MWAHA WA EKAAPA | OLAMULELO WOOHIKHALANO MAKHWANKWA

Olamulelo wa makhwankwa onatharihiwa ntoko opharihela ikuru moonyala wi ephwanye mphurelo wa wiiphini. Mwaha yoowo opacenrye khalai. Ntoko yootakiherya, Piipiliya ookhalano nlamulo nnakhwatiiha makhwankwa mu othoriha, yooniheryaka wi mukhalelo owo waasuweliwa phaama mu iyaakha 3.500 ivirale. (Mukwaha 23:8) Nyenya, makhwankwa onaphitaanyerya ichu sincipale ohiya pahiru waakhela echu. Anamuteko oohiroromeleya anniiphwanyerya ichu seiho ahinaphwanelaaya, naari wiiya ikhorowa. Awo tho annapharihela mirici aya moonanara wi yaakhaviherye asinthamwene naari asuweli aya.

Naamwi makhwankwa yeereyaka mmarehereryo oothene aachu, enakhala ntoko olamulelo tonatepa weemererya makhwankwa. The 2013 Global Corruption Barometer (Wunnuwa wa Makhwankwa Veelaponi wa 2013), olaleeryiwe ni Ororomeleya Weelapo Yoothene, onnalokoha wi achu orukurerya elapo aasuwela marehereryo mathanu a makhwankwa, marehereryo a ipartitu, mapilisa, anamuteko, malamulo ni othoriha. Muthokororye soolokoha inavuwiha nikacamiho nenlo.

● AFRIKA: Mu 2013, anamuteko 22.000 a Afrika Oohico aalivihiwa nthowa na makhwankwa.

● AMERIKA: Mu 2012, o Prasili, achu 25 yaalekecheya opharihela ikhorowa sa olamulelo wi ekhaviherye epoliitika aya. Variyari va yaawo aakhalavo muhooleli a nikhuuru na asitokweene, mulopwana oovuwa anawiili a elapo yeele.

● ASIYA: Mu 1995 o Seoul, Koreya Oohico, achu 502 aakhwa mu okumuwa wa elooxa. Alipa ootholathola yaahoona wi anamuteko a epooma yaahaakhela makhwankwa wi eweemererye alipa ooteka ohiiwelela malamulo.

● EUROPA: Mwawiiwanana ni Cecilia Malmström, Mutokweene a Nikhuuru na Nakoso a Europa “waacereryeya [wa makhwankwa o Europa] otokweene.” Owo onnaacererya wi “epoliitika heniilipixerya omaliha makhwankwa.”

Olamulelo wa makhwankwa ti wakhalai. Susan Rose-Ackerman a miyaha sa makhwankwa, oorepa wi onnachuneya “matorokelo mancipale mmukhalelo olamulelo onampakaaya nakoso.” Naamwi okhalaka wi hiyaavo ewehereryo, Piipiliya onooniha wi matorokelo matokweene anahaala weereya chiryene.