Mikanu ya bintu bia nikleere: Yajiki anyi?

“DITALALA pa buloba didi dimueneka bu didi mua kubuela mpindieu kupita muvuabi tshikondo kayi tshionso katshia Mvita Mibidi ya buloba bujima yabudika.” Miaku eyi ya didikankamija nayi idi ya kamona-kamba kampanda, ku ndekelu kua bidimu bia 1980 mmishindamene pa bualu bua se: diumvuangana bua kubutula bingoma bivule ne mashintuluka a mu tshimpitshimpi a malu a tshididi, ndekelu wa bionso, biajikiji mvita ya mu mufintshifintshi. Kadi mikanu ya bingoma bia nikleere, ivua nayi matunga matambe bukole avua atembangana mmijike payi anyi? Ditalala ne dikubibua bia musangu mule bidi mua kubuela mu katupa kîpi emu anyi?

Njiwu ya divulangana dia bingoma bia nikleere

Munkatshi mua mvita ya mu mufintshifintshi, eku bikale ne dieyemena dia se: bua kukuba ditalala bidi bikengela diakanangana dia bukole bua matunga, matunga matambe bukole akanyisha dilubuluka mu dimanya kuenza bingoma bia nikleere bua bipatshila bia ditalala kadi akumvuangana bua kukepesha bungi bua matunga menji a bingoma bia nikleere. Mu 1970, mukanda wa tshiovo tshia dikandika divulangana dia bingoma bia nikleere wakenjibua, ku shòò, matunga 140 akatua biala ku mukanda awu. Kadi, matunga makuabo adi ne bukokeshi bua kuenza bingoma bia nikleere, bu mudi Argentine, Brésil, Inde ne Israël, akabenga kutuaku biala too ne ku lelu’eu.

Kadi, mu 1985, ditunga dikuabo didi ne bukokeshi bua kuenza bingoma ebi: Corée wa ku Nord, diakatua padi biala. Nunku, pakamanyishadi dipatuka diadi mu tshiovo etshi mu dia 12 Luabanya 1993, bushuwa buloba bujima buakapampakana. Tshikandakanda tshia Der Spiegel ku Allemagne tshiakamba ne: “Didipatula mu tshiovo tshia dibenga divulangana dia bingoma bia nikleere didi difila tshilejilu: lelu’eu kudi mikanu ya ditembangana bua bingoma bia nikleere, bituadijile ku Azi, idi pamu’apa mua kuvua ya njiwu minene mipite ne ivuaku mu tshikondo tshivua matunga matambe bukole atembangana bua bombe.”

Bu mudi kansungasunga kikale kalelesha matunga mapiamapia ne lukasa lukuate buôwa, pamu’apa bungi bua makole menji a bingoma bia nikleere nebuvule. (Tangila kazubu.) Kamona-kamba Charles Krauthammer udi udimuija ne: “Dijika dia mikanu ya U.R.S.S. wa kale kadiena diumvuija dijika dia njiwu ya bingoma bia nikleere to. Njiwu milelela idiku ndivulangana dia matunga menji a bingoma bia nikleere, ne divulangana edi ndimane kutuadija.”

Bombe ya disumbisha

Matunga adi adiamba mudiwu makole menji a bingoma bia nikleere adi ne dijinga dinekesha dia kuambikibua lumu ne bukokeshi budi bingoma ebi bipetesha. Anu bu mudibu bamba, ditunga kampanda, ndisumbe bombe ya nikleere mipite pa ibidi kudi ditunga dia Kazakhstan. Mbulamatadi wa ditunga edi dia U.R.S.S. wa kale udi wamba ne: bombe eyi “mmijimine.”

Mu Kasuamansense 1992 balume bavule bakakuatshibua ku Frankfurt, ku Allemagne, ne grame 200 ya césium ya nkênke mikole mishipianganyi, mikumbanyine bua kulunga mâyi wonso a tshimenga tshijima. Lubingu lumue ku shòò, basumbishi muanda-mutekete bakakuatshibua ne kilo 2,2 ya uranium ku Munich. Disokolola dia bisumbu bibidi bia basumbishi ba bintu bia nikleere munkatshi mua mbingu ibidi patupu, diakakemesha balombodi ba bimenga abi, bualu anu bisumbu bitanu ke bivua bimanyike pa buloba bujima munkatshi mua tshidimu tshishale tshijima.

