Ko e Fakamatakutaku Niukilia—Kua Oti Tuai?
“MAFOLA ke he Lalolagi kua tuga kua kitia lahi he mogonei ke he ha magaaho tali mai he Felakutaki II he Lalolagi.” Ko e fakatokoluga he talahauaga noa nei he tagata tohi tala he oti e atu tau 1980 kua fakave ke he fakamoliaga, ko e aoga he taliaaga ke fakato hifo e tau kanavaakau tau mo e tau miha fakapolitika ne nakai amaamanaki ki ai kua fakahoko tuai e fakaotiaga ke he Felakutaki Taufetului. Ka e kua oti nakai foki e fakamatakutaku niukilia, ne kua fakatatai ke he fetoko malolo tuai ne mua? To liga ke moua vave nakai e mafola tumau mo e haohao mitaki?
Ko e Tau Tuaga Kelea he Tupu ki Mua
He magahala he Felakutaki Taufetului, he falanaki ke he fakatatai e tau mena kelea ke fakatumau e mafola, ko e tau malolo ne mua kua talia ke fakaata e tupu he mena iloa niukilia he tutuli ke moua mai e mafola ka e fakakaupa e fakaaoga ke taute e tau kanavaakau niukilia. He 1970 ko e Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty kua fakamoli; kua talia mo e fakamoli foki he 140 he tau motu he magaaho fakamui. Ka e, ko e tau motu ka liga taute malolo niukilia, tuga a Atenetina, Initia, Isaraela, mo Parasili, ne nakai talia ke fakamoli ti hoko mai ke he vaha nei.
He 1985, pete ia, ko e taha ka liga taute e malolo niukilia foki, ko Korea Tokelau, ne fakamoli ai. Ti he magaaho ne fakailoa ai e liu tua mai he fakamoliaga ia ia Mati 12, 1993, ne kua tonu e tupetupe he lalolagi. Ko e mekasini Sihamani ko e Der Spiegel ne talahau: “Ko e fakailoaaga he liu tua mai he Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty kua taute e tuaga ke fifitaki: Kua ha ha i ai mogonei e fakamatakutaku ke taute tufi e tau kanavaakau, kamata mai i Asia, to eke mo mena hagahagakelea lahi mai he fetokoaga pomu he vahaloto he tau malolo ne mua.”
Mo e fakahakehake fakamotu ne fakatupu mafiti lahi e tau motu fou, ko e numela he tau malolo niukilia to liga tupu. (Kikite puha.) Ko e tagata tohi tala ko Charles Krauthammer ne hataki: “Ko e fakaoti he fakamatakutaku Soviete kua nakai kakano ko e fakaotiaga he hagahagakelea niukilia. Ko e hagahagakelea moli he tupu ki mua, ti ko e kamata la ia e tupu ki mua.”
Tau Pomu ke Fakafua
Ko lautolu ka moua e malolo niukilia kua fakamakamaka ke moua e matahigoa mo e malolo ne foaki he tau kanavaakau nei. Taha e motu ne pehe kua fakatau ua e vala misala mai i Kazakhstan. Ko e kautu Soviete tuai nei ne tohi fakailoa hifo e tau vala misala nei ke “galo.”
Ia Oketopa 1992 ko e falu tagata tane ne kua fakahala i Frankfurt, Sihamani, mo e 220 kulema he tau radioactive cesium ne muitui e kelea, kua lahi ke fakakona e puhala vai he taone katoa. Taha e fahi tapu he mole, fitu e tagata kaiha ne kua moua i Munich mo e 2.2 e kilokulema he uranium. Ko e mouaaga he tau kau kaiha niukilia ne ua ke he magahala he ua e fahi tapu kua fakaofo aki e tau tagata ofisa, ha kua lima ni e tupuaga pihia ne kua hokotaki he lalolagi oti ke he tau katoa e kua mole.
Ko e taute a lautolu nei ke fakafua ke he tau matakau fakahagahagakelea po ke ke he tau fakatufono motu, kua nakai iloa. Ka e pete ni, ko e tuaga ke fakahagahagakelea he niukilia kua tupu tuai. Ko Dr. David Lowry mai he European Proliferation Information Centre ne fakamaama e hagahagakelea: “Ko e taha ni e mena ka taute e lautolu ne fakahagahagakelea mai ko e foaki age e fakatai ne kua mahomo e lahi e uranium ke he pule malolo lilifu ke tivi, ti pehe kua lahi mahaki ha mautolu mo e ha e e fakamoliaga. Kua tuga e tagata tapaki pulenoa ne liuaki e teliga ne hehele mai he tagata ne tapaki e ia.”
