Mikenji ya mukana​—Bua tshinyi bakayifunda?

BUA tshinyi bena Yuda ba bungi ba mu siekele wa kumpala kabakitaba Yezu bu Masiya? Mumonyi kampanda udi uleja ne: ‘Pakabuela Yezu mu ntempelo, bakuidi banene ba Nzambi ne bakulu ba bantu bakalua kudiye, pakadiye uyisha bantu, bakamukonka ne: Wewe udi wenza malu aa ne bukokeshi kayi? Wakukupa bukokeshi ebu nnganyi?’ (Matayo 21:23) Buabu buobu, Wa-Bukole-Buonso uvua mupeshe tshisamba tshia bena Yuda Torah (Mikenji), ne Torah eu uvua upesha bamue bantu bukokeshi bua kudi Nzambi. Yezu uvua ne bukokeshi bua nunku anyi?

Yezu wakaleja kanemu ka bungi menemene bua Torah ne bua aba bavua Torah upesha bukokeshi bua bushuwa. (Matayo 5:17-20; Luka 5:14; 17:14) Kadi misangu ne misangu uvua upisha patoke bantu bavua basambuka mêyi a Nzambi. (Matayo 15:3-9; 23:2-28) Bantu aba bavua balonda bilele bia bankambua biakalua kumanyika bu mikenji ya mukana. Yezu wakapidia bukokeshi buayi. Nanku bantu ba bungi kabakamuitaba bu Masiya nansha. Bavua bela meji ne: anu muntu udi witaba bilele bia aba bavua ne bukokeshi munkatshi muabu ke uvua Nzambi mua kukuatshisha.

Mikenji eyi ya mukana yakafumina kuepi? Mmunyi muakafika bena Yuda ku diyangata bu idi ne bukokeshi bua muomumue ne bua Mikenji mifunda mu Mifundu? Ne bikalayi ivua ne bua kuikala anu mêyi a mukana, bua tshinyi ndekelu wa bionso bakayifunda?

Bilele ne mêyi a kunemeka biakafumina kuepi?

Bena Izalele bakadia tshipungidi ne Yehowa Nzambi ku Mukuna wa Sinai mu 1513 K.B.B. Ku butuangaji bua Mose, bena Yuda bakapeta mêyi a tshipungidi atshi. (Ekesode 24:3) Kulonda mikandu eyi kuvua mua kubapesha mushindu wa ‘kuikala bantu ba tshijila bualu Yehowa Nzambi wabu uvua wa tshijila.’ (Lewitiki 11:44) Mu tshipungidi tshia Mikenji, ntendelelu wa Yehowa uvua ulomba difila milambu kudi bakuidi basungula. Kuvua ne bua kuikala muaba munene wa ntendelelu​—ntempelo wa mu Yelushalema ke wakalua muaba wa mushindu’eu kunyima.​—Dutelonome 12:5-7; 2 Kulondolola 6:4-6.

Mikenji ya Mose ivua ileja mushindu uvua tshisamba tshia Izalele ne bua kutendelela Yehowa mu kabujima. Kadi tumue tunungu katuvua tuamba mu mushindu musulakaja to. Tshilejilu, Mikenji ivua ikandika dienza mudimu dituku dia Nsabatu, kadi kayivua ileja dishilangana dia patoke pankatshi pa mudimu ne tudimudimu tukuabu nansha.​—Ekesode 20:10.

Bikala Yehowa uvua mumone bikumbane bua kuenza nenku, uvua mua kuikala mufile mikandu mivule ivua ilenga bualu buonso buvua mua kuluila muntu mu lungenyi. Kadi uvua mufuke bantu ne kuondo ka muoyo, ne wakabanyishila bua kupangadika bua kumuenzela mudimu ne ndambu wa nkatshinkatshi munda mua mikalu ya mêyi ende. Mikenji ivua yanyisha bua bakuidi, bena Lewi ne banzuji kukosabu bilumbu. (Dutelonome 17:8-11) Pavua bilumbu bivula, bavua bajadika amue mapangadika a kueyemena, ne kakuyi mpata amue a kudiwu akatungunuka ku tshipungu ne ku tshipungu. Batatu bavua kabidi bumvuija bana mishindu ivuabu benza midimu ya buakuidi mu ntempelo wa Yehowa. Bilele ne mêyi a kunemeka bivua bienda bivula mu tshisamba etshi mu bungi bua bidimu.

Kadi Mikenji mifunda ivuabu bapeshe Mose ke yakashala tshitupa tshia mushinga mukole tshia ntendelelu wa Izalele. Ekesode 24:3, 4 udi wamba ne: ‘Mose wakalua, wakamanyisha bantu mêyi onso akamba Yehowa, ne mikenji yende yonso; ne bantu bonso bakitaba dîyi dimue ne: Mêyi onso akutuambila Yehowa netuênze. Mose wakafunda mêyi onso a Yehowa mu mukanda.’ (Disendamija miaku ndietu.) Nzambi wakenza tshipungidi ne bena Izalele mu diumvuangana ne mêyi mafunda aa. (Ekesode 34:27) Bushuwa, muaba nansha umue Mifundu kayena yakula bua mikenji ya mukana.

