Kalandrié ka bena Yuda nkajalame anyi?

BILONDESHILE kalandrié ka bena Yuda, dinayi dia 16 Kabitende 1993, divua dituku dia difesto dinene dia Rosh Hashanah (ntuadijilu wa tshidimu). Pa tshibidilu shofar, anyi mpungi wa lusengu lua tshimpanga, wakedibua bua kumanyisha tshidimu tshipiatshipia. Tshivua tshidimu tshia 5754, (kalandrié ka bena Yuda) ne tshiakatuadija mu matuku 16 Kabitende 1993 bua kujikatshi mu dia 5 Kabitende 1994.

Katataka, tudi tumona dishilangana dia bidimu 3 760 pankatshi pa mbadilu wa bikondo wa bena Yuda ne eu wa bena ku Ouest, anyi kalandrié gregorien, kadibo batamba kutumikila lelu. Bua tshinyi dishilangana edi didiku? Ne kalandrié ka bena Yuda nkajalame anyi?

Kuasa ntuadijilu

Ndongoluelu kayi yonso wa mbadilu wa bikondo udi ne bua kuikala ne ntuadijilu wa pa buende anyi tshivulukilu. Tshilejilu, bukua-buena-nkristo budi bubala bikondo kutuadijila ku tshidimu tshivua mua kuikala Yezu muledibue. Matuku a kutuadija pinapu mmatedibua ne: a mu tshikondo tshia bena nkristo. Basombela baalondesha ne maleta A.D., mafumina ku Latin anno Domini, mbuena kuamba ne: “mu tshidimu tshia Mukalenge.” Matuku a kumpala kua tshikondo atshi adi afundibua ne maleta K.Y., “Kumpala kua Yezu.”a Bia muomumue, bena Chine badi babala pabo bidimu kutuadija mu 2698 K.B.B., ntuadijilu wa bukalenge bua muntu wa mu muanu Huang-Ti, Mfumu wa ampire wa Manyimanyi. Pa nanku, dituku dia 10 Luishi 1994, ke diakatuadija tshidimu tshia mienji tshia bena Chine tshia 4692. Kadi, mmunyi ne kalandrié ka bena Yuda?

The Jewish Encyclopedia udi wamba ne: “Ngenzelu wa mpindieu mu bena Yuda bua kufunda dituku didi dienzeka bualu, mbua kubadika bungi bua bidimu bidi bipita katshia ku difukibua dia buloba.” Ndongoluelu eu, mumanyike mu bena Yuda bu Tshikondo tshia difuka, wakangatshibua nunku munkatshi mua siekele wa tshitema B.B. Pa nanku, matuku mu kalandrié ka bena Yuda adi afundibua pa tshibidilu panyima pa maleta A.M. Mbua kuamba ne: anno mundi, diipidija dia ab creatione mundi, ne diumvuija ne: “kutuadija ku difukibua dia buloba.” Bu mutudi mu tshidimu A.M. 5754, bilondeshile ndongoluelu eu wa kubala bikondo, “difukibua dia buloba” ndimueneke bu dienzeke kukadi kupite bidimu 5 753. Tuanji kumona mudibo bashindika tshikondo atshi.

“Tshikondo tshia difuka”

Encyclopaedia Judaica (1971) udi umvuija nunku: “Mu makumi mashilashilangane menza kudi ba-rabbins, ‘Tshikondo tshia difuka’ tshiakabanga mu automne wa tshimue tshia ku bidimu munkatshi mua 3762 ne 3758 K.B.B. Nansha nanku, kutuadija mu siekele wa 12 B.B., bakatuadija kuitabuja ne ‘Tshikondo tshia difuka’ tshiakabanga mu 3761 K.B.B. (menemene mu dia 7 Kasuamansense tshidimu atshi). Makumi aa mmenzela pa diumvuangana dia malu malondolola a mu Bible ne makumi menzela pa mifundu ya bena Yuda ya panyima pa Bible.”

Mbadilu wa matuku kubangila ku “difuka dia buloba” mmuashila nangananga pa ngumvuilu wa malu a mu Bible wa ba-rabbins. Bu mudi ditabuja diabo dikale se: buloba ne bintu bionso bidimu biakafukibua mu matuku asambombo a mêba 24, balongeshi ba bena Yuda ne aba ba bukua-buena-nkristo, mbafike ku diamba ne: difuka dia muntu wa kumpala, Adama, diakenzeka tshidimu tshimue ne difuka dia buloba. Kadi nansha munyi, bidi kule ne bulelela.