“Tau Pomu Taimi” Mafola mo e “Tau Hele Mamate”
He kamata e 1992, 420 e tau mena fakagahua niukilia ne kua fakalataha ai ke he tutuliaga mafola he tauteaga he hila; ko e 76 ne talaga agaia. Ka e ke he tau tau ne mole, ko e tofaimoa he tau mena fakagahuahua kua takitaki atu ke he tau hokotaki he tutupu he tau gagao, he mokulu e tau tama he tau fatu, mo e fanau mai nakai katoatoa. Ne pehe e hokotaki ko e mena ne tupu he 1967 he fale tanaki plutonium i Soviete ne fakatupu e tafe ti kua laga tolu e lahi he radioactivity ke he matematekelea ne tupu i Chernobyl.
E moli, ko e mena tupu fakamui nei i Chernobyl, Ukaraine, ia Apelila 1986 ne futiaki e tau tohi tala. Ko Grigori Medwedew, ko e hagai enesinia niukilia he fale tanaki i Chernobyl he magahala he atu tau 1970, ne fakamaama ko e “mena mahaki foili he radioactivity ne tumau tukumalagi” ne pa ke he pulagi “kua fakatai ke he hogofulu e tau pomu i Hiroshima ka hagaao ke he vaha leva ka lauia ai.”
I loto he tohi hana ko e Tschernobylskaja chronika, ne fakamau hifo e Medwedew 11 e tau mena tutupu kelea lahi he mena fakagahua niukilia he Kautaha Soviete tuai he lotouho he atu tau 1980 mo e 12 foki he Tau Fahi Kaufakalataha. Ko e Tau Fahi Kaufakalataha kua fakalataha mo e tofaimoa he 1979 he Three Mile Island. Ke he mena tupu ia ne tohi e Medwedew: “Kua taute he mena ia e pa kelea lahi fakamua ke he malolo niukilia mo e uta kehe e tau manatu fakahehe hagaao ke he puipuiaga he fale tanaki malolo niukilia he tau manatu he tokologa—ka e nakai ke he tau manamanatuaga ha lautolu oti.”
Fakamaama he mena nei ko e ha ne tutupu agaia ai e tau mena tofua nei. Ke he magahala he 1992 kua tupu e tau mena ia i Rusia ke teitei 20 e pasene. He mole e taha tupuaga nei, ia Mati he tau ia ni he fale tanaki malolo ko Sosnovy Bore i St. Petersburg, Rusia, ko e tau matagi kelea ne holo hake ke he 50 e pasene he fahi tokelau-uta i Igilani mo e hoko ke fakalahi lagaua e tuaga tokoluga kua fakaata i Esetonia mo e fahi toga i Finilani. Ko Porofesa John Urquhart he Aoga Tokoluga Atu ko Newcastle ne talahau: “Nakai talitonu au ko Sosnovy Bore ne fakatupu e holo ki mua—ka nakai ko Sosnovy Bore, ko e heigoa?”
Falu a pule malolo ne talahau ko e puhala tuga e tau mena fakagahuahua i Chernobyl kua hepe tuai ha ko e talagaaga ha lautolu ti kua lahi ni e hagahagakelea ke fakaaoga. Ka e, kua molea e tasini ne kua fakaaoga agaia ke lagomatai ke fakapuke e tau manakoaga lahi ke he hila. Falu tagata gahua he mena fakagahuahua kua tukumale he tamate e puipuiaga ne leveki aki e fakatokaaga ia ke fakaholo hake e malolo hila. Tau hokotaki pehe nei kua fakamatakutakuina aki e tau motu tuga a Falani, ne fa e fakaaoga e tau fale tanaki niukilia ke fakatupu 70 e pasene he hila na lautolu. Ti ka fai “Chernobyl” foki, to loga lahi e tau fale tanaki i Falani ka liga taute ke pa fakaoti.
Pihia ni e tau mena fakagahuahua ne “haohao mitaki” kua eke ke nakai haohao mitaki ka tuai e tau. He kamataaga he 1993, he magahala he tiviaga ko e haohao mitaki nakai, kua molea e teau e tau maihiihi ne moua ke he tau paipa lapatoa he mena fakagahuahua i Brunsbüttel, ko e mena tuai a Sihamani. Pihia foki e tau maihiihi ne moua he tau mena fakagahuahua i Falani mo Suisalani. Ko e tofaimoa kelea lahi fakamua he fale tanaki i Sapani kua tupu he 1991, ti ko e tuai ne lafi ati pihia ai. Ti talahau he mena nei to liga tupu foki ke he Tau Fahi Kaufakalataha, ne kua ha ha i ai e ua e tolu kuata he tau mena fakagahuahua fakafua tupe ne kua molea e hogofulu tau.
Ko e tau tofaimoa he mena fakagahuahua niukilia ka tupu ke he taha mena he ha magaaho ni. Ka loga e tau mena fakagahuahua, kua lahi e fakamatakutaku; ka tuai e mena fakagahuahua, kua lahi e hagahagakelea. Ti nakai ko e nakai fai kakano ne fakahigoa amuamu he tohi tala a lautolu ko e tau pomu taimi moui mo e tau hele mate he radioactive.