‘Wakukupa bukokeshi ebu nnganyi?’

Bushuwa Mikenji ya Mose yakashiya bukokeshi buvule bua malu a ntendelelu ne a dilongesha mu bianza bia bakuidi, ndelanganyi ya Alona. (Lewitiki 10:8-11; Dutelonome 24:8; 2 Kulondolola 26:16-20; Malaki 2:7) Kadi mu siekele mivule, bamue bakuidi bakapanga lulamatu ne kunyangukabu. (1 Samuele 2:12-17, 22-29; Yelemiya 5:31; Malaki 2:8, 9) Mu tshikondo tshia bukokeshi bua bena Greke, bakuidi ba bungi bakapanga kulamata malu a tshitendelelu tshiabu. Mu siekele muibidi K.B.B., Bafarizeyi​—tshisumbu tshipiatshipia tshivua katshiyi tshieyemena buakuidi mu Buena-Yuda—​bakatuadija kujadika bilele bivua mua kuambuluisha muntu yonso wa tshianana bua kudiangata bu munsantu anu bu muakuidi. Bilele ebi biakasankisha bantu ba bungi, kadi bivua malu masakidila ku Mikenji avua kaayi manyishibue nansha.​—Dutelonome 4:2; 12:32 (13:1 mu nkudimuinu ya bena Yuda).

Bafarizeyi bakalua bashikuluji bapiabapia ba Mikenji, benza mudimu uvuabu bela meji ne: bakuidi kabavua benza. Bu muvua Mikenji ya Mose kayiyi itaba bukokeshi buabu, bakapatula mishindu mipiamipia ya diumvuija Mifundu ku diambuluisha dia ngenyi mibubika ne mishindu mikuabu ivua imueneka ibingisha mmuenenu yabu.a Bu muvuabu bakubi banene ne bapatudi ba bilele ebi, bakenza nshindamenu mupiamupia wa bukokeshi mu Izalele. Mu siekele wa kumpala B.B., Bafarizeyi bakavua balue tshisumbu tshikole mu Buena-Yuda.

Pakasangishabu bilele ne mêyi a mukana avuaku ne kukebabu diumvuija dia mu Mifundu bua kujadika biabu bilele, Bafarizeyi bakamona se: bivua bikengela kupesha mudimu wabu bukokeshi bua bungi. Kuakapatuka lungenyi lupialupia bua kuvua bilele ebi ne mêyi bifumine. Ba-rabbi bakatuadija kulongesha ne: “Mose wakangata Torah ku Sinai ne kumufilaye kudi Yoshua, Yoshua kudi bakulu, ne bakulu kudi baprofete. Ne baprofete bakamufila kudi bantu ba mu tshisumbu tshinene.”​—Avot 1:1, Mishnah.

Mu diamba ne: “Mose wakangata Torah,” ba-rabbi bavua bakula ki ng’anu bua mikenji mifunda to, kadi bua bilele ne mêyi abu onso a mukana. Bavua bamba ne: Nzambi uvua mupeshe Mose bilele ebi ku Sinai​—pabi bivua bilungakaja ne bienza kudi bantu. Ne bavua balongesha ne: Nzambi kavua muanyishile bantu bua kumvuijabu malu avua mu Torah nansha, kadi uvua mumvuije mukana malu avua Mikenji mifunda kayiyi miambe. Buabu buobu, Mose wakafila mikenji eyi ya mukana mu bipungu ne bipungu bia bantu, ki nkudi bakuidi nansha, kadi nkudi bamfumu bakuabu. Bafarizeyi bine bavua bamba muvuabu bapianyi balelela ba bukokeshi “budi kabuyi bukoseka.”

Mikenji idi mu njiwu​—Lungenyi lupialupia

Yezu, uvua ne bukokeshi bumupesha kudi Nzambi buvuabu batontolola kudi bamfumu ba bitendelelu bena Yuda, uvua mudianjile kumanyisha kabutu ka ntempelo. (Matayo 23:37–24:2) Panyima pa bena Roma bamane kubutula ntempelo mu 70 B.B., kabavua kabidi mua kukumbaja malu-malomba a Mikenji ya Mose avua atangila milambu ne mudimu wa buakuidi nansha. Nzambi ukavua mujadike tshipungidi tshipiatshipia ku diambuluisha dia mulambu wa tshia-bupikudi wa Yezu. (Luka 22:20) Tshipungidi tshia Mikenji ya Mose tshikavua tshitue ku ndekelu.​—Ebelu 8:7-13.

