Ko e Heigoa e “Evagelia ha Iuta”?

IA Aperila 2006, ne tohi he tau nusipepa e tala ofomate ne fakatoka mai he matakau he tau tagata pulotu ke he tau tagata e kakano he mouaaga foou he tohi i tuai ne mataulu “Evagelia ha Iuta.” Ko e tau vala tala nei ne hagaao ke he tau tagata pulotu ne talahau ko e tala ne hiki e maamaaga ke he tagata ko Iuta, ko e tutaki ne afo a Iesu. Hagaao ke he tau talahauaga ia, ko Iuta ko e toa, ko e aposetolo ne maama mitaki a Iesu, ne takitaki atu a ia ke he tamateaga ha ko e ole ha Iesu.

Hakotika kia e tala nei? Ka pihia, kua fakakite kia e falu iloaaga galo he mogo fakamua ke he fakamauaga tala tuai he tau tagata ko Iuta Isakariota, Iesu Keriso, po ke tau Kerisiano fakamua atu? Lata kia ke lauia e maamaaga ha tautolu faka-Kerisiano?

KO E MOUAAGA HE “EVAGELIA HA IUTA”

Ko e puhala ne moua e “Evagelia ha Iuta” ne tuga kua nakai iloa tonu. He nakai moua e tau tohiaga he tau tagata keli kelekele, ko e tau tohiaga ne kitia maali ke he tau koloa tuai he makete he atu tau 1970 po ke mataulu he atu tau 1980. Ne tuga kua moua ai i Aikupito he 1978 he tukuaga ne tiaki, liga i loto he ana. Ko e taha he tau tala ne vevehe fā ne toka he codex (ko e vahega tohi tuai) ne tohia he Coptic (ko e vagahau ne moua mai i Aikupito tuai).

He fakamau ai ke he tau senetenari he matagi mōmō Aikupito, ko e codex ne taute mai he kili manu ne lahi e mahēhē mo e popo. Fai tagata pulotu ne fakakite fakakū e codex he 1983; ka e manako ke lahi e totogi, ti nakai fakatau ai he ha tagata. Lafi ki ai he tau tau ne tiaki mo e toka kua nakai mitaki ne takitaki ke he mafiti e popo he codex. He 2000, ne fakatau ai he tagata Swiss ne leveki e tau koloa toka tuai. Ne fakahiku ti tuku age e ia ke he matakau he tau tagata pulotu he lalolagi katoa, ne gahua i lalo he tau lagomataiaga he Maecenas Foundation for Ancient Art and the National Geographic Society. Ne kotofa ki a lautolu e tau gahua uka ke fakafoou mo e liu talaga e codex, ko e falu vala ne kua popo lahi mogonei. To fifili foki he matakau nei e leva he codex mo e fakaliliu mo e fakahokohoko he tau vala tala i loto.

Ko e carbon-14 ne tohi ai e hakotika he codex kua tuga kua moua mai he senetenari ke toluaki po ke fāaki V.N. Ka ko e tau pulotu ne fakahikuaki ko e tohiaga Coptic he “Evagelia ha Iuta” ne fakaliliu mai he vagahau Heleni fakamua he vahā fakamua atu. Ko e heigoa e magaaho fakamua mo e tuaga ne taute aki e “Evagelia ha Iuta”?

“EVAGELIA HA IUTA”​​—KO E EVAGELIA GNOSTIC

Ko e totokuaga fakamua he tohi ne fakahigoa ko e “Evagelia ha Iuta” kua moua he tau tohiaga ha Irenaeus, ko e tohia Kerisiano ne lotomatala he matahiku he senetenari ke uaaki V.N. He tohi ne fakahigoa Against Heresies, ne tohia e Irenaeus hagaao ke he taha he tau matakau loga ne totoko e ia e tau fakaakoaga: “Ne fakailoa e lautolu ko Iuta ko e tagata afokau ne iloa mitaki e tau mena nei, ti ko ia tokotaha ne iloa e mena mooli ka e nakai iloa he falu, ne fakakatoatoa e mena galo he afokau. Puhala ia ia e tau mena oti kana, he lalolagi mo e lagi, ne fakagoagoa ai. Ne taute e lautolu e fakamauaga tuai nakai mooli, ne fakamataulu e lautolu ko e Evagelia ha Iuta.”