Lata a Lautolu ke Tolo ki Fe e Tau Otaota?
Ne kua ofo e tau tagata he mogonei he kitia e matatepu pikiniki he tapa vailele he Tau Mouga i Falani kua pa mo e kua puipui ai he tau leoleo. Ko e tohitala The European ne fakamaama mai: “Ko e tau tiviaga ne taute he mole e mate he fifine he matakavi ha ko e kona he beryllium he ua e mahina ne mole kua fakakite e tau tuaga he radioactivity he matatepu pikiniki ia ne kua laga 100 e tokoluga ke he falu he matakavi ne viko ai.”
Ko e beryllium, ko e lapatoa mama ne taute mai he tau fakaholoaga kehekehe, kua fakaaoga ke he gahuaaga vakalele mo e, he magaaho ka fakaaoga he hafagi ke he radiation, he tau fale tanaki malolo niukilia. Ti ko e fakamoliaga ko e fale gahua ne taute e beryllium kua tiaki e tau otaota mai he fakaholoaga hagahagakelea ne kua hafagi ke he matagi kelea, ki ai po ke tata atu ke he matatepu pikiniki. “Ko e tau efuefu he beryllium, pete ni he nakai hafagi ke he radiation,” he tohi he The European, “ko e taha he tau faga vai kona lahi ne fakaotaota he gahuaaga kua talahaua.”
Ka e ke he magaaho nei, ko e falu 17,000 he tau puha otaota he radioactive kua hokotaki ke tiaki ke he molea tuai e 30 e tau tau ki loto he tau vai he fahi tahi a Novaya Zemlya, ne fakaaoga he tau Soviete ke eke mo matakavi tivi niukilia he magahala fakamua he atu tau 1950. Ke lafi ki ai, ko e tau veveheaga he radioactive he tau sapamarini niukilia mo e tau vala ne kua tepu ke he 12 e tau mena fakagahuahua kua tolo ke he hala vai tuku otaota mukamuka nei.
Ko e taute pauaki po ke nakai, ko e kiva he niukilia kua hagahagakelea. He sapamarini ne tomo he fahi tahi i Noue he 1989, ne hataki mai he Time: “Ko e oka kua fita he tafe mai e cesium-137, ko e carcinogenic isotope. Ke hoko mai ke he mogonei ko e tafe ia kua onoono ki ai mo mena tote lahi ke lauia e tau mena momoui he tahi po ke tino malolo he tagata. Ka ko e Komsomolets kua ha ha i ai ua e topito niukilia ne 13 kilokulema [29 pauna] he plutonium fakalataha mo e hafa e moui he 24,000 he tau tau mo e matagi kelea kua tokoluga ti ko e tama vala tote ka maeke ke kelipopo. Ko e tau pulotu Rusia ne hataki mai ko e maeke e plutonium ke maligi ki loto he vai mo e konahokotia atu ke he tau moana mamao mo e ke kamata ai he 1994.”
E moli, ko e tiakiaga he tau otaota he radioactive ko e nakai ko e mena vihi kua kehe ki Falani mo Rusia. Ko e Tau Fahi Kaufakalataha ne kua ha ha i ai e “tau mouga he tau otaota vela mo e nakai fai matatepu ke toka tumau ai,” he hokotaki he Time. Ne pehe ko e miliona e tau paelo he tau vai kelea lahi ne kua tuku fakaku i loto mo e kua ha ha tumau i ai e “hagahagakelea he galo, kaiha mo e moumou e takaiaga ha kua fakahanoa.”
Ke tuga ke taute e fakatai ke he kelea nei, ko e tula otaota niukilia he fale tanaki kanavaakau tuai i Tomsk, Siperia, ne pa hake ia Apelila 1993, mo e fakatupu e tau matakutaku ke he Chernobyl ke ua aki.
Ti kitia ai, ko e ha kalaga ke he mafola mo e nakai haofia ne kua talahau he fakave ai ke he fakaotiaga he fakamatakutaku niukilia, kua nakai fai kakano. Ka e ko e mafola mo e nakai haofia kua tata mai. Iloa fefe e tautolu?
[Puha he lau 4]
TAU MALOLO NIUKILIA
12 mo e Totou Agaia
KUA FAKAPULOA po ke FAKAMOLI: Aferika Toga, Initia, Isaraela, Ukaraine, Falani, Kazakhstan, Pakisitani, Pelarasi, Peritania, Rusia, Saina, Tau Fahi Kaufakalataha
LIGA TO PIHIA: Alegeria, Atenetina, Iraka, Irana, Lipia, Korea Toga, Korea Tokelau, Parasili, Suria, Taiuana
[Fakatino he lau 5]
Pete ni ka fakaaoga mafola e malolo he niukilia kua hagahagakelea agaia ni
[Credit Line]
I tua: Ata he U.S. National Archives
[Fakatino Credit Line he lau 3]
Ata he U.S. National Archives