Katuena bamanye né bantu aba badi basumbisha kudi bisumbu bia bantomboji anyi kudi mbulamatadi ya matunga. Kadi, buntomboji buenza ne bingoma bia nikleere budi buenda buvula. Doktere David Lowry muena mudimu mu nzubu wa dikeba mamanyisha adi atangila divulangana dia bingoma bia nikleere ku Mputu udi umvuija njiwu idiku: “Tshionso tshidi ntomboji ne bua kuenza nkutumina mfumu kampanda muenda lumu ndambu wa uranium mukole bua kuteta, wamba ne: tudi nende muvule ne tshilejilu ntshiotshi atshi. Mbifuanangane ne ntomboji udi utuma ditshi dikosa dia muntu mukuata bu lukole.”

“Bombe yatayika ku shòò” ne “bikebeshi bia lufu” kabiyi bua mvita

Ku ntuadijilu kua 1992, bakatumika ne reaktere nikleere 420 kabiyi bua mvita bua kupeta nzembu; mikuabo 76 ivua yenda yenjibua. Kadi mu kupita kua bidimu, njiwu ya reaktere nikleere yakafikisha ku divulangana dia masama, ditula mafu, ne dia bilema bia ku diledibua. Tshikandakanda kampanda tshidi tshiamba ne: mu 1967 njiwu yakenzeka mu tshiapu tshia plutonium mu U.R.S.S. yakakebesha dipatuka dia nkênke mishipianganyi ivua misangu isatu mipita ya njiwu ya ku Chernobyl.

Eyowa, njiwu eyi ya ku shòò ya ku Chernobyl, ku Ukraine, mu Tshisanga 1986 ke yakakoka ntema ne yakamanyishibua bikole mu bikandakanda ne ku tudiomba. Grigori Medwedew, uvua enjenyere munene ne tshindondi tshia mulombodi wa tshiapu tshia Chernobyl mu bidimu bia 1970, udi umvuija ne: “nkênke mishipianganyi mivulavulayi ya musangu mule” idi mu kapepa “mmifuanangane ne bombe dikumi ya Hiroshima pa kutangila bipeta bibi biafuminaku.”

Mu mukanda wende wa Tschernobylskaja chronika, Medwedew udi utela njiwu minene 11 ya reaktere nikleere yakenzeka mu U.R.S.S. wa kale pankatshikatshi pa bidimu bia 1980 ne mikuabo 12 ku Etats-Unis. Munkatshi mua eyi ya ku shòò mudi njiwu mikuate buôwa ya mu 1979 ku Three Mile Island. Bua muanda awu Medwedew udi wamba ne: “Yivua njiwu ya kumpala yakanyangakaja lumu lua nzembu ya biapu bia nikleere ne yakajimijija dieyemena divua mu lungenyi lua bavule bua biapu bia nzembu ya nikleere​—kadi ki nkudi bantu buonso nansha”

Ebi bidi biumvuija bua tshinyi njiwu itshidi anu yenzeka. Mu 1992 yakavula misangu mitue ku 20 pa lukama ku Russie. Kunyima kua yimue ya ku njiwu eyi, mu ngondo wa Luabanya wa tshine tshidimu atshi, ku tshiapu tshia nzembu ya nikleere tshia Sosnovy Bore ku St. Petersburg, ku Russie, nkênke mishipianganyi yakavula misangu 50 pa lukama ku nord-est wa Angleterre ne yakapita bungi buanyisha misangu ibidi ku Estonie ne ku sud wa Finlande. Mulongeshi John Urquhart wa ku Université wa Newcastle udi utonda ne: “Tshiena mua kujadika ne: Sosnovy Bore ke uvua uvudija nkênke mishipianganyi ayi to​—kadi bikalabi kabivua Sosnovy Bore, ntshinyi tshikuabo kabidi?”

