Mareferensiya ya Kabukhu ka Mitsonkhano ka Moyo Wathu na Utumiki
5-11 FEVEREIRO
CUMA CA M’FALA LA MULUNGU | MATEU 12-13
“There la Tirigu na Nyakasongole”
(Mateu 13:24-26) Iye adawafotokozera pomwe there linango, aciti: “Umambo bwa kudzulu bungandendemezedwe na munthu omwe wabzala mbeu yabwino m’munda mwace. 25 Ndipo wanthu akadagona tulo, kudabwera nyamadulanthaka wace. Nyamadulanthakayo adabzala nyakasongole m’munda mwa tirigu mule acicoka. 26 Pomwe idadzamera, iciyamba kucosa ngala, adawonekerambo nyakasongole ule.
(Mateu 13:27-29) Tsono akapolo wa mwenekaciro nyumbayo adabwera, acimubvunza kuti: ‘Mbuya, kodi imwepo mulibe kubzala mbeu yabwino yokha m’munda mwanu mule? Tsono, nyakasongole ule wacokera kuponi?’ 28 Iye adawatawira, aciti: ‘Ni nyamadulanthaka omwe wacita bzimwebzoyo.’ Ndipo akapolo wacewo adamubvunza kuti: ‘Kodi mun’funa tiyende tikamuzule nyakasongoleyo?’ 29 Iye adawatawira kuti: ‘Nee, thangwe pakuzula nyakasongoleyo mungakazulembo na tirigu.
(Mateu 13:30) Lekani bzense bzikule pabodzi mpaka pakubvuna. Ndipo, pa nthawe yakubvunayo, ndin’dzawauza anyakubvuna kuti: Tomani mwazula nyakasongoleyo, mum’mange misumbu-misumbu kuti atenthiwe; koma tiriguyi muikonkhere m’gwangwa mwangu.’ ”
Kufufudza Cuma Cauzimu
(Mateu 12:20) Iye anʼdzaphwanya lini mtete wakusweka, ndipo an’dzathimisa lini kandiyero yomwe ikadacoka utsi, mpaka atakwanisa kubweresa cirungamo.
Nfundo yakuthumizira pa Mat 12:20 mu nwtsty
mbvuniko omwe unkufukutira: M’nyumba zizinji zakale-kale mukhambakhala na mibvuniko ya dongo yomwe ikhaikhidwa mafuta ya bzisapo bza mioliva. Cingwe cikhapfuwa mafutayo mpaka padzulu, bzomwe bzikhacitisa kuti cirambirambi cipitirize kugaka. Mu Cigerego mafala yakuti ‘mbvuniko omwe unkufukutira’ yangathandauze kacingwe komwe kankufukutira ndipo kasala pang’ono kuthima. Polofesiya ya pa Zaiya 42:3 ikhadaleweratu bza nsisi za Jezu. Iye angadadzathimisa lini cidikhiro ca wanthu wakubonera na wakuponderezedwa.
(Mateu 13:25) Ndipo wanthu akadagona tulo, kudabwera nyamadulanthaka wace. Nyamadulanthakayo adabzala nyakasongole m’munda mwa tirigu mule acicoka.
Kodi Mukhadziwa?
Kodi m’nthawe za m’Bibliya, munthu angadabzaladi nyakasongole m’munda mwa mwanzace?
MWAKUBVERANA na Mateu 13:24-26, Jezu adati: ‘Umambo bwa kudzulu bungandendemezedwe na munthu omwe wabzala mbeu yabwino m’munda mwace. Ndipo wanthu akadagona tulo, kudabwera nyamadulanthaka wace. Nyamadulanthakayo adabzala nyakasongole m’munda mwa tirigu mule acicoka. Pomwe idadzamera, iciyamba kucosa ngala, adawonekerambo nyakasongole ule.’ Anembi winango ambapenukira kuti bzimwebzi bzingadacitikadi, koma bzinembo bza m’madokumento yakale yaciroma, bzimbalatiza kuti bzimwebzi bzingadacitikadi.
