Omolwashike to vulu okwiinekela Omavaangeli gOmbiimbeli?

“Oge shi pondola noonkondo. Oga nwetha mo aantu ya ninge oofilima dhi ikolelela kugo ndhoka dha kotha oodola omamiliyona . . . nosho wo okunyola omambo ngoka ga landithwa nawa . . . Iimpaga yAakriste oye ga taamba ko. Oge etitha po omalongelokalunga nomahokololo pwa li pwa pangelwa oompangela dhokuholeka oshili.”—OSHIFONKUNDANEKI SHABRASILIA SHEDHINA SUPER INTERESSANTE OSHO SHA TI.

OSHIFO shoka osha li tashi popi kombinga yashike? Osha li tashi popi kombinga yohokwe nomaipyakidhilo gaantu oyendji shi na ko nasha naangoka ge li aniwa omavaangeli, oontumwafo dhaayapostoli nosho wo omambo gomahololo ngoka ga monika methelemimvo eti-20 muNag Hammadi napalwe pwi ili muEgipiti. Omanyolo ngoka nagalwe goludhi nduka olundji ohagi ithanwa mOshiingilisa omanyolo go-Gnostic nenge go-Apocrypha.a

Mbela opwa li pwa ningwa oonkambadhala dhiineya okuholeka oshili?

Pethimbo ndika sho aantu oyendji kaaye na einekelo mOmbiimbeli nomomalongelokalunga omakulu, omanyolo ngoka go-Gnostic nogo-Apocrypha oge holike kaantu. Omanyolo ngaka oga li ga nwetha mo unene omukalo moka oyendji ya tala ko omalongo gaJesus Kristus nosho wo gUukwakriste. Ngaashi oshifo shimwe sha ti: “Evaangeli lyaTomas nomambo galwe go-Apocrypha oge holike unene kongundu yaantu mboka ya kala nokwiindjipala pethimbo lyetu: aantu mboka ye na ehalo lyuukwambepo, ihe inayi inekela omalongelokalunga.” Okwa li kwa yalulwa kutya muBrasilia owala “omu na konyala oongundu 30 dhaamboka eitaalo lyawo lya kankamena komambo ngoka go-Apocrypha.”

Okumonika kwomanyolo ngoka okwa ningitha elongo ndika tali landula li kale li holike: Ohaya ti aniwa kutya methelemumvo etine E.N., Ongeleka yaKatoolika oya li ya pangele ompangela opo yi holeke oshili kombinga yaJesus, kutya iiningwanima yimwe yonkalamwenyo ye mbyoka ya hokololwa momanyolo go-Apocrypha oya li ya holekwa, nosho wo kutya Omavaangeli gane ngoka taga adhika mOombiimbeli dhetu dhongashingeyi oga lundululwa. Omuprofesoli gwopalongelokalunga Elaine Pagels, okwe shi yelitha ngeyi ta ti: “Ngashingeyi otwa tameke okumona kutya shoka hatu ithana Uukwakriste naashoka twa ndhindhilika shi li omithigululwakalo dhopaKriste, odhi lile po lela owala omwaalu omushona gwoonzo dhontumba gwa hogololwa mokati kadhilwe odhindji.”

Pamadhiladhilo gaalongwantu ngaashi Pagels, Ombiimbeli hayo awike yi li onzo yeitaalo lyopaKriste; opu na wo oonzo dhilwe, ngaashi omanyolo go-Apocrypha. Pashiholelwa, opolohalama yo-BBC yi na oshipalanyolo Bible Mysteries, “Maria Magdalena gwolela” oya ti kutya omanyolo go-Apocrypha oga hokolola Maria Magdalena e li “omulongi nomukwatelikomeho gwopambepo gwaalongwa yalwe. Ke shi owala omulongwa; oku li omuyapostoli gwaayapostoli.” Juan Arias okwa li a nyola moshifokundaneki shaBrasilia O Estado de S. Paulo kombinga yonkandangala ndjoka Maria Magdalena aniwa a li a dhana a ti: “Kunena ayihe mbyoka tatu uvu otayi tu ningitha tu itaale kutya ongundu yAakriste yonale, ndjoka ya totwa kuJesus, oya li unene ‘yi itaala kutya aakiintu oye thike pamwe naalumentu,’ molwaashoka omagumbo gaakiintu oga li ga longithwa ge li oongeleka dhotango moka ya li haya longo ye li aapristeli naabisofi.”

