona dilala ne nyama? Mu mifundu idibu bapete, badi bamba ne: Bâla uvua usangila ne ngombe uvua kayi muanji kulela. Mukebuludi wa bintu bia kale Cyrus Gordon wakumvuija ne: “Bu buobu mua kuamba ne: Bâla udi wangata tshimfuanyi tshia ngombe mulume bua disangila edi, katuena mua kuamba bia muomumue ne bakuidi bende bavua benzulula mianu ivua yakula bua Bâla.”

Bakelela bena Isalele mukenji ne: ‘Kanutapi mputa pambidi penu bua kujinga nayi bantu bafue.’ (Lewitiki 19:28) Kadi bua lufu lua Bâla, Ela “wakakosa dikoba diende ne kela, kuditapa mputa ne kapaya; wakakosa matama ne tshibanga.” Mbimueneke ne: batendeledi ba Bâla bavua ne tshilele tshia kuditapa mputa.​—1 Bakelenge 18:28.

Kasala kakuabu ka mu tshiena-Ougarit kadi kaleja ne: kulamba kana ka mbuji mu mabele kuvua tshitupa tshia mikiya ya lulelu anyi bufuka ivuabu batamba kuenza mu ntendelelu wa bena Kanana. Kadi mu Mikenji ya Mose, bavua bakandika bena Isalele bua: ‘kuipika muana wa mbuji ne mabele a mamuende.’​—Ekesode 23:19, MMM.

Difuanyikija mifundu ya mu Bible ne ya tshiena-Ougarit

Ku ntuadijilu bavua bakudimuna mifundu ya tshiena-Ougarit ku diambuluisha dia tshiena-Ebelu tshia mu Bible. Peter Craigie udi wamba ne: “Kudi miaku ya bungi idi mu mifundu ya tshiena-Ebelu idi ne diumvuija didi kadiyi ditoke ne imue misangu kadiyi dimanyike to; bakudimunyi ba kumpala kua bidimu bia 1900 bavua babuka diumvuija diayi mu mishindu kampanda. Kadi padi miaku imue imue ayi imueneka mu mifundu ya tshiena-Ougarit, badi mua kupeta diumvuija diayi.”

Tshilejilu, batu batamba kukudimuna muaku wa tshiena-Ebelu udi mu Yeshaya 3:18 ne: ‘bilulu [bia] ku mutu.’ Muaku wa muomumue mu tshiena-Ougarit udi wakula bua dîba ne nzambi-mukaji dîba. Nunku, bakaji ba mu Yelushalema badibu batela mu mulayi wa Yeshaya bavua mua kuikala badilengeje ne mindayi milembeleja mu shingu anyi ne ‘bintu bilengele [bileja dîba nansha ngondo]’ bua kutumbisha nzambi ya bena Kanana.

Mu Nsumuinu 26:23 mu mifundu ya ba-Masorete, badi bafuanyikija ‘mishiku idi ne mêyi a lubombo ne mutshima mubi’ ne ‘tshikanganya tshia tshiamu tshia argent tshilamika ku luesu lua dima.’ Muaku wa mu tshiena-Ougarit udi uleja ne: badi mua kukudimuna difuanyikija edi ne: “bu langi pa tshiyoyi.” Nkudimuinu wa Traduction du monde nouveau mmuandamune mvese eu bimpe ne: ‘Mishiku ya kapia ne mutshima mubi bidi bu langi mufita pa tshiyoyi.’

Nshindamenu wa Bible anyi?

Dikonkonona mifundu ya mu Ras Shamra ndifikishe bamue bakebuludi ba malu a mu Bible ku diamba ne: mvese mikuabu ya mu Bible mmitentuila mu tusala tua mu tshiena-Ougarit. André Caquot (muena mu Institut wa mu France) udi wakula bua “bilele bia bena Kanana bu shindamenu wa ntendelelu wa bena Isalele.”

Pa bidi bitangila Musambu 29, Mitchell Dahood wa mu Pontifical Biblical Institute wa mu Lomo udi umvuija ne: “Musambu eu nditentula dia batendeledi bena ba kale dia musambu wa kale wa bena Kanana uvuabu bimbila nzambi wa mvula Bâla . . . Mpindieu pabuipi ne miaku yonso idi mu musambu eu badi mua kuyipeta kabidi mu mifundu ya kale ya bena Kanana.” Bualu ebu mbulelela anyi? Nansha kakese!