Disiyonario inango ya Bibliya idalewa kuti, mwakubverana na cakutonga ca ku Roma, kukhali kuphonya kwene-kwene kubzala nyakasongole m’munda mwa mwenekaciro na cakulinga cakubwezera. Penu cakutongaci cikhalipodi, bzinkuwonekeratu kuti bzimwebzi bzikhacitikadi. Munthu winango wakudziwa bwino malamulo yakale, Alastair Kerr, adalewa kuti mu gole la 533 pambuyo pa Kristu, Justiniano mtongi wa Roma adanemba mabukhu mazinji yakulewa bza lamulo la Roma, yomwe yensene pabodzi yambacemeredwa kuti Digesto. Mabukhuya yambalewa bza wanthu winango omwe akhadziwa bwino lamuloli omwe adakhala na moyo m’magole 100 mpaka 250 pambuyo pa Kristu. Mwakubverana na mabukhuya, m’bodzi wa adziwiwa akhacemeredwa Ulpian. Iye adalewa nkhani yomwe idacitika m’magole dzana yakuyambirira kuti munthu adabzala nyakasongole m’munda mwa munthu munango kuti aphe mbeuzo. Mabukhuyo yambalewa kuti munthuyo akhafunika kubwezera kobiri zizinji thangwe ra kuphonya kwaceko mwakubverana na malamulo yakukhazikisidwa.
Bzimwebzi bzidacitika mu Utongi bwa Roma wakale ndipo bzinkulatiza kuti there la Jezu lingadacitikadi.
12-18 FEVEREIRO
CUMA CA M’FALA LA MULUNGU | MATEU 14-15
“Adadyesa Wanthu Azinji Mwakuphatisa Basa Wanthu Ang’ono-ng’ono”
(Mateu 14:16, 17) Tsono Jezu adawatawira kuti: “Bzin’funika lini kuti iwo ayende; apaseni imwepo cakudyaco.” 17 Iwo adamutawira kuti: “Tiribe cinthu pano, kupambula mikate mixanu na nsomba ziwiri.”
(Mateu 14:18, 19) Jezu adawauza kuti: “Bweresani kuno bzimwebzo.” 19 Ndipo adauza mathimu ya wanthuyo kuti yakhale pansi pa mauswa. Patsogolo pace, iye adatenga mikate mixanu ire na nsomba ziwirizo, ndipo adanyang’anisa kudzulu, acibzisimba bzensebzo. Atamala, iye adabedula-bedula mikateyo, acipasa anyakupfunza wace; ndipo anyakupfunza wacewo adagawanisa kwa mathimu ya wanthuwo.
(Mateu 14:20, 21) Tenepo, wanthu wensenewo adadya, acikhuta; ndipo adakonkha bzomwe bzikhadasala, acidzaza bzitundu 12. 21 Pa wanthu omwe adadyawo, akhalipo amuna 5.000, mwakusaya kulewenga akazi na wana.
Nfundo yakuthumizira pa Mat 14:21 mu nwtsty
mwakusaya kulewenga akazi na wana: Ni mpostolo Mateu yekha omwe adalewa bza akazi na wana pomwe adafotokoza bza cakudabwisaci. Pinango mulewengo wa wanthu wense omwe adadyesedwa m’njira yakudabwisa ire angadapitirira 15.000.