Bashikuluji bakuabo badi bamba ne: reaktere mienza bu ya Chernobyl idi ne bilema ne idi ne njiwu minene padiyi itumika. Kadi, reaktere mipite pa dikumi ne ibidi ya kudiyi batshidi anu batumika nayi bua kukumbaja malomba mavule a nzembu. Bakuabo bena mudimu wa kuendesha reaktere ayi mbabafunde ne: badi bumbusha biamu bidi bipumbisha dipatuka dia nkênke mishipianganyi bua kuvudija bukole bua nzembu. Ngumu ya mushindu’eu idi ifuisha matunga bu mudi France buôwa, bualu udi utumika ne biapu bia nikleere bua kupatulabi bia pa lukama 70 bia nzembu yende. Bu kuoku mua kuenzeka mikuabo njiwu bu ya “Chernobyl,” biapu bivule ku France bidi ne bua kukangibua kashidi.

Nansha reaktere idi imueneka ne mêsu bu “mimpe” itu ivua mibi padiyi ikulakaja. Ku ntuadijilu kua 1993, dîba dia dikontolola dia pa tshibidilu, bakasangana mitanta mipite pa lukama mu nshibashiba ya étain ya reaktere ku Brunsbüttel, umue wa ku reaktere ya kale ya ditunga dia Allemagne. Mitanta ya muomumue bakayisangana ku France ne ku Suisse. Njiwu minene ya kumpala mu tshiapu tshia nikleere tshia ku Japon yakenzeka mu 1991, pamu’apa dikulakaja diatshi ke diakakebesha njiwu ayi. Ebi bidi bileja ne: njiwu ya muomumue idi mua kuenzeka ku Etats-Unis, kudi reaktere ibidi pa isatu mimane kupitshisha bidimu dikumi.

Njiwu ya reaktere nikleere idi mua kuenzeka muaba kayi wonso ne tshikondo kayi tshionso. Padiku reaktere nikleere mivule, mikanu idi ivula; padiyi mimane kukulakaja njiwu idi minenanenayi. Bua kabingila aka, tshikandakanda kampanda tshidi tshiyinyika dîna dia bombe yatayika ku shòò ne bu bipatudi bia nkênke mikebeshi ya lufu.

Nkunyi kudibu ne bua kuimansha bukoya bua biapu bia nikleere?

Bantu bakakema pa kusangana matuku etu aa muaba wa kujikijila lutetuku udi ku muelelu wa musulu ku mikuna ya ku France muinjila kudi lupangu ne mulama kudi bampulushi. Tshikandakanda tshia The European tshiakamba ne: “Dikontolola dia pa tshibidilu diakabatuminabo dîyi bua kuenza kunyima kua lufu lua mukaji wa muaba awu lukebesha kudi lulengu lua beryllium ngondo ibidi mishale, diakasokolola ne: nkênke mishipianganyi pa muaba eu wa kujikijila lutetuku ivua misangu lukama mipite ivua tshitupa tshionso tshivua pabuipi nawu.”

Beryllium, ntshiamu tshidi tshitambe kupepela tshidi tshienjibua mishindu kabukabu, tshidi tshiambuluisha mu biapu bia ndeka ne paditshi tshimane kuanyikibua ku nkênke mishipianganyi tshidi tshiambuluisha mu biapu bia nikleere bipatudi bia nzembu. Kakuyi mpata, tshiapu kampanda tshienji tshia beryllium tshiakimansha bukoya budi bufumina ku mudimu wa dimuanyika ku nkênke mishipianganyi pa muaba eu wa kujikijila lutetuku anyi pabuipi apu. “Tutupa tutambe bukese tua Beryllium, nansha paditu katuyi tuanyika ku nkênke mishipianganyi,” ke mudi tshikandakanda tshia The European tshiamba, “mbumue bua ku makoya a ku biapu adi matambe kumanyika bu adi ne lulengu.”