Bakebuludi ba malu a Bible badi ne nkatshinkatshi badi bitaba ne: bakuabu bakebuludi badi banekesha mu dienza mafuanyikija aa. Muena malu a nzambi Garry Brantley udi wamba ne: “Kakuena mufundu nansha umue wa tshiena-Ougarit udi mufuanangane mu bionso ne Musambu 29. Kuamba ne: Musambu 29 (anyi mvese mukuabu kayi yonso wa mu Bible) mmutentuila mu mianu ya bampagano kakuena ne tshijadiki tshishindame to.”

Difuanangana mu ngakuilu ya mipinganyi, mu mêyi a tusala ne mu malu a mfundilu adiku tshijadiki tshia ditentula anyi? Tòo, difuananga dia mushindu eu divua anu ne bua kuikalaku. Mukanda mukuabu udi wamba ne: “Nansha muvuaku mashilangana manene pankatshi pa bena Ougarit ne bena Isalele bilondeshile miaba ivuabu ne a bikondo, bavua bonso mu tshitupa tshinene tshivua ne bilele bia mushindu umue bivua bienza bua se: bikala ne malu a mushindu umue mu tusala ne mu ntendelelu.” (The Encyclopedia of Religion) Nanku Garry Brantley udi ujikija wamba ne: “Ki mbiakane bua kubueja ku bukole malu a bampangano mu mifundu ya Bible anu bualu kudi difuanangana a mu ngakuilu to.”

Bua kujikija, tudi ne bua kumanya ne: difuanangana didi pankatshi pa mifundu ya mu Ras Shamra ne ya mu Bible didi anu dia mu mfundilu patupu, kadi ki ndia mu malu a mu nyuma to. Mukebuludi wa bintu bia kale Cyrus Gordon udi wamba ne: “Ngikadilu mulenga wa malu a tshitembu a mu nsombelu adi mu Bible kêna usanganyibua mu mifundu ya tshiena-Ougarit nansha.” Bushuwa, dishilangana ndinene kupita difuanangana.

Dilonga dia mifundu ya tshiena-Ougarit didi mua kuambuluisha balongi ba malu a mu Bible bua kumvua bilele, malu a kale ne a ntendelelu bia bafundi ba Bible ne bia tshisamba tshijima tshia bena Ebelu. Dikonkonona dia mu buondoke dia mifundu ya tshiena-Ougarit didi kabidi mua kufila butoke pa lumvu lua tshiena-Ebelu tshia kale. Kadi kupita bionso, bintu bidibu bapeta mu buloba mu Ougarit bidi bileja dishilangana dinene didi pankatshi pa ntendelelu mubi wa Bâla ne ntendelelu mulenga wa Yehowa.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Lungenyi lunene lua mu dibeji 25]

Bintu bidibu bapete mu Ougarit mbikoleshe lumvu luetu lua Bible

[Karte/​Bimfuanyi mu mabeji 24, 25]

(Bua kumona malu bimpe, tangila mu mukanda)

Bukalenge bua bena Hiti mu bidimu bia 1300 K.B.B.

MBUU MUNENE WA MÉDITERRANÉE

Efrate

MUKUNA WA CASIUS (DJEBEL EL-AGRA)

Ougarit (Ras Shamra)

Tell Soukas

Oronte

SYRIE

EJIPITU

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Kapingu ka Bâla ne dikopo dienza bu mutu wa nyama: Musée du Louvre, Paris; tshimfuanyi tshia dibalasa dia bukalenge: © D. Héron-Hugé pour “Le Monde de la Bible”

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 25]

Bishadila bia mushiku wa dibalasa

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 26]

Tusala tua mianu ya bena mu Ougarit tudi mua kufila diumvuija dia Ekesode 23:19

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Musée du Louvre, Paris

[Bimfuanyi mu dibeji 27]

Dibue dizola Bâla

Dilonga dia or didi dileja bulembi

Tshibuikidiji tshia kashete ka bintu bia didilengeja nabi kenza ne mibanga, kaleja nzambi mukaji wa lulelu

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Bimfuanyi bionso: Musée du Louvre, Paris