Abakene bararushiriza gukena

“Nta kibano mu vy’ukuri gishobora gusagamba no kugira agahimbare, igihe abantu benshi cane mu bakigize ari abakene be n’abinazi”.

UMUHINGA mu vy’ubutunzi yitwa Adam Smith yavuze ayo majambo mu kinjana ca 18. Benshi baremera ata gukeka yuko ukuri kw’ivyo yavuze kurushiriza mbere kutaba agaseseshwarumuri muri iki gihe. Itandukaniro riri hagati y’abatunzi n’abakene mbere riribonekeza kuruta ikindi gihe. Muri Filipine, ica gatatu c’abanyagihugu batunzwe n’amahera ari munsi y’idolari rimwe ry’Abanyamerika (amahera ari munsi ya 1.000 c’amarundi) ku musi, akaba ari amahera kenshi umuntu aronka mu kanya gato mu bihugu bitunze. Raporo yo mu 2002 y’Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryerekeye iterambere ry’abantu (Rapport sur le développement humain 2002) ivuga yuko “ibice 5 kw’ijana vy’abantu batunze kuruta abandi kw’isi, binjiza amahera aruta incuro 114 ayo ibice 5 kw’ijana vy’aboro ruhebwa binjiza”.

Naho usanga bamwebamwe basa n’ababayeho neza, abantu amamiliyoni baguma baturatura, bagashinga utururi aho bishoboka hose. Hari n’abadafise ako karyo; barara mw’ibarabara kumbure bisasiye ibikaratasi gusa. Benshi muri bo bagerageza kurondera icorirenza mu buryo bushoboka bwose, nko mu gusura mu myavu, mu kwikorera imizigo iremereye canke mu gutoratorera mu nkorofani ibicupa, ibikopo n’ibipapuro bakaja kubigurisha.

Ubusumbane buri hagati y’abatunzi n’abakene ntiburi mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajambere gusa, mugabo nk’uko Ibanki y’isi yose ibivuga, “mu bihugu vyose usanga hariho ‘uduce turimwo abakene’”. Kuva mu gihugu ca Bangaladeshi gushika muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, naho bamwebamwe muri bo boba bamerewe neza, hariho abo usanga bagwa bavyuka kugira ngo baronke icorirenza canke kugira ngo baronke aho bakika umusaya. Ikinyamakuru kimwe (The New York Times) casubiyemwo raporo yo mu 2001 yatanzwe n’ibiro bijejwe urusansuma vyo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, yerekana yuko itandukaniro riri hagati y’abatunzi n’abakene muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika rirushiriza kuba rinini. Yavuze iti: “Abantu batunze kuruta bangana n’ica gatanu [muri Amerika] mu mwaka uheze baronse ibice 50 kw’ijana vy’amahera yose umuryango winjiza . . . Abantu bakenye kuruta bangana n’ica gatanu baronse ibice 3,5 kw’ijana”. Mu bihugu vyinshi ibintu vyifashe nk’ukwo nyene canke vyarunyutse. Raporo y’Ibanki y’isi yose yerekanye yuko nk’ibice 57 kw’ijana vy’abantu bo kw’isi batunzwe n’amahera ari munsi y’amadolari abiri y’Abanyamerika (amahera ari munsi ya 2.000 vy’amarundi) ku musi.

Icaje kuvyunyura, mu 2002, abantu amamiliyoni barababajwe n’amaraporo avuga ivyerekeye abakuru b’amakompanyi bacitse abatunzi biciye mu buryo buteye amakenga. Naho ata kintu giteye kubiri n’amategeko cakozwe mu buryo buboneka, benshi babona yuko abo bakuru b’amakompanyi, nk’uko bivugwa n’ikinyamakuru kimwe (Fortune), “bariko barushiriza kuba abatunzi mu buryo bukomeye, budasanzwe kandi buteye isoni”. Dufatiye ku biriko biraba kw’isi, bamwebamwe ntibumva ingene hari abantu bafise amahera menshi gutyo, aharurwa mu madolari amamiliyoni amajana n’amajana, mu gihe abantu benshi cane babayeho mu bukene.

Ubukene bwoba buzokwamaho?

Ivyo ntibishaka kuvuga yuko ata bantu bagerageza kugira ico bakoze ku vyerekeye ubukene buzigirije abantu. Abakuru b’intwaro bafise imigambi myiza be n’amashirahamwe atanga imfashanyo, ntibabuze gutanga ivyiyumviro vyotuma hagira ibihindurwa. Naho ari ukwo, ibintu ntibigenda neza. Ya raporo yo mu 2002 y’Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ivuga yuko “ibihugu vyinshi bikenye kuruta uko vyari biri mu myaka 10, 20 iheze mbere hari n’ibikenye kuruta uko vyari mu myaka 30 iheze”, naho hagizwe utwigoro twinshi twiza kugira ngo hagire ibiryohorwa.

Ivyo none vyoba vyotuma umukene atagira icizigiro? Turagusavye usome ikiganiro gikurikira kugira ngo urimbure ubukerebutsi ngirakimazi bushobora kugufasha ubu, hamwe n’umuti w’ubukene ushobora kuba utahora wiyumvira.