Apo, bilaminu 17 000 bia bukoya budi ne nkênke mishipianganyi biakimanshibua munkatshi mua tshikondo tshipite pa bidimu 30 mu mâyi kumbukila ku muelelu wa Novaya Zemlya, muaba uvua wambuluisha bena U.R.S.S. wa kale bu wa ditetshila bingoma bia nikleere mu bidimu bia 1950. Kupita apu, bitupa bia mazuwa a mvita a nikleere a muinshi mua mâyi bidi ne nkênke mishipianganyi ne bitupa bia reaktere mipite pa 12 biakimanshibua mu mâyi akumvuanganabu bu diala dia bukoya ebu.

Nansha bia munyi, dinyanguka dia kapepa dikebesha kudi bintu bia nikleere didi ne njiwu. Pa bidi bitangila mazuwa a mvita a muinshi mua mâyi akadiina ku muelelu wa ditunga dia Norvège mu 1989, tshikandakanda tshia Time tshiakadimuija ne: “Tshibalakata tshiawu tshikadi tshipatula césium-137, mukebeshi wa disama dia kansere. Too ne ku lelu’eu dipatuka edi badi badiangata bu ditambe bukese bua kujiwula muoyo wa bifukibua bia mu mâyi ne wa bantu. Kadi mazuwa a mvita a muinshi mua mâyi a Komsomolets akambula pawu bombe ya nikleere ibidi ivua ne kilo 13 ya plutonium udi mua kunenga bua tshia bibidi tshia muoyo wende bidimu 24 000 ne udi ne lulengu lukole ludi nansha katupa katambe bukese kende mua kushipa muntu. Bashikuluji ba ku Russie bakadimuija ne: plutonium udi mua kumuangalaka mu mâyi ne kulunga bitupa binene bia mbuu ku ntuadijilu kua 1994.”

Eyowa, diunguija dia bukoya budi ne nkênke mishipianganyi ki mbualu budi butangila anu ditunga dia France ne dia Russie to. Ditunga dia Etats-Unis didi ne “mishiki mivule ya bukoya budi ne nkênke mishipianganyi ne kadiena ne muaba musunguluke wa kubulamina,” ke mudi tshikandakanda tshia Time tshiamba. Tshidi tshiamba kabidi ne: miliyo ne miliyo ya mbungulu minene ya bukoya budi ne njiwu ya lufu mbayilame kuine aku bua katupa kîpi, kadi dîba dionso kudi “njiwu ya dijimina, dibiibua ne dinyanga kapepa didi difumina ku ditumika nabu dibi.”

Bua kufila tshilejilu tshia njiwu eyi, tshilaminu tshia bukoya bua bintu bia nikleere ku tshiapu tshia kale tshienji tshia bingoma ku Tomsk, Sibérie, tshiakatayika mu Tshisanga 1993, kujula buôwa mu mitu ya bantu anu bu Chernobyl muibidi.

Bushuwa, mbila kayi yonso ya ditalala ne dikubibua miashila pa tshidibu bangata bu ndekelu wa mikanu ya bingoma bia nikleere kayena ne nshindamenu muimpe nansha. Kadi ditalala ne dikubibua bikadi pabuipi. Mmunyi mutudi babimanye?

[Kazubu mu dibeji 4]

MATUNGA MENJI A BINGOMA BIA NIKLEERE

Adi 12 ne bungi buawu budi buenda buvula

MATUNGA ADIBU BATELA BU MAKOLE anyi MAKOLE MINE: Belarus, Grande Bretagne, Chine, France, Inde, Israël, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russie, Afrike wa ku Sud, Ukraine, Etats-Unis

MATUNGA ADI NE BUKOKESHI BUA KUVUA MAKOLE: Algerie, Argentine, Brésil, Iran, Irake, Libye, Corée wa ku Nord, Corée wa ku Sud, Syrie, Taiwan

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 5]

Nansha ditumika kabiyi bua mvita ne nzembu ya biapu bia nikleere didi mua kuikala ne njiwu

[Mêyi a dianyisha]

Tshimfuanyi: U.S. National Archives photo

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 2]

Tshizubu: Stockman/​International Stock

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 3]

U.S. National Archives photo