Kufufudza Cuma Cauzimu
(Mateu 15:7-9) Wanthu wacinyengomwe! Zaiya adaleweratu bza imwepo, pomwe iye adati: 8 ‘Wanthuwa ambandondilemekeza na miromo yokha, tsono mitima yawo iri kutali na inepano. 9 Ankundobonera kundinamata, pakuti ankupfunzisa malamulo ya wanthu.’ ”
Nfundo yakuthumizira pa Mat 15:7 mu nwtsty
wanthu wacinyengomwe: Fala la Cigerego lakuti hy·po·kri·tesʹ, pakuyambirira likhalewa bza wanthu wa ku Grécia (na patsogolo pace, wanthu wa ku Roma) omwe akhabvala máscara zikulu ku nkhope zomwe zikhacitisa kuti mafala yawo yabveke yamphanvu. Fala limweri lidadzayamba kuphatisidwa mwakuyezezera pakufuna kulewa bza munthu ali-wense omwe akhabisa unthu bwace ayai mwakumbayezezera kukhala bzinthu bzomwe ndiye lini. Pa vesiri Jezu adacemera atsogoleri wacipembedzo ca Ajuda kuti ‘wanthu wacinyengomwe.’—Mat 6:5, 16.
(Mateu 15:26) “Jezu adamutawira kuti: “Si bwino kutenga cakudya ca wana, kuthusira tunkhanda.”
Nfundo yakuthumizira pa Mat 15:26 mu nwtsty
wana . . . tunkhanda: Mbwaya zikhawonedwa ninga zakupswipa mwakubverana na cakutonga ca Mozeji. Tenepo, kawiri-kawiri fala lakuti mbwaya limbaphatisidwa basa m’Bibliya mu njira yakunyoza. (Mwam 11:27; Mat 7:6; Waf 3:2; Cibv 22:15) Tsono mu nkhani yakunembedwa na Mateuyi pabodzi na nkhani yakunembedwa na Marko (7:27), Jezu adaphatisa basa fala lomwe limbathandauza “tunkhanda” ayai “mbwaya yakufuwa” pakufuna kufewesa kundendemeza komwe akhacita. Pinango bzimwebzi bzinkulatiza kuti Jezu adaphatisa basa fala labwino lomwe wanthu omwe akhali lini Ajuda akhaliphatisa basa kwa mbwaya zomwe akhafuwa. Jezu adandendemeza Ajirayeri na “wana,” ndipo wanthu omwe akhali lini Ajirayeri adawandendemeza na “tunkhanda.” Mwa njira imweyi, Jezu akhalatiza omwe akhafunikira kusamaliridwa pakuyamba. Munthu omwe akhana wana na mbwaya pamui, iye angadayamba kudyesa wana, acimalizira kudyesa mbwaya.
19-25 FEVEREIRO
CUMA CA M’FALA LA MULUNGU | MATEU 16-17
“Kodi Bzakukumbuka Bzanu Mpsakucokera kwa Mbani?”
(Mateu 16:21, 22) Kuyambira nthawe imweyo, Jezu adayamba kumbawafokotozera anyakupfunza wace kuti iye akhafunikira kuyenda ku Jeruzalemu, acikabonera kwene-kwene m’manja mwa ayeruzi, akulu-akulu wa ansembe na mwa anembi; na kuti bzikhafunikambo kuti aphedwe, acidzalamusidwa pa nsiku yacitatu. 22 Pakubva bzimwebzo, Pedru adayenda naye pambali, acikamutsimula, mwa kulewa kuti: “Bzibvereni nsisi Mbuya. Bzinthu bzimwebzi bzin’dzakucitikirani lini.”
(Mateu 16:23) Koma iye adazungunuka aciuza Pedru kuti: “Bwera kumbuyo kwangu, Sathani! Iwepo ndiwe mwala wakukhukhumudwisa kwa inepano, pakuti ulibe makumbukidwe ya Mulungu, koma makumbukidwe ya wanthu.”
(Mateu 16:24) Ndipo Jezu adauza anyakupfunza wace kuti: “Penu munthu akufuna kunditewera, abzilambe yekha, anyamule muti wace wakuzunzidwira, acinditewera mwakusaya kulekeza.
Kufufudza Cuma Cauzimu
(Mateu 16:18) Inepano ndin’kuuza kuti: “Iwepo ndiwe Pedru, ndipo pa tsendwa limweri inepano ndin’dzamanga gwere langu, ndipo bzipata bza ku Thenje bzin’dzakwanisa lini kulikunda.
Nfundo zakuthumizira pa Mat 16:18 mu nwtsty
Iwepo ndiwe Pedru, ndipo pa tsendwa limweri: Fala la Cigerego lakuti peʹtros limbathandauza “kadutswa ka tsendwa ayai mwala.” Ndipo pa vesiri paphatisidwa basa fala la lakuti Pedru, dzina la Cigerego lomwe Jezu adapasa Simau. (Ju 1:42) Fala lakundendemerana nalo lakuti peʹtra limbasanduliziridwa kuti “tsendwa,” ayai cimwala cikulu. Ndipo fala la cigeregoli limbagumanikambo pa Mat 7:24, 25; 27:60; Lu 6:48; 8:6; War 9:33; 1Wak 10:4; 1Pe 2:8. Tenepo Pedru alibe kukumbuka kuti tsendwa lomwe Jezu adalewa kuti angadadzamangira gwere lace akhali iye, pakuti Pedruyo adadzanemba pa 1 Pedru 2:4-8 kuti Jezu akhali ‘mwala wa pakhona’ pa aliserse yakusankhulidwa na Mulungu. Ndipo mpostolo Paulo adalewambo bza Jezu ninga ‘aliserse’ na ‘tsendwa la uzimu.’ (1Wak 3:11; 10:4) Tenepo pa Mateu 16:18 bzikhali ningati Jezu ankulewa kuti: ‘Iwepo ndiwe Pedru, Kadutswa ka Tsendwa, ndipo wamuzindikira Kristu, omwe ni ‘tsendwa,’ la aliserse ya gwere lacikristau.’
gwere: Kumweku ni kuyamba kuphatisidwa basa kwa fala la Cigerego lakuti ek·kle·siʹa, ndipo iro limbacokera ku mafala ya Cigerego yakuti ek, lomwe limbathandauza “kunja” na ka·leʹo, lomwe limbathandauza “kucemera.” Ndipo yambalewa bza gulu la wanthu lomwe lacemeredwa kuti likonkhane pa cakulinga cinango ayai basa. (Onani Glossário mu Bibliya la Cipwitikizi.) Pa vesiri, Jezu akhalewa bza kukonzedwa kwa gwere la Akristau wakudzozedwa, omwe ninga ‘minyala ya moyo,’ ankuphatanidzidwa kuti ‘akhale nyumba ya uzimu.’ (1Pe 2:4, 5) Fala la Cigerego lakuti ek·kle·siʹa, lakuphatisidwa basa mwakubwereza-bwereza mu Septuaginta (bzinembo bza Cihebereu bzakusanduliziridwa mu Cigerego) lina thandauzo libodzi-bodzi na fala la Cihebereu lomwe limbasanduliziridwambo kuti “gwere.” Fala limweri kawiri-kawiri limbakhala linkulewa bza mtundu wense wa wanthu wa Mulungu. (Bzak 23:3; 31:30) Ajirayeri omwe adacosedwa ku Edjipito, ambacemeredwa “gwere” pa Mabasa 7:38. Ndipo Akristau omwe ambacemeredwa ‘kucokera ku mdima’ na ‘kusankhulidwa ku dzikoli’ ambakhala ‘gwere la Mulungu.’—1Pe 2:9; Ju 15:19; 1Wak 1:2.
(Mateu 16:19) Inepano ndin’dzakupasa mifungulo ya Umambo bwa kudzulu. Cinthu ciri-cense comwe un’dzamanga pansi pano, cin’dzamangidwambo kudzulu; ndipo ciri-cense comwe iwepo un’dzatsudzula pansi pano, cin’dzatsudzulidwambo kudzulu.”
Nfundo yakuthumizira pa Mat 16:19 mu nwtsty
mifungulo ya Umambo bwa kudzulu: Kale-kale kupasa munthu mifungulo caiyo ayai yakundendemezera, kukhali ninga kumupasa udindo. (1Nkha 9:26, 27; Zai 22:20-22) Tenepo fala lakuti “mfungulo” limbaimira udindo. Pedru adaphatisa basa “mifungulo” yomwe adapasidwa kuti athandize Ajuda (Mab 2:22-41), Asamariya (Mab 8:14-17), na wanthu wa mitundu inango (Mab 10:34-38) kuti atambire mzimu wa Mulungu na cakulinga cakuti adzapite mu Umambo bwa kudzulu.
26 FEVEREIRO–4 MARÇO
CUMA CA M’FALA LA MULUNGU | MATEU 18-19
“Tcenkhani Kubzikhumudwisa Mwekha na Kukhumudwisambo Winango”
(Mateu 18:6, 7) Tsono omwe akhukhumudwise m’bodzi pa ang’ono omwe ambandikhulupirawa, bzingadakhala bwino kuti iye amangiriridwe m’khosi mwace mwala wakupeyera, ninga omwe umbazungulirisidwa na bulu ule, acimizidwa pakati pa nyanza. 7 “Tsoka kwa dziko thangwe ra minyala yace yakukhukhumudwisa! Palibe bzomwe tingacite, bzakukhukhumudwisabzo bzin’bwera basi. Tsono tsoka kwa munthu omwe abwerese mwala wakukhukhumudwisayo!
Nfundo zakuthumizira pa Mat 18:6, 7 mu nwtsty
mwala wakupeyera, ninga omwe umbazungulirisidwa na bulu ule: Ayai “mwala ukulu wakupeyera.” Thandauzo lace cairo: “mwala wakupeyera wakuzungulirisidwa na bulu.” Mwala wa mtundu umweyo, omwe ukhatalimpha metro zakukwana 1.2 ayai 1.5, ukhalemera kwene-kwene mwakuti ukhafunikira kucita kuzungulirisidwa na bulu.
minyala yace yakukhukhumudwisa: Thandauzo lakuyambirira la fala la Cigerego lakuti skanʹda·lon, lomwe lasanduliziridwa kuti ‘mwala wakukhukhumudwisa,’ limbakumbukiridwa kuti likhalewa bza msampha; tsono winango ambalewa kuti ukhali muti wa msampha omwe ukhaikhidwa nyambo. Nsiku zino, falali limbaphatisidwambo basa pakulewa bza cinthu ciri-cense comwe cingagwese munthu. Likaphatisidwa basa m’njira yakuyezezera, iro limbakhala linkulewa bzicito ayai bzinthu bzomwe bzingacitise munthu kutewera njira yakuipa yomwe ingatsogolere munthuyo kukhala na makhalidwe yakuipa ayai kucita pikado. Pa Mateu 18:8, 9, padaphatisidwa basa fala lakundendemerana nalo, lomwe ni skan·da·liʹzo. Falali limbasanduliziridwa kuti ‘kukhukhumudwisa,’ ndipo lingasanduliziridwembo kuti ‘kukhala msampha ayai kuphonyesa munthu.’
bzithunzi-thunzi na mavidiyo mu nwtsty
Mwala wakupeyera
Minyala yakupeyera ikhaphatisidwa basa kuti apeyere nayo bzinthu bzakusiyana-siyana ninga bzisapo bza mioliva kuti akonze mafuta. Minyala minango ikhali ming’ono mwakuti munthu m’bodzi akhakwanisa kupeya nayo na manja, tsono minango ikhali mikulu kwene-kwene, mwakuti ikhafunikira kuzungulirisidwa na cifuwo. Pinango Samusoni akhambaphatisa basa minyala mikuluyi pa nthawe yomwe akhadamangidwa na Afilisteu. (Way 16:21) Minyala yakupeyera mwakucita kuphatisa basa cifuwo ikhandogumanika lini kokha mu Jirayeri, koma ikhagumanikambo m’mbuto zakusiyana-siyana zakutongedwa na Aroma.