Kaantu oyendji omambo go-Apocrypha oga simana noonkondo ge vule Ombiimbeli. Ihe oshinima shika osha pendutha omapulo gamwe ga simana: Mbela omanyolo go-Apocrypha oge li onzo yopampango yeitaalo lyopaKriste? Ngele taga pataneke omalongo ga yela gOmbiimbeli, mbela otu na okwiitaala Ombiimbeli nenge omambo ngoka go-Apocrypha? Mbela opwa li pwa pangelwa oompangela dhiineya methelemumvo etine okuholeka omambo ngaka nokulundulula Omavaangeli gane opo kaaga kwatele mo uuyelele wa simana kombinga yaJesus, Maria Magdalena nayalwe? Opo tu mone omayamukulo komapulo ngaka, natu tale kulimwe lyomOmavaangeli gane gOmbiimbeli, Evaangeli lyaJohannes.

Uunzapo okuza mEvaangeli lyaJohannes

Oshipambu shi na ongushu shEvaangeli lyaJohannes osha li sha adhika muEgipiti petameko lyethelemumvo eti-20 shoka ngashingeyi sha tseyika shi li Papyrus Rylands 457 (P⁵²). Oshi na oohapu dhaJohannes 18:31-33, 37, 38 mOmbiimbeli yongashingeyi noya pungulwa mongulumambo John Rylands muManchester, Ingilanda. Shika osho oshipambu oshikulukulu shoka shi li po shOmanyolo gopaKriste gOshigreka. Aalongwantu oyendji oyi itaala kutya olya li lya nyolwa me 125 E.N. lwaampono, lwopomimvo 25 konima yeso lyaJohannes. Shoka tashi kumitha osho shoka kutya enyolo lyoshipambu shika otali tsu kumwe konyala nakehe oshinima shoka shi li momanyolwakaha ngoka ga monika konima yethimbo. Uushili mboka kutya okopi yEvaangeli lyaJohannes oya li ya falwa nale kuEgipiti, hoka oshipambu shayo sha adhika, otawu ambidhidha ehulithodhiladhilo kutya onkundana ombwanawa paJohannes oya li lela ya nyolwa methelemumvo lyotango E.N. nokuJohannes ye mwene, ngaashi Ombiimbeli tayi ti. Onkee ano, embo lyaJohannes oli li ehokololo lya nyolwa kungoka a li a mono iiningwanima.

Mepingathano naashoka, omanyolo go-Apocrypha agehe oga nyolwa okuza methelemumvo etiyali okuuka komeho, oomvula ethele nenge dhi vulithe po konima yiiningwanima mbyoka ye yi hokolola ya li ya ningwa. Aatseyinawa yoshinima shika yamwe oya kambadhala okutompathana kutya omanyolo go-Apocrypha oga kankamena komanyolo gonale nenge komithigululwakalo, ihe kapu na uunzapo okuulika oshinima shika. Onkee ano, epulo ndika otali opalele: Mbela oshike to ki itaala: Uunzapo waamoninomeho nenge owaantu mboka ya li ko oomvula ethele konima yiiningwanima mbyoka? Eyamukulo kepulo ndika oli iwetikile.b

Ongiini kombinga yepopyo kutya Omavaangeli gOmbiimbeli oga li ga lundululwa opo ga holeke omahokololo gontumba kombinga yonkalamwenyo yaJesus? Pashiholelwa, mbela opu na uunzapo washa kutya Evaangeli lyaJohannes olya li lya lundululwa methelemimvo etine opo li goyokithe oshili? Opo tu yamukule epulo ndyoka, otwa pumbwa okudhimbulukwa kutya yimwe yomoonzo dha simana moka mwa za Ombiimbeli yongashingeyi oyo enyolwakaha lyomethelemimvo etine ndyoka hali ithanwa Vatican 1209. Ngele Ombiimbeli yetu oyi na omalunduluko ga ningwa methelemimvo etine, ando omalunduluko ngaka otaga holoka menyolwakaha ndika. Lago enene, enyolwakaha lilwe moka mu na konyala embo alihe lyaLukas naJohannes ndyoka hali ithanwa Bodmer 14, 15 (P⁷⁵), olya nyolwa okuza me 175 E.N. sigo omo 225 E.N. Shi ikolelela kaatseyinawa yoshinima shika, oohapu dhamo odha faathana lela naandhoka dhomo-Vatican 1209. Niitya yilwe, inamu ningwa omalunduluko omanene mOmavaangeli gOmbiimbeli, notu na o-Vatican 1209 oku shi ulika.