Pamutu pa kumona malu aa bu tshijadiki tshia se: Yezu uvua Masiya, Bafarizeyi bakapeta diandamuna dikuabu. Bakavua bamane kudiangatshila bukokeshi buvule bua bakuidi. Ne bu mukavua ntempelo mubutula, bakela tshidia tshikuabu batangile kumpala. Tshilongelu tshia ba-rabbi tshia mu musoko wa Yavneh tshiakalua nsangilu wa kabadi ka Sanhedrin kenzulula​—kabadi kanene ka bena Yuda. Ku bulombodi bua Yohanan ben Zakkai ne Gamaliele II mu Yavneh, bakashintulula malu onso nkong a mu Buena-Yuda. Midimu ya mu nsunagoga milombola kudi ba-rabbi yakapingana pa muaba wa ntendelelu wa mu ntempelo mutangila kudi bakuidi. Masambila, nangananga a Dituku dia Dibuikidila, akapingana pa muaba wa milambu. Bafarizeyi bavua bela meji ne: mikenji ya mukana mipesha Mose ku Sinai ikavua mimone ne milongolole bualu ebu.

Lumu lua bilongelu bia ba-rabbi luakavula bikole. Malongesha abu manene avua a dielangana mpata dikole, dikuata malu ku muoyo ne ditumikila mikenji ya mukana. Kumpala, nshindamenu wa mikenji ya mukana uvua diumvuija dia Mifundu dibikila ne: Midrash. Mpindieu, bakatuadija kulongesha ne kutapulula mu bulongame bilele ebi bivua anu bienda bilua bia bungi. Bakipidija mikandu yonso ya mu mikenji ya mukana, kuyivuijabu biambilu bipepele kukuata ku muoyo, misangu ya bungi bimba ne mijiki.

Bua tshinyi kufunda mikenji ya mukana?

Divulangana dia bilongelu bia ba-rabbi ne dia mikandu yabu diakajula lutatu lukuabu. Rabbi mushikuluji Adin Steinsaltz udi umvuija ne: “Mulongeshi yonso uvua ne wende ngenzelu ne uvua umvuija mikandu yende ya mukana mu wende mushindu musunguluke. . . . Kuibidilangana ne malongesha a mulongeshi umuepele kakuvua kabidi kukumbane nansha, ne mulongi uvua ne tshia bua kuibidilangana ne mudimu wa bakuabu bashikuluji . . . Nenku balongi bavua benzejibue bua kukuata malu a bungi ku muoyo bua ‘dibudika dia dimanya.’” Munkatshi mua mamanyisha aa makondakane, tshieledi tshia meji tshia mulongi tshivua tshilombibue malu mapite bukole tshifuanyike ditayika.

Mu siekele muibidi B.B., buntomboji bua bena Yuda bujudila Roma, bulombola kudi Bar Kokhba, buakafikisha bashikuluji ba-rabbi ku dikenga dikole. Bakashipa Akiba​—rabbi mutambe kuenda lumu, uvua mukuate ku tshia Bar Kokhba—​pamue ne bashikuluji banene ba bungi. Ba-rabbi bavua batshina se: dikenga dikuabu divua mua kuteka mikenji yabu ya mukana mu njiwu. Bavua bamanye ne: bilele bivua bisambuluja bimpe ku mêyi a mukana a mulongeshi kudi muyidi, kadi dishintuluka dia nsombelu diakafikisha ku madikolela mavule bua kuenza ndongoluelu muakaja bimpe bua kukuba malongesha a bena meji, bua kabaapu muoyo kashidi.

Mu tshikondo tshiakalonda tshivuabu ne ndambu wa ditalala ne Roma, Judah Ha-Nasi, rabbi muende lumu wa ku ndekelu kua siekele muibidi ne ku ntuadijilu kua siekele muisatu B.B., wakasangisha bashikuluji ba bungi ne kuenzabu mishiki mivule ya bilele ne mêyi a mukana, kubivuijabu ndongoluelu muakaja bimpe muenza mu Bitupa bisambombo, tshitupa tshionso tshikosolola mu tutupa tukese​—tuonso tusanga tuvua 63. Mukanda eu bakaubikila ne: Mishnah. Ephraim Urbach, mumanyi mupiluke wa mikenji ya mukana, udi umvuija ne: “Bakanyisha Mishnah . . . ne bakamupesha bukokeshi butubu kabayi banji kupesha mukanda mukuabu pa kumbusha anu Torah.” Bu muvuabu babenge Masiya, ntempelo mushale bibuwa, ne bikale kabidi ne mikenji ya mukana milama mu mukanda wa Mishnah, nsombelu eu wakatuadija tshikondo tshipiatshipia mu Buena-Yuda.

[Mêyi adi kuinshi]

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 26]

Bua tshinyi bena Yuda ba bungi bakabenga bukokeshi bua Yezu?