Mwala Wapadzulu na Mwala wa Pansi
Mwala ukulu wakupeyera ninga omwe unkulatizidwa pano ukhazungulirisidwa na cifuwo, ninga bulu, ndipo ukhaphatisidwa basa kuti apeyere bzinthu bzakusiyana-siyana ninga bzisapo bza mioliva. Mwala wapadzulu omwe ukhazungulirisidwa na cifuwoyo, ukhatalimpha metro zakukwana 1.5, ndipo ukhazungulirisidwa padzulu pa mwala unango ukulu.
(Mateu 18:8, 9) Tsono, penu boko lako ayai mwendo wako umbakuphonyesa, umugwate, ucimuthusira kutali. Bziri bwino ukagumane moyo pomwe ulibe ciwalo cibodzi ayai uli wakulemala, m’mbuto mwakuti ukathusidwe pa moto wakusaya kumala una manja yense mawiri ayai na minyendo yense miwiri. 9 Ndipo, penu diso lako limbakuphonyesa, likolowole, ucilithusira kutali nawe. Bziri bwino ukagumane moyo pomwe una diso libodzi lokha, m’mbuto mwa kukathusidwa m’Gehena wakugaka moto pomwe una maso yense mawiri.
Nfundo yakuthumizira pa Mat 18:9 mu nwtsty
Gehena: Falali limbacokera ku fala la Cihebereu lakuti geh hin·nomʹ, lomwe limbathandauza ‘cigwa ca Hinomi,’ comwe cimbagumanika kummwera kwa mzinda wa Jeruzalemu. (Onani msolo 16 mu kabukhu kakuti Kabuku Kothandiza Kuphunzira Mawu a Mulungu, pansi pa mafala yakuti “Yerusalemu ndi Madera Apafupi.”) Pomwe Jezu akhali pansi pano, cigwaci cikhaphatisidwa basa ninga mbuto yakutenthera lixo. Tenepo fala lakuti ‘Gehena’ ni fala lakundendemezera kupfudzidwa kwakumaliratu.
Glossário mu nwtstg
Gehena
Limweri ni fala la Cigerego lakulewa bza Cigwa ca Hinomi comwe cimbagumanika kummwera kwa mzinda wa Jeruzalemu. (Jer 7:31) Polofesiya inango ikhadalewa bza mbuto imweyi ninga yakutayira mitembo. (Jer 7:32; 19:6) Tsono palibe cizindikiro ciri-cense cakulatiza kuti bzirombo ayai wanthu akhathusidwa m’mbutoyi ana moyo na cakulinga cakuti atenthedwe ayai kuti azunzidwe. Tenepo Gehena si mbuto yakusaya kuwoneka yakuzunzira mizimu ya anyakufa kwamuyaya. Jezu na anyakupfunza wace adaphatisa basa falali mwakundendemezera pakufuna kulewa bza ‘infa yaciwiri’ yomwe ni kupfudzidwa kwakumaliratu.—Cibv 20:14; Mat 5:22; 10:28.
(Mateu 18:10) Samalani kuti muleke kunyoza m’bodzi wa ang’onowa, pakuti inepano ndinkukuuzani kuti wanjo wawo kudzuluku ambawona nthawe zense nkhope ya Baba wangu omwe ali kudzulu.
Nfundo yakuthumizira pa Mat 18:10 mu nwtsty
ambawona nthawe zense nkhope ya Baba wangu: Ayai “ambafikira pafupi Baba wangu.” Pakuti wanjo ambakwanisa kufikira pafupi Mulungu, iwo wokha ndiwo omwe ambakwanisa kuwona nkhope ya Mulunguyo.—Kuf 33:20.
