Tshipungidi tshia Ditalala tshia ku Westphalie: Dishintuluka dinene ku Mputu

“BUA bamfumu ba matunga ne bamfumu ba mbulamatadi ba ku Mputu bungi nunku kudisangishabu pamue bu mudibu badisangishe lelu, ki mmuanda utu wenzeka pa tshibidilu to.” Roman Herzog, Mfumu wa kale wa ditunga dia République fédérale d’Allemagne wakamba mêyi aa mu ngondo wa dikumi wa tshidimu tshia 1998. Pakambaye mêyi aa, munkatshi mua bantu bavua bamuteleje kuvua bakalenge balume banayi, bakalenge bakaji banayi, bakokeshi babidi, duke munene umue ne bamfumu ba matunga ba bungi. Muanda eu uvua Tshipangu tshia ku Mputu tshilongolole uvua ne mushinga wa bungi mutambe mu malu avua menzeke munkatshi mua bidimu 50 mu ditunga dia Allemagne wa lelu. Bua tshinyi bakalongolola tshibilu etshi?

Bualu mu ngondo wa dikumi wa tshidimu tshia 1998 ke muakenzeka tshivulukilu tshia 350 tshia Tshipungidi tshia Ditalala tshia ku Westphalie. Bipungidi bia ditalala bitu misangu ya bungi bu mansanga a njila mutubu bangatshila mapangadika manene adi mua kushintulula malu a bantu bikole, ne mu muanda eu Tshipungidi tshia ku Westphalie tshivua tshintu tshia pa buatshi. Ditua tshiala pa mikanda ya diumvuangana edi mu tshidimu tshia 1648 diakajikija Mvita ya bidimu 30 ne diakalela Mputu wa lelu udi muenza ne matunga madikadile.

Ndongoluelu wa kale udi utenkakana

Ekeleziya Katolike wa bena Lomo ne Ampire Munsantu wa bena Lomo ke bisumbu bivua ne dîyi ku Mputu mu tshikondo tshia Moyen-Âge. Ampire eu uvua muenza ne matunga nkama ne nkama a bunene bushilashilangane ne uvua wangata tshipapu tshidi mpindieu ne ditunga dia Autriche, République tchèque, luseke lua Est lua France, Allemagne, Suisse, Pays-Bas, Belgique, Luxembourg ne bitupa bia ditunga dia Italie. Bu muvua ampire muenza ne matunga a bungi a mu Allemagne, bakalua kumubikila ne: Ampire Munsantu wa bena Lomo wa Ditunga dia Allemagne. Tshitupa tshia buloba tshionso tshivua tshilombola kudi mukokeshi. Amperere muine uvua muena Katolike wa mu dîku dia ba Habsburg bena mu Autriche. Bu muvua Mputu mukokesha kudi ba-papa ne kudi ampire, wakajalama mu bianza bia Ekeleziya Katolike wa bena Lomo.

Kadi mu bidimu bia 1500 ne 1600 ndongoluelu eu wakatenkakana. Bantu bakabanga kuleja muvua malu mabi avua Ekeleziya Katolike wa bena Lomo wenza mu Mputu mujima abatonda bikole. Bantu bu mudi Martin Luther ne Jean Calvin bavua basue kushintulula malu a ntendelelu, bakakula bua kupinganyina malu a mu Bible. Bantu ba bungi bakatua Luther ne Calvin mu nyima ne muanda eu wakafikisha ku diledibua dia bitendelelu bia Dishintuluka ne bia Mishonyi. Dishintuluka edi diakatapulula ampire mu bitendelelu bisatu: tshia bena Katolike, tshia bena Luther ne tshia bena Calvin.

Bena Katolike kabavua bangata bena Mishonyi ne mushinga to, ne bena Mishonyi bavua bapetula bena Katolike. Nsombelu eu wakafikisha ku dienza Buobumue bua bena Mishonyi ne Nsangilu wa bena Katolike mu bidimu bia ku ntuadijilu kua 1600. Bamue bakokeshi ba mu ampire bakabuela mu Buobumue bua bena Mishonyi ne bakuabu mu Nsangilu wa bena Katolike. Mputu (nangananga ampire) ukavua mu nsombelu uvua muntu ne muntu kayi weyemena mukuabu, nsombelu wa didimba kabantengeshi. Ndekelu wa bionso pakatengeshabu didimba adi kakese tshianana, mvita yakakutuka ne yakanenga bidimu 30.

Kabualu kakese kabi kadi katemesha mudilu ku Mputu

Bakokeshi bena Mishonyi bakateta bua kufikisha ba Habsburg bena Katolike bua kuitababu bitendelelu bikuabu. Kadi dipetangana ku mêyi divua dienda dilua ne lujoko, ne bakakanga ekeleziya ibidi ya bena Luther ku bukole mu Bohême (mu République tchèque) munkatshi mua tshidimu tshia 1617 ne tshia 1618. Bualu ebu buakatonda banene bena Mishonyi bikole, buobu e kubuela ne tshimvundu mu nzubu kampanda mu tshimenga tshia Prague, kukuatabu banene bena Katolike basatu bavuamu ne kubimanshila pa didishi dia nzubu wa kulu. Muanda eu ke bualu bukese buakatemeshisha mudilu ku Mputu.

Nansha muvuabu badiamba bayidi ba Mukalenge wa Ditalala Yezu Kristo, bena mu bitendelelu bivua biluishangana ebi bakafinangana bonso mu dibodi. (Yeshaya 9:6) Mu mvita yakenzeka ku Mukuna Mutoke, Nsangilu wa bena Katolike wakazaza Buobumue bua bena Mishonyi ne kushipabu Buobumue ebu. Bakashipela banene bena Mishonyi mu tshisalu tshia mu Prague. Mu Bohême muonso, bakanyenga maloba a bena Mishonyi bavua babenga kushintulula ditabuja diabu ne baabanyina bena Katolike. Mukanda mukuabu udi umvuija dinyenga dia bintu edi bu “dimue dia ku mashintuluka manene a bintu menzeke ku Mputu wa pankatshi.”​—1648​—Krieg und Frieden in Europa.

Tshivua tshibangishe bu mvita ya bitendelelu mu Bohême tshiakalabala kuluatshi mvita ya difuila bumfumu pankatshi pa matunga a bungi. Munkatshi mua bidimu 30 biakalonda, ditunga dia Danemark, France, Pays-Bas, Espagne ne dia Suède akabuela pawu mu mvita ayi. Balombodi bena Katolike ne bena Mishonyi, basaka nangananga kudi lukuka ne dijinga dia kudia bumfumu, bakaluishangana bua kupeta bukokeshi ne makuta. Mvita ya Bidimu Makumi asatu ivua mitapulula mu bitupa bia bungi, tshitupa ne tshitupa tshiangata dîna dia baluishi banene ba amperere. Mikanda ya bungi idi itela bitupa bia nunku binayi: Mvita ya bena Bohême ne bena Palatin, Mvita ya bena Danemark ne bena Saxon ba kuinshi, Mvita ya bena Suède, ne Mvita ya bena France ne bena Suède. Mvita ya bungi ivua yenzeka mu maloba a amperere.

Munkatshi mua bingoma bia kale bivuabu baluangana nabi muvua tubingoma tua tukese, bingoma bia kuela pa diapa, biamu binene bia kuasa nabi bingoma kule ne bikuabu kabidi, ne ditunga dia Suède ke divua ditamba kusumbisha bingoma. Bena Katolike ne bena Mishonyi bonso bavua baditue mu mvita. Basalayi bavua baya mu mvita benda bela mbila ne: “Santa Maria” anyi “Nzambi udi netu.” Basalayi bavua benda bapawula ne banyenga bintu bia bantu mu bitupa bia maloba a bena Allemagne, bakengesha baluishi ne bantu ba tshianana bu nyama. Mvita yakalua ya tshikisu tshikole. Ndishilanganapu kayi dinene ne mulayi wa mu Bible udi wamba ne: ‘Tshisamba tshikuabu tshia bantu katshiena tshibisha muele wa mvita bua kuluisha nawu tshinga tshisamba; kabena mua kuyila lungenyi lua kuluangana nalu mvita kabidi’!​—Mika 4:3.

Tshipungu tshijima tshia bena Allemagne tshiakakola katshiyi tshimanye bualu bukuabu anu mvita ne bantu bakavua bajinga anu ditalala. Bidi bimueneka patoke ne: ditalala divua mua kuikalaku bu bamfumu kabayi baluangana bua kusankisha majinga abu nkayabu to. Mvita yakalekela kuikala ya bena Katolike ne bena Mishonyi ne yakalua ya bena tshididi. Bualu bua dibungama, muntu umue uvua muenzeje dishintuluka edi uvua munene wa mu Katolike.

Kardinale Richelieu udi ukuata mudimu ne bukokeshi buende

Dîna dia muanzu dimanyike dia Armand-Jean du Plessis divua Kardinale de Richelieu. Uvua kabidi ministre kavula-mbedi wa mu France kubangila ku tshidimu tshia 1624 too ne ku tshia 1642. Richelieu uvua ukeba bua ditunga dia France dikale bukokeshi bunene ku Mputu. Bua kukumbaja tshipatshila tshiende etshi, wakateta bua kukepesha bukole bua ba Habsburg, bena Katolike nende. Ntshinyi tshiakenzaye? Wakabanga kutua biluilu bia bena Mishonyi bavua mu bitupa bia bena Allemagne, Danemark, Pays-Bas ne Suède nyama ku mikolo, biluilu bionso ebi bivua biluisha ba Habsburg.

Richelieu wakatuma basalayi bena France mu mvita bua musangu wa kumpala mu tshidimu tshia 1635. Mukanda mukuabu udi umvuija ne: mu tshitupa tshiayi tshia ndekelu, “Mvita ya Bidimu Makumi asatu yakalekela kuikala mvita ya pankatshi pa bitendelelu. . . . Mvita eyi yakalua mvita ya kukeba nayi bukokeshi mu malu a tshididi ku Mputu.” (vivat pax​—Es lebe der Friede!) Mvita ivua mibangishe pankatshi pa bena Katolike ne bena Mishonyi yakalua ya bena Mishonyi ne bena Katolike baluangisha bena Katolike bakuabu. Mu tshidimu tshia 1635 bakashipa Nsangilu wa bena Katolike ukavua mudianjile kuteketa mu bidimu bia ku ntuadijilu kua 1630.

Tshisangilu tshia ditalala ku Westphalie

Mputu uvua munyanguke ne dipawula bintu, dishipangana, dikuata bakaji ku bukole ne masama. Ku kakese ku kakese, dijinga dia kupeta ditalala diakadiunda, nangananga pakalua bantu kumona ne: mvita eyi ivua mvita ivua muntu nansha umue kayi mua kutshimuna to. Mukanda utukadi batela udi wamba ne: “Ku ndekelu kua bidimu bia 1630, bakokeshi bakalua kumona ne: biluilu bia masalayi kabivua kabidi mua kubambuluisha bua kukumbaja bipatshila biabu nansha.” (vivat pax​—Es lebe der Friede!) Kadi bu bikala bantu bonso bavua basue ditalala, mmunyi muvuabu mua kudipeta?

Amperere Ferdinand III wa Ampire Musantu wa bena Lomo, Mukalenge Louis XIII wa mu France ne Mukalenge mukaji Christina wa mu Suède bakangata dipangadika dia kuenza tshisangilu muvua bantu bonso bavua baluangana ne bua kudisangisha ne kuakula bua ditalala. Bakasungula miaba ibidi ya kutshienzela: tshimenga tshia Osnabrück ne tshia Münster (mu provense wa Westphalie mu Allemagne). Bakasungula bimenga ebi bualu bivua pankatshi pa njila ya bimenga bikulu bia ditunga dia Suède ne dia France. Kubangila mu tshidimu tshia 1643, bisumbu bia batumibue bitue ku 150 (bikuabu ne bafidi ba mibelu ba bungi) biakafika mu bimenga bibidi ebi, batumibue bena Katolike badisangisha mu Münster ne bena Mishonyi mu Osnabrück.

Tshia kumpala bakanji kuenza mikenji ivua ne bua kulombola tshisangilu mu malu bu mudi a mianzu ne mulongo wa batumibue, miaba ya kusomba ne mushindu uvua malu ne bua kuenzeka. Pashishe miyuki ya ditalala yakabanga, benda batuminangana malu avuabu bapangadija ku diambuluisha dia batuangaji. Panyima pa bidimu bitue ku bitanu (pavua eku mvita yenda anu itungunuka) bakumvuangana pa tshilumbu tshia ditalala. Tshipungidi tshia ku Westphalie tshivua ne mikanda ya bungi. Bakatua tshiala pa mukanda wa diumvuangana mu Osnabrück pankatshi pa Amperere Ferdinand III ne ditunga dia Suède, ne dikuabu mu Münster pankatshi pa amperere ne ditunga dia France.

Pavua lumu lua ditalala luenda lutangalaka, bantu bakabanga kutshionkomoka ne disanka. Bakatemesha midilu ya disanka mu bimenga bia bungi. Ngonga ya bitendelelu yakadila, bingoma biakadila, bantu bakimba misambu mu njila. Bena ku Mputu bavuaku mua kutekemena mpindieu ditalala dia kashidi anyi?

Ditalala dia kashidi didiku mua kuikalaku anyi?

Tshipungidi tshia Westphalie tshiakajadika dîyi dia bumfumu. Ebi bidi biumvuija ne: ditunga dionso divua ditaba tshipungidi etshi divua dianyisha bua kunemeka manême a mu matunga makuabu ne dibenga kubuelakana mu malu a mu ditunga dikuabu. Ke muakaledibua Mputu wa lelu muenza ne matunga madikadile. Munkatshi mua matunga aa, manga akapeta masanka a bungi kupita makuabu.

Bakateka ditunga dia France bu bukokeshi bunene ne matunga a Pays-Bas ne Suisse akapeta budikadidi. Bua bantu ba mu bitupa bia mu Allemagne (bia bungi bia kudibi biakanyanguka bikole bua mvita) tshipungidi tshiakabatuadila makuabu malu mabi. Matunga makuabu ke akasungula mu mushindu kampanda tshivua ne bua kuenzekela ditunga dia Allemagne. Tshibungu tshikuabu tshidi tshiamba ne: “Makokeshi manene: France, Suède ne Autriche ke avua asungula ku disua diawu nkayawu bintu bivua bakokeshi bena Allemagne ne bua kupeta anyi ne bua kujimija.” (The New Encyclopædia Britannica) Pamutu pa kuikala pamue mu ditunga dimue, bitupa bia bena Allemagne biakashala bitapuluke anu bu kumpala. Bakapesha kabidi bakokeshi ba kule bitupa bikuabu bia mu Allemagne bu mudi bitupa bia misulu minene ya mu Allemagne: Musulu wa Rhin, wa Elbe ne wa Oder.

Bakitaba Ekeleziya Katolike, bena Luther ne bena Calvin mu mushindu wa muomumue. Bualu ebu kabuakasankisha bantu bonso nansha. Papa Innocent X wakabenga kubengelamu tshipungidi etshi, wamba muvuatshi katshiyi ne mushinga nansha mukese. Nansha nanku, mikalu ya bitendelelu ivuabu benze yakashala nanku, kayiyi mishintulula munkatshi mua bidimu bitue ku nkama isatu. Nansha muvua bantu kabayi banji kupeta budikadidi bua ntendelelu, bavua baya batangile ku budikadidi ebu.

Tshipungidi tshiakajikija Mvita ya Bidimu Makumi asatu ne ku diambuluisha diatshi makokangana a bungi akajika. Mvita eyi ke ivua mvita minene ya ndekelu ivua mienzeke pankatshi pa bitendelelu ku Mputu. Mvita kayakajika to, ikavua mpindieu bua malu a tshididi ne a bu-ngenda pamutu pa malu a bitendelelu. Kabiena bisua kumvuija ne: bitendelelu kabivua kabidi bibuelakana mu makokangana avua enzeka ku Mputu to. Tshilejilu, mu Mvita ya Kumpala ne Mibidi ya Buloba bujima, basalayi bena Allemagne bavua bavuala mikaba ivua ne tshiamu tshifunda miaku eyi: “Nzambi udi netu.” Munkatshi mua mvita eyi mibiamibi, bena Katolike ne bena Mishonyi bavua kabidi ku luseke lumue bua kuluisha bena Katolike ne bena Mishonyi bavua lukuabu luseke.

Bulelela, Tshipungidi tshia ku Westphalie katshivua tshituale ditalala dia kashidi to. Kadi bantu bena butumike nebikale ne ditalala dia mushindu eu mu matuku makese emu. Yehowa Nzambi neapeshe bantu ditalala dia kashidi ku butuangaji bua Bukalenge bua Masiya, Muanende Yezu Kristo. Mu bukalenge ebu, tshitendelelu tshimuepele tshilelela netshikale ne bua kusangisha bantu, ki nkubatapulula nansha. Muntu nansha umue kakuya mu mvita bua bualu kayi bonso, bua tshitendelelu anyi tshintu tshikuabu to. Nebikale disulakana dinene pikala Bukalenge ne bua kukokesha buloba bujima ne pikala ‘ditalala kadiyi ne nshikidilu’!​—Yeshaya 9:6, 7.

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Mvita ivua mibangishe pankatshi pa bena Katolike ne bena Mishonyi yakalua ya bena Mishonyi ne bena Katolike baluangisha bena Katolike bakuabu

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Basalayi bavua baya mu mvita benda bela mbila ne: “Santa Maria” anyi “Nzambi udi netu”

[Tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 21]

Kardinale Richelieu

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Tshimfuanyi tshia mu bidimu bia 1500, tshileja mvita pankatshi pa Luther, Calvin ne papa

[Mêyi a dianyisha bua tshimfuanyi mu dibeji 20]

Bia mu mukanda wa Spamers Illustrierte Weltgeschichte VI

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Balombodi ba bitendelelu badi baluangana: Bia mu mukanda wa Wider die Pfaffenherrschaft; karte: The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/​J. G. Heck