“Evaangeli lyaJudas” oshike?

IIFOKUNDANEKI muApilili 2006 oya li ya kundaneke muuyuni awuhe ehokololo tali kumitha kutya ongundu yaalongwantu oya li ya tseyithile aantu kutya opwa monika enyolo lyonale hali ithanwa “Evaangeli lyaJudas.” Iinyolomwa mbika oya li ya popi kutya aalongwantu otaya dhiladhila kutya enyolo ndyoka otali ka lundulula thiluthilu omukalo moka twa tala ko Judas, omulongwa ngoka a li a gwaaleke Jesus. Iinyolomwa mbyoka otayi popi kutya Judas okwa li lela omuyapostoli ependafule, ngoka a li u uvite ko nawa kutya Jesus oye lye nokwa li e mu gandja a dhipagwe, molwaashoka aniwa Jesus okwe mu pula e shi ninge.

Enyolo ndino olyonale tuu shili? Nongele osho, mbela olya holola uuyelele wontumba mboka wa li wa holekwa wu na ko nasha nondjokonona yaJudas Iskariot, yaJesus Kristus nenge yAakriste yopetameko? Mbela shika oshi na okulundulula nkene hatu tala ko Kristus nomalongo ge?

NKENE “EVAANGELI LYAJUDAS” LYA MONIKA

Omukalo moka “Evaangeli lyaJudas” lya monika otagu limbilike. Pehala lyokukala lya monika nolya taambiwa ko kaalafululi yiikulunima, olya holoka owala ombaadhilila momahala gomalandithilo giikulunima yonale lwopehulilo lyomumvo 1970 nasha nenge lwopetameko lyo 1980 nasha lwaampo. Otashi vulika lya li lya adhika muEgipiti mo 1978 mombila ihaayi longithwa we ndjoka tashi vulika yi li mekololo. Olya li limwe lyomomanyolo gane ga yooloka ngoka ga li membo lyomanenge (oludhi lwomambo gonale) lya nyolwa mOshikopt (elaka lya yama kOshiegipiti shonale).

Molwaashoka olya li lya kuthwa mo muEgipiti moka mwaa na uututo owundji, moka lya li lya pungulwa uule womathelemimvo, embo ndika lyomanenge li na oshipeko shoshipa olya tameke okukulupa meendelelo. Aalongwantu yamwe oya li yu ulukilwa paufupi embo ndika lyomanenge mo 1983, ihe molwaashoka olya li lyi na ondilo, inaye li landa. Oomvula dha ka landula ko, molwaashoka olya kala inaali silwa oshimpwiyu noinaali pungulwa nawa, olya kulupa neendelelo. Olya li lya landwa po mo 2000 komulandithi gwiikulunima Omuswitse. Okwe li gandja kaatseyinawa, taya longo pamwe nehangano lyedhina Maecenas Foundation for Ancient Art nosho wo nehangano National Geographic Society, mboka ya li ya pulwa ye li tule kumwe noku li opaleka, molwaashoka omafo galyo gamwe oga adhika ga kulupa noonkondo. Aalongwantu mbaka oya li wo ye na okutala kutya oli na oomvula ngapi noku li toloka e taya fatulula oshikalimo shalyo.

Sho pwa longithwa omukalo gwedhina Carbon-14 gwokutala kutya iikulunima oyi na oomvula ngapi, opwa monika kutya embo ndyoka olya fa lya nyanyangidhwa methelemumvo eti-3 nenge eti-4 E.N. Ihe aalongwantu oya li ya tengeneke kutya embo ndika ‘lyEvaangeli lyaJudas’ ndyoka lya nyolwa melaka lyOshikopt olya li lya tolokwa okuza membo ekulukulu lya nyolwa mOshigreka. “Evaangeli lyaJudas” olya li lya nyolwa uunake nomoonkalo dhini?

“EVAANGELI LYAJUDAS” LYELONGELOKALUNGA LYOSHIGNOSTIK

Enyolo ndyoka hali ithanwa “Evaangeli lyaJudas” olya popiwa lwotango miinyolomwa yomumbisofi gwaLyons, Irenaeus, gwomethelemumvo etiyali E.N. Membo lyedhina Against Heresies, Irenaeus okwa nyola kombinga yayimwe yomoongundu ndhoka a li itaa tsu kumwe nomalongo gadho a ti: “Otaya ti kutya Judas omugwaaleki okwa li e shi nawa iinima mbika, nokwa gwanitha po oshiholekwa shoka sha li sha pumbiwa okugwaaleka Jesus, molwaashoka oye owala a li e shi oshili. Iinima ayihe yomegulu noyokombanda yevi oya li ya vundakanithwa kuye. Oya tota ondjokonona ndjika yiifundja e taye yi luku Evaangeli lyaJudas.”

Elalakano lyaIrenaeus olya li unene okuulika kutya omalongo gAakriste Aagnostik mboka haya ti kutya oye na ontseyo yi ikalekelwa kage li mondjila. Uugnostik edhina hali longithwa okupopya kombinga yoongundu dhontumba, nakehe yimwe yomudho oya li yi na euvoko lyayo yene nohayi fatulula pamukalo gwayo kutya “oshili” yopaKriste oyini. Aagnostik oya li ya humitha komeho omalongo gawo okupitila miinyolomwa yawo mbyoka ya li yi indjipala neendelelo methelemumvo etiyali E.N.

Iinyolomwa mbika yelongelokalunga lyOshignostik oya kala nokupopya kutya aayapostoli yaJesus ya simana kaya li yu uva ko nawa etumwalaka lyaJesus, netumwalaka ndyoka olya li lyi na iiholekwa mbyoka a li owala e yi lombwele oohashike shalye.a Aagnostik yamwe oya li yi itaala kutya uuyuni wo wenewene moka tu li, ondholongo. Onkee ano, “kalunga omushiti” ngoka a popiwa mOmanyolo gOshihebeli omushona nokwa li a tsa ondumbo nookalunga yalwe mboka ya gwanenena. Oya li yi itaala kutya omuntu ngoka e na “ontseyo” yi ikalekelwa oku uvite ko “oshiholekwa” kutya omuntu okwa pumbwa okuza mo molutu lwe lwopanyama.

“Evaangeli lyaJudas” olya li lya kankamena keitaalo ndyoka. Olya tameka noohapu tadhi ti: “Oshiholekwa shoka Jesus a li a kundathana naJudas Iskariot uule womasiku gahetatu, shoka sha pu okukundathanwa manga ku na omasiku gatatu oshituthi shOpaasa shi thike.”

Mbela embo ndika lyomanenge olyo ndyoka Irenaeus a li a nyola kombinga yalyo ndyoka kwa li taku fekelwa uule womathelemimvo kutya olya kana? Marvin Meyer gumwe gwomwaamboka ya li ye li konakona noye li toloka okwa ti kutya “enyolo ndika hali ithanwa Evaangeli lyaJudas lya nyolwa melaka lyOshikopt olyo naanaa lya li tali popiwa kuIrenaeus.”

AALONGWANTU TAYA PATANA KOMBINGA YANKENE JUDAS A POPIWA MEVAANGELI NDIKA

‘MEvaangeli lyaJudas,’ otamu popiwa Jesus ta yolo nondhino sho aalongwa ye yu ulike kutya kaya li yu uvite ko. Ihe anuwa Judas oye owala gumwe gwomaayapostoli 12 ngoka a li u ulike kutya oku uvite ko oshili kombinga yaJesus. Onkee ano, Jesus okwa li e mu lombwele “iiholekwa yuukwaniilwa” sho ye li oyo ayeke.

Ongundu yaalongwantu yotango mboka ya li ya toloka “Evaangeli lyaJudas” oya li ya nwethwa mo noonkondo kwaashoka sha nyolwa kuIrenaeus. Oya popya metoloko lyawo kutya Judas oye omulongwa ngoka a li u uvite ko iiholekwa nota ka ‘ya muukwaniilwa.’ Nonando aayapostoli oya li ya pingene po Judas nomuyapostoli gulwe, Judas okwa ka ninga “omuyengeli omutimulongo nomutitatu” ngoka a ka kala “e vule [aalongwa yalwe] ayehe,” molwaashoka aniwa okwa kwathele Jesus a ze mo molutu lwe lwopanyama.

Aanyoli yomambo ya tseyika nawa noye li aalongwantu ya simana mboka ya konakona Uukwakriste wopetameko nosho wo omalongo gOshignostik, ngaashi Bart Ehrman naElaine Pagels oya li ya nyanyangidha shoka ya mono sho ya konakona “Evaangeli lyaJudas” noya gandja omatyokosha gawo kombinga yalyo ngoka ga li taga popi ngaashi shoka sha tolokwa kaalongwantu yotango. Konima owala yokathimbo aalongwantu yalwe, ngaashi April DeConick naBirger Pearson oya popi etaloko lyawo. Oya ti kutya ehangano National Geographic Society olyu uluma owala okunyanyangidha omanyolo ngaka gonale, opo ya tulwe miikundaneki. Oshikwawo, omilandu ndhoka hadhi landulwa shito kiiputudhilo okunongonona omanyolo inadhi landulwa, molwaashoka ongundu yaatoloki oya li ya shainithwa euvathanotsokumwe kaaya holole shoka shi li menyolo ndyoka.

Sho DeConick naPearson ya longele kumwe oya li ya thiki pehulithodhiladhilo kutya iitopolwa yimwe ya simana yembo ndyoka lya li lya kulupa kaya li ya tolokwa nawa kaatoloki yotango. Enyolo olyo tuu ndyoka sho lya tolokululwa kuDeConick otali ti kutya Jesus okwa ti Judas “Ondemoni ontimulongo nontitatu,” ina tya “omuyengeli omutimulongo nomutitatu.”b Jesus okwa li wo a lombwele Judas sha yela kutya ita ka ya mo “muukwaniilwa.” Pehala lyokukala e vule aalongwa yalwe, Jesus okwa lombwele Judas a ti: “Oto ka longa iihuna wu vule ayehe. Molwaashoka omulumentu ngoka ha kwathele ndje, oto ke mu yamba po.” DeConick okwa li a tala ko “Evaangeli lyaJudas” li li limwe lyomanyolo gonale gOshignostik giiyolitha ngoka taga sheke aayapostoli ayehe. DeConick naPearson oya li ya thiki pehulithodhiladhilo lyothaatha kutya Judas ita popiwa ‘mEvaangeli lyaJudas’ e li ependafule.

OSHIKE TATU ILONGO ‘MEVAANGELI LYAJUDAS’?

Kutya nduno oya li ya tala ko Judas ngoka a nyolwa mevaangeli ndika e li ependafule nenge ondemoni, kapwa li gumwe gwomaalongwantu mboka ya konakona enyolo ndika ta ti kutya oli na ondjokonona yi li mondjila. Bart Ehrman okwa yelitha a ti : “Evaangeli ndika inali nyolwa kuJudas noitali ti kutya olya nyolwa kuye. . . . Inali nyolwa nokuli pethimbo lyaJudas nenge kugumwe ngoka e shi nawa Judas . . . Onkee ano, kali shi embo ndyoka tali ke tu pa uuyelele wa gwedha po kombinga yaashoka sha li sha ningwa po pethimbo lyaJesus.”

“Evaangeli lyaJudas” olyo enyolo lyelongelokalunga lyOshignostik lya kala ko okuza methelemumvo etiyali E.N., ndyoka petameko lya li lya nyolwa melaka lyOshigreka. Aalongwantu kaye na uushili natango ngele “Evaangeli lyaJudas” olyo lya li tali popiwa kuIrenaeus. Ihe “Evaangeli lyaJudas” otali gandja owala uunzapo wa simana wu na ko nasha nethimbo moka “Uukriste” wa tameke okutopoka miimpaga oyindji mbyoka ya li tayi longo omalongo taga kondjithathana. Pehala lyokutya Ombiimbeli oya puka, “Evaangeli lyaJudas” otali koleke omalondodho gaayapostoli, ngaashi ndyoka lya nyolwa kuPaulus mIilonga 20:29, 30, tali ti: ‘Oshoka ondi shi shi kutya, ngele nda zi po, aalumentu yamwe yomokati keni taa ka kala nokupopya iifundja, yi ihilile aalongwa.’