Nshapita wa kumpala wa Genese udi utuadija nunku: “Kale ku tshibangidilu Nzambi wakafuka diulu ne buloba.” Pashishe udi utungunuka kuleja tshiakenza Nzambi mu “matuku” asambombo malondangane bua kuakaja buloba “buvua kabuyi busunguluka, buvua butuhu” bua kuluabo tshisombedi tshilenga bua bantu. (Genese 1:1, 2) Miliyo ya bidimu ivua mua kuikala mipite munkatshi mua bitshia bibidi ebi. Kupite apu, matuku a difuka kaavua a mêba 24 nansha, bienza bu midimu ya Mufuki mikala ishikila ne mutantshi wa dîba. Bua se “dituku” mu ngumvuilu eu dikale dipita mêba 24 mbileja kudi Genese 2:4, udi wamba bua bitshia bionso bia difuka bu “dituku” dimue. Binunu bia bidimu biakapita pankatshi pa dituku dia kumpala dia difuka ne disambombo, pakalua Adama kufukibua. Kuteka difuka dia Adama pamue ne tshikondo tshiakafukibua diulu ne buloba kabiena bilondangana ne Mifundu anyi ne sianse. Kadi, mushindu kayi wakafikabo ku dishindika ne: “Tshikondo tshia difuka” tshiakatuadija mu 3761 K.B.B.?

Tshishimikidi bua kulondolola bidimu

Diakabi, mifundu mivule ya bena Yuda pavua makumi atudi tuamba aa mashila, kayenaku kabidi. Tshidi tshishalaku mpindieu, ng’amu mukanda umue wa kulondolola udi ubikidibue ne: Seder ‘Olam (Bulongame bua Buloba). Wakafundibua kudi mushikuluji wa Talmud Yose ben Halafta, wa mu siekele muibidi B.B. Mukanda eu (wakabikidibua pashishe ne: Seder ‘Olam Rabbah bua kuusunguluja ne mukuabo mufunda mu Moyen-Age ne tshiena-bualu: Seder ‘Olam Zuta) udi ufila malu malondolola kutuadija ku Adama too ne ku ditomboka dia bena Yuda ku bukokeshi bua Rome mu siekele muibidi B.B., ku bulombodi bua Masiya wa mafi Bar Kokhba. Mmunyi muvua mufundi mupeta malu adiye mufunda aa?

Pavua Yose ben Halafta uditatshisha bua kulonda malu malonda mu Bible, wakasakidila yende ngumvuilu pa miaba ivua kayiyi mitoke pa kutangila matuku. “Miaba mivule, . . . wakafila matuku bilondeshila bilele, ne kusakidila kabidi malongesha ne Halakhot [bilele] bia ba-rabbins ba tshikondo tshishale ne bia aba ba mu tshikondo tshiende,” ke mudi The Jewish Encyclopedia wamba. Makuabo malu adi ne mushinga mukese. The Book of Jewish Knowledge [Mukanda wa Dimanya wa bena Yuda] udi wamba ne: “Wakabala bidimu kutuadija ku Tshikondo tshia difuka ne, bu muvuaye musue, wakafila matuku a mashimi ku malu mashilashilangane a bena Yuda avuabo bamba se: akapita kutuadija ku Adama, muntu wa kumpala, too ne ku Alexandre Munene.” Kadi mmunyi muvua malu masakidila aa ne ngumvuilu eyi bilua kunyanga buakane ne buinenke bua kulondolola kua bena Yuda? Tuanjibi kumona.

Bibidilu bia kale ne ngumvuilu

Bilondeshile bibidilu bia kale bia ba-rabbins, Yose ben Halafta wakatshintshika ne: ntempelo muibidi mu Yeruzaleme wakanenga bidimu 420. Ebi mbishindikila pa ngumvuilu wa ba-rabbins wa mêyi a tshiprofete a Daniele a “mbingu makumi muanda mutekete,” anyi bidimu 490. (Danyele 9:24) Mutantshi eu, mmbungi bua matuku akapita pankatshi pa dibutuka dia ntempelo wa kumpala ne dibutuka dia ntempelo muibidi. Pa kumbusha bidimu 70 bia bupika ku Babilone, Yose ben Halafta wakafika ku diamba ne: ntempelo muibidi wakanenga bidimu 420.

Kadi, diumvuija edi didi dijula muanda munene. Tshidimu tshia dikuluka dia Babilone (539 K.B.B.) ne etshi tshia dibutula dia ntempelo muibidi (70 B.B.) mbimanyike bu matuku majalame a mu malu a bantu. Bua bualu ebu, ntempelo muibidi uvua mua kuikala munenga bidimu, ki 420 to, kadi 606. Pikalabo babala amu bidimu 420 bua tshikondo etshi, kulondolola kua malu kua bena Yuda kudi kupanga kubala bidimu 186.

