Imbere y’uko Bibiliya iba igitabu, yabanje kuba umuzingo hanyuma iba Codex

KUVA kera na rindi, abantu bamye bazigama amakuru mu buryo bwinshi. Mu bihe vyahise, abanditsi barandika amajambo yabo ku bintu vyibukiriza kahise, ku bisate vy’amabuye canke vy’imbaho, ku nsato no ku bindi bintu. Nko mu kinjana ca mbere, mu karere k’ibihugu vy’Abarabu, umuzingo cari co kintu abantu bandikako cemewe kandi cashinzwe. Mu nyuma hashinzwe icitwa codex, iyahavuye isubirira umuzingo maze iba co kintu cemewe hose co kubikako ibintu vyanditswe. Codex kandi yarafashije cane mu vyo gukwiragiza Bibiliya. None codex yari iki, kandi vyagenze gute ngo itangure gukoreshwa?

Codex cari ikintu ca kera cane cakoreshwa kimeze nk’igitabu ca none. Yari igizwe n’ibintu vy’ibipapuro bagerekeranya, bakegeraniriza hamwe maze bakabifatanya bakoresheje inyuzi. Ivyo bipapuro vyaba vyanditseko imbere n’inyuma bikaba kandi bikingiwe n’igipfukisho. Codex yo mu ntango ntiyari imeze neza na neza nk’ibitabu vyo muri iki gihe, ariko, cokimwe n’ibindi bintu nka vyose vyashizweho n’abantu, yaratejwe imbere yongera igenda iratunganywa busha bivanye n’ivyo abayikoresha baba bakeneye be n’uko bipfuza ko yomera.

Urubaho, ishashara n’urusato

Mu ntango, codex akenshi zakorwa mu bisate vy’imbaho baba bashongerejeko ishashara. Hariho mwene ivyo bisate vyari vyanditsweko vyatowe i Herculanum, kino kikaba cari igisagara catikiriye rimwe n’icitwa Pompéi igihe Umusozi Vésuve waturikako ibirunga mu 79 G.C. Ibisate bigumye vyahavuye bisubirirwa n’ibipapuro bishobora kuzingwa. Mu kilatini, izo codex zitwa membranae, ni ukuvuga insato, kubera ko ivyo bipapuro ahanini vyari bikozwe mu nsato.

Codex zimwezimwe zikiriho ubu ni izo mu nkorogoto. Codex za kera cane kuruta izindi zakoreshwa n’abakirisu, izazigamwe mu turere tumwetumwe two mu Misiri dushushe, ni izo mu nkorogotoa.

Umuzingo canke codex?

Biboneka ko abakirisu bakoresheje ahanini umuzingo gushika n’imiburiburi mu mpera z’ikinjana ca mbere. Ikiringo co kuva mu mpera z’ikinjana ca mbere gushika mu kinjana ca gatatu mu gihe cacu, caranzwe n’ukudahuza hagati y’abari bashigikiye codex be n’abari bashigikiye umuzingo. Abantu bumira ku migenzo ya kera, abari basanzwe bakoresha umuzingo, baragonanywe guheba uburyo bwari bwarashinzwe bwo gukora ibintu be n’imigenzo ya kera. Ariko rero, raba ico vyasaba kugira ngo umuntu asome umuzingo. Akenshi wasanga umuzingo ugizwe n’igitigiri cashinzwe c’ibipapuro vyo mu nkorogoto canke mu nsato vyafatanirijwe hamwe bikagira igipapuro kimwe kirekire cane, ico baheza bakazinga. Igisomwa candikwa mu nkingi ku ruhande rumwe rw’umuzingo. Kugira ngo umuntu awusome, yarawuzingurura akarondera aho yaba yipfuza gusoma. Ahejeje yaca asubira kuwuzinga (Luka 4:16-20, gereranya na NW.). Akenshi wasanga hakenerwa imizingo myinshi kugira ngo igitabu kimwe gusa gishobore kwandikwa, ivyo mbere bikaba vyatuma gukoresha umuzingo birushiriza kugora. Naho biboneka ko abakirisu bo kuva mu kinjana ca kabiri no kubandanya bashimye kwimurira Ivyanditswe kuri codex, umuzingo wagumye ukoreshwa mu binjana n’ibindi. Naho vyari ukwo, abahinga babona ko kuba abakirisu barakoresha codex vyagize uruhara ruhambaye rwatumye abantu benshi bayemera.

Ivyiza vya codex si agaseseshwarumuri. Yarashobora kwandikwamwo ibintu vyinshi, yari ngirakamaro ikaba kandi yari yoroshe gutwara. Naho nyene abantu bamwebamwe bo muri ico gihe co mu ntango babona ivyo vyiza, abenshi ntibihutiye guheba gukoresha umuzingo. Ariko rero, mu binjana bitari bike vyahaciye, hari ibintu bitandukanye vyagiye biratuma codex ihurumbirwa cane.

Codex yatuma hakoreshwa uburyo buke ugereranije n’ubwakoreshwa ku muzingo. Urupapuro rwayo, umuntu yarashobora kurwandikako imbere n’inyuma, kandi ibitabu bitari bike vyarashobora gufatanirizwa mu mbumbe imwe. Bamwebamwe babona yuko kuba vyaroroha ko umuntu atora ibisomwa binaka biri muri codex ari co kintu nyamukuru catumye abakirisu be n’abantu bize, nk’akarorero abacamanza, bayikunda. Abakirisu babona ko codex ntonto zafasha cane mu gikorwa co kwamamaza. Vyongeye, codex yaba ifise igipfukisho akenshi caba gikozwe mu mbaho, ivyo bikaba vyatuma iramba cane kuruta umuzingo.

Codex wasanga kandi zorohereza umuntu mu bijanye no gusoma. Nko mu mpera z’ikinjana ca gatatu, Injili zanditswe ku nsato ntonto zariko zirakwiragira mu biyita abakirisu. Kuva ico gihe, harahinguwe mu buryo bwa codex amabibiliya amamiliyaridi n’ayandi, yaba ari Bibiliya yose canke igice cayo.

Muri iki gihe, hariho ibikoresho vyinshi vyatumye ubukerebutsi buva ku Mana dusanga muri Bibiliya umuntu ashobora kuburonka ningoga kandi mu buryo bworoshe. Burashobora kuboneka biciye kuri za orodinateri, ku makaseti yo kwumviriza no ku mpapuro. Uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose Bibiliya ibonekamwo wohitamwo, nubukoreshe mu gutsimbataza urukundo ukunda Ijambo ry’Imana, wame uririmbura ku musi ku musi.​—Zaburi 119:97, 167.

[Akajambo k’epfo]

[Ifoto ku rup. 15]

“Codex” yarafashije cane mu vyo gukwiragiza Bibiliya