Ne foli pauaki a Irenaeus ke totoko e tau fakaakoaga kehekehe he tau Kerisiano Gnostic, ne talahau kua fakakite e lautolu e iloilo pauaki. Ko e Gnostic ko e matapatu kupu ne putoia e tau matakau loga, ko e maamaaga mo e fakaliliuaga oti ni ha lautolu he “kupu mooli” faka-Kerisiano. Ko e tau fakaliliuaga he tau Gnostic ne fakavē ke he tau tohiaga ni ha lautolu, ne tupu lahi he senetenari ke uaaki V.N.

Ko e tau evagelia Gnostic ne fa talahau ko e tau aposetolo talahaua ha Iesu ne nakai maama e fekau haana ti ha ha i ai e fakaakoaga galo ne fakaholo age e Iesu ne maama ni he tokogahoa kua fifili.a Falu tagata Gnostic ia ne talitonu ko e lalolagi he tau tagata mamate ko e fale puipui. Ko e mena ia, ko e “atua tufuga” he tau Tohiaga Tapu Heperu ko e atua tote lahi ne totoko e tau atua kehekehe ne mitaki katoatoa. Ko e taha ne ha ha i ai e “iloilo” mooli ne maama e “mena galo” nei mo e kumi e fakatokanoaaga mai he lalolagi he tau tagata mamate.

Ko e kitiaaga a ia ne fakakite he “Evagelia ha Iuta.” Ne hafagi aki e tau kupu: “Ko e kupu galo he fakailoaaga he fakatutala ha Iesu mo Iuta Isakariota, ke he valu e aho, ne tolu e aho ato fakamanatu e ia e Paseka.”

Ko e codex nei kia ne hagaao ki ai e tohiaga ha Irenaeus, ne tuga kua totou senetenari tuai he galo? Ko Marvin Meyer, ko e tagata he matakau fakamua ne hakahaka mo e fakaliliu e codex nei, ne talahau ko e ha Irenaeus a “talahauaga kū kua felauaki tonu mo e tohiaga Coptic mogonei ne mataulu ko e Evagelia ha Iuta.”

KO E TAGATA KO IUTA HE EVAGELIA NEI​​—KO E FETOTOKOAKI HE TAU PULOTU

He “Evagelia ha Iuta,” ne kata vaiga a Iesu he fakakite he tau tutaki haana e nakai lahi e iloilo tonu ha lautolu. Ka ko Iuta ni tokotaha he tau aposetolo 12 ne fakakite e maamaaga ke he aga mooli ha Iesu. Ko e mena ia, ne tala age ni e Iesu ki a ia e “tau mena galo he kautu.”

Ko e matakau he tau tagata pulotu ne liu talaga e tohi fakamua ne fakaohooho lahi he tohiaga ha Irenaeus he evagelia. He fakaliliuaga ha lautolu, ne fiafia a Iesu ki a Iuta ko e taha tutaki ne maama e tau mena galo mo e “hokotia” ke he “kautu.” Ko e tau aposetolo ne fakahehē ka fakahigoa e hukuiaga ma Iuta, ka kua eke a ia mo “agaaga ke hogofulu ma toluaki,” ka “mahomo hake ke he [falu tutaki]” he talahau e Iesu, ha kua “foaki e mutolu e tagata taane ne tapulu au.”

Ko e tau tagata tohia ne mitaki lahi tuga a Bart Ehrman mo Elaine Pagels, ko e tau pulotu talahaua foki he faka-Kerisiano mo e fakaakoaga Gnostic fakamua atu, ne fakailoa fakamafiti ha lautolu a hakahakaaga mo e tau talahauaga he “Evagelia ha Iuta” ne muitua fetataaki mo e tohiaga ia he matakau fakamua. Ka e nakai leva he mole, ha ha i ai e falu pulotu tuga a April DeConick mo Birger Pearson ne fakakite e tupetupe. Ne talahau e lautolu ko e ole ke lata mo e uta tala hokoia, ko e National Geographic Society ne fakamafiti e pepa he tohiaga tuai. Lafi ki ai, ne logona hifo e laua kua nakai muitua e puhala pauaki ne fa mahani he liu kumikumi fakamitaki e tau tohiaga.

He gahua tokotaha, ko DeConick mo Pearson ne talahau tokoua ko e falu vala uho nakai fematutakiaki he codex ne nakai fakaliliu fakahako he tau tagata pulotu fakamua. Hagaao ke he liu talaga he tohiaga ha DeConick, ne fakahigoa e Iesu a Iuta ko e “Temoni ke Hogofulu Ma Toluaki,” nakai ko e “agaaga ke hogofulu ma toluaki.”b Ne tala age fakamahino foki a Iesu ki a Iuta to nakai hake a ia ke he “kautu.” Ka e he nakai ‘mua hake’ ke he falu tutaki, ne pehē a Iesu ki a Iuta: “To mua atu e kelea ka taute e koe ki a lautolu oti ia. Ko e tagata kua fakatapulu au, to poa e koe a ia.” He onoonoaga ha DeConick, ko e “Evagelia ha Iuta” ko e fakataitaiaga Gnostic i tuai ne vaiga e tau aposetolo oti. Ko e fakahikuaga mooli ne taofi ki ai a DeConick mo Pearson ko e “Evagelia ha Iuta,” ne nakai ko e toa a Iuta.

KO E HEIGOA KA FAKAAKO E TAUTOLU MAI HE “EVAGELIA HA IUTA”?

He onoono a lautolu ki a Iuta ko e evagelia nei ko e toa po ke temoni, nakai fai pulotu ne hakahaka e tala nei ne talahau ai kua ha ha i ai e vala tala hakotika he fakamauaga tuai. Ko Bart Ehrman ne fakamaama: “Nakai ko e Evagelia ne tohi e Iuta, po ke taha kua tuga a ia. . . . Nakai ko e Evagelia ne tohia he vahā ni ha Iuta he tagata ne iloa mooli a ia . . . Nakai ko e tohi mogoia, ka foaki ki a tautolu e vala tala lafi ki luga hagaao ke he mena ne tupu mooli he vahā ne moui a Iesu.”

Ko e “Evagelia ha Iuta” ko e tohi Gnostic mai he senetenari ke uaaki V.N., ne tohia fakamua faka-Heleni. He tatai po ke nakai tatai e “Evagelia ha Iuta” ne moua foou nei ke he tohiaga ne hagaao a Irenaeus ki ai, kua fakatumau ni ke eke mo matakupu ke taufetoko he tau pulotu. Ka kua foaki fakamaama he “Evagelia ha Iuta” e fakamooliaga aoga hagaao ni ke he magaaho ne fekehekeheaki e “Faka-Kerisiano” mo e vehe e tau lotu mo e tau fakaakoaga loga ne fetotokoaki. He nakai fakateaga e Tohiaga Tapu, ko e “Evagelia ha Iuta” ne fakamau mooli e tau hatakiaga fakaaposetolo, tuga ne fakamau ai e Paulo ia Gahua 20:29, 30: “Kua iloa e au ka mole haku a fano . . . To tutupu foki ia mutolu ni e tau tagata ke vagahau mai ke he tau mena fakakeukeu, to futiaki ai e tau tutaki kia mumui atu kia lautolu.”