Kapu na uunzapo mboka tawu ulike kutya enyolo lyaJohannes nenge ndyoka lyOmavaangeli galwe olya li lya lundululwa pethimbo lyethelemimvo etine. Konima yokukonakona iipambu yenyolwakaha mbyoka ya adhika kuOxyrhynchus muEgipiti, omukuluntu gwOuniveesiti yaCambridge, omundohotola Peter M. Head okwa nyola a ti: “Moku shi popya paulela, omanyolwakaha ngaka otaga koleke kutya [omanyolwakaha ga simana ngoka ga nyolwa moondanda oonene okuza methelemimvo etine] ngoka ge li ekankameno lyomanyolo gongashingeyi [gopaKriste gOshigreka], oge li paushili. Kapu na sha mpaka shoka tashi pula euvoko epe thiluthilu shi na sha nankene [Etestamendi Epe] lya nyolwa petameko.”

Otatu vulu okuthika pehulithodhiladhilo lini?

Omavaangeli gane gopamanyolo—Mateus, Markus, Lukas naJohannes—oga li ga taambiwa ko kAakriste ayehe nokuli kuyele ngaashi tashi vulika methelemimvo etiyali nasha. Embo lyaTatian ndyoka hali longithwa apuhe nohali ithanwa Diatessaron (oshitya shOshigreka shoka tashi ti “okupitila miinima ine”), lya nyolwa pokati ke 160 ne 175 E.N., olya li lya kankamena owala kOmavaangeli gane gomOmbiimbeli nokalya li nando lya kankamena komanyolo go-Gnostic ngoka hagi ithanwa aniwa “Omavaangeli.” (Tala oshimpungu “Epopilo lyonale lyOmavaangeli.”) Shoka Irenaeus a li a popi lwopehulilo lyethelemimvo etiyali E.N. oshi li wo oshindhindhilikwedhi. Okwa ti kutya opu na okukala pu na Omavaangeli gane, ngaashi naanaa pu na oombinga ne dhombepo. Nonando omafaathanitho ge kage li mondjila, oshitsa she osha li tashi ambidhidha edhiladhilo ndyoka kutya opwa li pu na owala Omavaangeli gane goshili pethimbo ndyoka.

Omauyelele agehe ngoka otagu ulike shike? Otagu ulike kutya Omanyolo gopaKriste gOshigreka, mwa kwatelwa Omavaangeli gane, ngaashi tu ga na kunena, oge li natango inaaga lunduluka unene okuza methelemumvo etiyali. Kapu na etompelo lya kola okwiitaala kutya okwa li kwa pangelwa oompangela dhiineya methelemumvo etine okulundulula nenge okuholeka oshitopolwa shontumba shOmanyolo ngoka ga nwethwa mo kuKalunga. Mepingathano naashoka, omulongwantu gwOmbiimbeli Bruce Metzger okwa nyola a ti: “Pehulilo lyethelemumvo etiyali, . . . etsokumwe enene li na ko nasha noshitopolwa oshinene shEtestamendi Epe olya li lya adhika mokati komagongalo ga yoolokathana gooitaali kaku shi ashike muuyuni wEfuta lyopokati, ihe nokuza wo kuBritania sigo okuMesopotamia.”

Omuyapostoli Paulus naPetrus oya li ya ambidhidha oshili yOohapu dhaKalunga. Ayehe oya li ya londodha ya mana mo Aakriste ooyakwawo yaaha taambe ko nenge yi itaale oshinima kehe kaashi shi shoka ya longwa. Pashiholelwa, Paulus okwa li a nyolele Timoteus a ti: “Timoteus, pungula nawa shoka we shi pewa. Yanda [omapopyagano] ga nyata nomaludhiko guunongo wuugoya, ngaashi aantu haye u tala owo oondunge. Oshoka yamwe mboka ya ti kutya oye na uunongo wa tya ngaaka, oyi iteka eitaalo.” Petrus okwa li a gandja uunzapo a ti: “Oshoka moku mú [tseyithila] okugaluka okunankondo kwOmuwa gwetu Jesus Kristus inatu ikwatelela koongano dha totwa kaantu. Otse twa mono nomeho getu yene uunenesimano we.”—1 Timoteus 6:20, 21; 2 Petrus 1:16.