Kufufudza Cuma Cauzimu
(Mateu 18:21, 22) Patsogolo pace Pedru adamufenderera acimubvunza kuti: “Mbuya, kodi m’bale wangu angandiphonyere kangasi, kuti inepano ndimukhululukire? Mpaka kanomwe?” 22 Jezu adati kwa iye: “Ndinkuuza lini kuti kanomwe kokha, koma mpaka nthawe 77.
nfundo yakuthumizira pa Mat 18:22 mu nwtsty
nthawe 77: Thandauzo lace cairo: “70 kubwerezera kanomwe.” Fala lacigeregoli lingabvedwembo ningati linkuthandauza “70 na 7” (nthawe 77) ayai “70 kubwerezera kanomwe” (nthawe 490). Malewedwe mabodzi-bodziya yambagumanikambo mu Septuaginta pa Ciyambo 4:24, ndipo yadasandulizira mafala yacihebereu yakuti “nthawe 77,” bzomwe bzimbacitisa kuti mafala yamweyambo yasanduliziridwe kuti “nthawe 77.” Bziribe basa momwe wanthu ambabvera mafalaya; tsono nfundo njakuti kubwerezera mulewengo wa 7 kumbalatiza “kuyenderera” ayai “kusaya malire.” Pomwe Pedru adalewa kuti kanomwe, Jezu adamuuza kuti 77. Na bzimwebzo, Jezuyo akhafuna kupfunzisa ateweri wace kuti aleke kumbaikha malire pa nkhani yakumbalekerera anzawo. Mwakusiyana na bzimwebzi, bukhu la bzakutonga bza ku Babulo likhati: “Munthu akaphonya kakuyamba, kaciwiri na kacitutu, an’dzalekereredwa, tsono kacinai, iye an’dzalekereredwa lini.”—Talmude Babilônico (Yoma 86b).
(Mateu 19:7) Iwo adamubvunza kuti: “Tsono, thangwe ranyi Mozeji adalewa kuti mwamuna ambapase mkazi tsamba lakumalisa malowozi, acimutumiza ku mui kwace?”
nfundo yakuthumizira pa Mat 19:7 mu nwtsty
tsamba lakumalisa malowozi: Cakutonga cikhalewa kuti mwamuna omwe akhakumbuka bza kulambana na mkazace, akhafunikira kukonzesa tsamba lakumalisa malowoziyo, acifikisambo nkhaniyo kwa akulu-akulu. Mwa njira imweyi, Cakutongaco cikhapasa nthawe mwamunayo kuti akumbuke bwino-bwino pomwe akanati kuyenda nayo kutsogolo nkhaniyo. Cakutongaci cikhalinga kuthandiza amuna kuti aleke kumbathamangira kulambana na azikazawo, ndipo cikhakhotcererambo akazi. (Bzak 24:1) Tsono, mu nthawe ya Jezu, atsogoleri wa cipembedzo akhadacitisa kuti amuna aleke kumbaneseka kukonzesa tsamba lakumalisa malowozi yawo. Josephus, Mfarizeu wa mu nthawe ya Akristau wakuyambirira, adalambanambo na mkazace, ndipo bzimwebzi bzimbalatiza kuti wanthu akhambalambana “pa thangwe liri-lense (ndipo bzikacitidwa kawiri-kawiri na amuna).”
Bzithunzi-thunzi na mavidiyo mu nwtsty
Tsamba lakumalisa malowozi
Tsamba lakumalisa malowoziri, la m’gole la 71 ayai 72 EC, lidanembedwa m’cirewedwe ca Ciaramaiko. Lidagumanidwa kumpoto kwa dera la Wadi Murabbaat, mu mkulo wakuuma, ku dambo la Judeya. Tsambali limbalewa kuti mu gole lacitanthatu lomwe Ajuda adamukira Aroma, Zuze, mwana wa Naqsan, adalambana na Miriamu, mwana wa Jonatani omwe akhakhala mu mzinda wa Masada.