Mêyi a tshiprofete a Daniele kaena atangila mutantshi uvua ntempelo ne bua kunenga mu Yeruzaleme to. Kadi, avua madianjila kuamba tshikondo tshivua Masiya ne bua kumueneke. Mêyi a tshiprofete akaleja patoke ne: “diba diakahatuka mukenji ne, bahingashe bantu mu Yelushalema ne base musoko tshiakabidi, tô ne ku difika dia [Masiya, NW], mukokeshi mene, mbingu muanda mutekete neyihite. Hashishe, . . . mbingu makumi asambombo ne ibidi.” (Danyele 9:25, 26) Nansha muvua diibaka dia ntempelo dituadija mu tshidimu tshiibidi tshia dipinga dia bena Yuda bafuma ku tshimuangi (536 K.B.B.), “mukenji” wa diibaka tshiakabidi musoko wa Yerusaleme kawakapatuka amu pakafika “tshidimu tshia makumi abidi tshia . . . mukelenge Atashasete.” (Nehemiya 2:1-8) Mu malu a kale, mbajadike bua se tshidimu atshi tshivua 455 K.B.B. Kubala “mbingu” 69 kubangila apo, anyi bidimu 483, kudi kutufikisha mu 29 B.B. Ke tshikondo tshimuenekela Masiya, pa batismo wa Yezu.b

Bualu bukuabu bua mu diumvuija dia ba-rabbins budi bufikisha ku dishilangana mu kulondolola kua malu kua bena Yuda nkufumina ku tshikondo tshia diledibua dia Abrahame. Ba-rabbins bakasangisha bidimu bia bikondo bilondangane bu mudibio bifunda mu Genese 11:10-26 ne kubalabo bidimu 292 kutuadija ku tshikondo tshia Mvula wa kabutu too ne ku diledibua dia Abrahame (Abrame). Kadi, ditupakana ndifumina ku diumvuija diabo dia mvese wa 26, udi wamba ne: “Tela wakashala ne muoyo bidimu makumi muanda mutekete, wakalela Abalama ne Nahô ne Halana.” Bua bualu ebu, bena Yuda badi bamba ne: Tela uvua ne bidimu 70 pakaledibua Abrahame. Kadi, mvesa kena wamba menemene bua se: Tela wakalela Abrahame pavuaye ne bidimu 70 to. Pa mutu pa nanku, udi usua kuamba ne: wakalela bana basatu pakavuaye ne bidimu 70.

Bua kupeta bidimu biakane bia Tela ku diledibua dia Abrahame, tudi mua kubala amu budi bulonda mu Bible. Mu Genese 11:32–12:4, tudi tulonga ne: panyima pa lufu lua Tela ne bidimu 205, Abrahame ne diku diende bakashilangana ne Halana ku dîyi dia Yehowa. Tshikondo atshi, Abrahame uvua ne bidimu 75. Pa nanku, Abrahame uvua mua kuikala muledibua pavua Tela ne bidimu, ki 70 to, kadi 130. Nunku, tshikondo tshia kutuadija ku Mvula munene too ne ku diledibua dia Abrahame tshivua tshia bidimu 352, ki 292 nansha. Apa kulondolola kua bena Yuda nkutupakana ne bidimu 60.

Tshishadila tshia ku malu a Nzambi

Ntupakanyi ne mashilangana a mushindu eu mu Seder ‘Olam Rabbah ne mikanda mikuabo ya dilondolola ya bena Yuda mmijula ntatu mivule ne mpata kayiyi kumana munkatshi mua bashikuluji bena Yuda. Nansha muakatetabo mua kufila diumvuangana dia kulondolola eku ne malu mamanyike a kale, kabena bafike ku dilubuluka dijime to. Bua tshinyi? “Kipatshila kabo kavua nangananga ka malu a Nzambi, kupita malu a sianse,” ke mudi Encyclopaedia Judaica wamba. “Bilele bia bankambua bivua ne bua kushindikibua nansha munyi, nangananga kumpala kua bavua batapuluke kudibo.” Pamutu pa kujikija dikodiakane dia malu difumina ku bilele biabo, banga bashikuluji bena Yuda bakateta mua kubipisha malu a mu Bible. Bakuabo bakakeba kupeta nshindamenu mu mianu ne bilele bia bena Babilone, bena Ejipitu, ne ba-Hindu.

Pa nanku, bashikuluji ba malu a kale kabena bangata kabidi “Tshikondo tshia difuka” bu tshimanyinu tshilelele bua mudimu wa dilondolola. Bashikuluji bakese ba bena Yuda badi benza muabo muonso bua kushindika bualu ebu, ne nansha mikanda ya bukenji bu mudi The Jewish Encyclopedia ne Encyclopaedia Judaica kayena itambe kuangata muanda eu mu buakane. Pa nanku, mushindu wa bena Yuda udibo babadila bidimu kutuadija ku difuka dia buloba kawena mua kuangatshibua bu mujalame pa kutangila dilondolola dia malu dia Bible, didi kalandrié ka tshiprofete ka Yehowa Nzambi.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]