Omathelemimvo ga piti, omupolofeti Jesaja okwa li a nwethwa mo a popye ta ti: “Eeno, omwiidhi otagu kukuta, noongala otadhi ganya, ihe oohapu dhaKalunga ketu otadhi kala sigo aluhe.” (Jesaja 40:8) Otatu vulu okukala neinekelo kutya ngoka a nwetha mo Omanyolo Omayapuki okwe ga gamena wo momukokomoko gwomathelemimvo opo “aantu ayehe ya hupithwe noya tseye oshili.”—1 Timoteus 2:4.

[Omanyolo gopevi]

[Oohapu dha simana pepandja 9]

O-Papyrus Rylands 457 (P⁵²) oyi li oshipambu shokopi yEvaangeli lyaJohannes ndyoka lya nyolwa methelemumvo etiyali E.N., omimvo omilongo dhontumba owala konima sho Evaangeli lya nyolwa tango

[Oshimpungu/Omathano pepandja 11]

Epopilo lyonale lyOmavaangeli

Petameko mondjokonona yUukwakriste, aapataneki oya kala nokutompathana kutya Omavaangeli otaga kondjithathana nomolwaashoka omahokololo gago itaga vulu okwiinekelwa. Omunyoli Omusiria Tatian (110-180 E.N. lwaampono) okwa li a popile Omavaangeli. Okwa li e wete kutya shoka tashi monika sha fa omakondjithathano otashi ka kana po ngele Omavaangeli oga hanganithwa nuukeka e taga ningwa ehokololo limwe pehala lyagane.

Tatian okwa li a tameke okulongekidha oku ga tula kumwe membo limwe. Inashi tseyika ngele okwe li nyola tango mOshigreka nenge mOshisiria. Kutya nduno olya li melaka lini, lwome 170 E.N., Tatian okwa li e li mana nolya tseyika nedhina o-Diatessaron, oshitya shOshigreka shoka tashi ti “okupitila miinima ine.” Omolwashike wu na okukala wu na ohokwe metotwahokololo ndyoka inaali nwethwa mo?

Methelemumvo eti-19, aapataneki oya tameke okuhumitha komeho etaloko kutya kapu na limwe lyomOmavaangeli ndyoka lya li lya nyolwa manga omumvo 150 E.N. inaagu thika; onkee ano oga li taga vulu okukala ge na ongushu onshona yi na ko nasha nondjokonona. Ihe okuza kethimbo ndyoka, omanyolwakaha gonkuluyonale go-Diatessaron oga adhika noga gandja uunzapo wa yela kutya Omavaangeli gane owala ga li ge shiwike nale nawa noga taambiwa ko lwopokati kethelemumvo etiyali E.N.

Okumonika kwo-Diatessaron nosho wo omatyokosha gayo mOshiarabia, Oshiarmenia, Oshigreka nosho wo Oshilatina okwa ningitha omulongwantu gwOmbiimbeli Sir Frederic Kenyon a nyole ta ti: “Okumonika huka okwa kutha po hugunina omalimbililo kehe kutya o-Diatessaron oyo oshike nosha li shu ulika kutya lwome 170 konima yeso lyaJesus, Omavaangeli ngaka gane oga li ga taambiwa ko noga simanekwa ge vule omahokololo agehe galwe gonkalamwenyo yOmuhupithi gwetu.”

[Omathano]

Tatian

O-Diatessaron moshiArabia

[Omusholondondo pepandja 8]

(Opo wu mone nkene uuyelele wu unganekwa, tala oshileshomwa)

33 E.N.

Jesus okwa si

41 lwaampono

Mateus okwa nyolwa

58 lwaampono

Lukas okwa nyolwa

65 lwaampono

Markus okwa nyolwa

98 lwaampono

Johannes okwa nyolwa

125

Rylands 457 (P52)

140 lwaampono

Omanyolo go-Apocrypha oga tameke okunyolwa

175 lwaampono

Bodmer 14, 15 (P75)

Ethelemumvo etine

O-Vatican 1209

[Ethano pepandja 10]

O-Vatican 1209

Enyolwakaha lyo-Vatican 1209 lyomethelemumvo etine ndyoka li li pombanda, otali ulike kutya inapu ningwa omalunduluko omanene momanyolo gOmavaangeli

[Edhina lyomuthaneki]

From the book Bibliorum Sacrorum Graecus Codex Vaticanus, 1868

[Edhina lyomuthaneki gwethano pepandja 10]

© The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin