Ico twigira muri kino gihe ku bwami bwa kera bw’i Ludiya
VYOSHIKA ukaba utari bwigere wumva ibijanye n’ubwami bwa kera bw’i Ludiya, akaba ari co gituma woshobora gutanganzwa no kumenya ko ivyo abantu baho bubuye vyahinduye ukuntu abantu bo kw’isi bagira ivy’urudandazwa. Abasoma Bibiliya na bo nyene boshobora gutangazwa no kumenya yuko ikintu catangujwe n’abantu b’i Ludiya gituma abantu barushiriza gutahura ubuhanuzi butoroshe gutahura bwo muri Bibiliya. None ico kintu abantu b’i Ludiya bubuye ni igiki? Imbere yuko twishura ico kibazo, vyoba vyiza tubanje kugira ico twize ku bijanye n’ingene ubuzima be n’ibihe vyari vyifashe muri ubwo bwami busa n’ubwibagiwe.
Abami b’i Ludiya baganza bari ku murwa mukuru w’ubwo bwami, ari wo Sarudi, uwari mu gice co mu Burengero bw’akarere ico gihe kitwa Aziya Ntoya, mugabo ubu kakaba kitwa Turukiya. Umwami wa nyuma yatwaye Ludiya, ari we Crésus, yarirundanirije ubutunzi bwinshi cane, mugabo mu nyuma nko mu 546 B.G.C. yaratsinzwe na Kuro Mukuru w’Ubuperesi, uwo Kuro nyene akaba ari we yahavuye yigarurira ubwami bwa Babiloni mu myaka mikeya yakurikiye.
Abadandaza b’i Ludiya bakunda gutanguza utuntu dushasha, bivugwa yuko ari bo babaye aba mbere mu gukoresha ibiceri. Kuva kera na rindi, izahabu be n’ifeza vyamye bikoreshwa bwa mahera, mugabo kubera yuko udupande tw’izahabu twari tumeze nk’utugegene tubase be n’utwari tumeze nk’ibikomo tutama tungana, igihe cose abantu baba baguze canke bagurishije ikintu vyaraba ngombwa ko bapima utwo dupande tw’izahabu twakoreshwa bwa mahera. Nk’akarorero muri Isirayeli, Yeremiya umuhanuzi w’Imana yaraguze itongo rimwe maze yandika ati: “Ndamugerera ifeza ku munzane, ziba shekeli cumi n’indwi.”—Yeremiya 32:9.
I Ludiya, abantu bo mu gihe ca Yeremiya barubuye ikintu catumye ivy’urudandazwa vyoroha, ico na co kikaba ari ikoreshwa ry’ibiceri vyaba bifise uburemere buzwi na bose, ubwemezwa n’ikidodo umutegetsi yatera kuri kimwekimwe muri ivyo biceri. Ibiceri vya mbere vy’i Ludiya vyahingurwa mu kugira uruvange rw’izahabu n’ifeza (ivyitwa électrum). Igihe Crésus yaba umwami, ivyo biceri yaciye abisubiriza n’ibindi biceri bikozwe mw’ifeza yaba isa n’uko ata kindi bivanze be n’ibikozwe mw’izahabu yaba isa n’uko ata kindi bivanze. Abantu b’i Ludiya baratanguje uburyo bwo gukoresha ibiceri bigizwe n’ubutare bubiri butandukanye, aho wasanga ibiceri 12 vy’ifeza binganya agaciro n’igiceri kimwe c’izahabu. Mugabo ubwo buryo bwarageramiwe n’ibiceri vy’ivyiganano vy’izahabu yaba ivanze n’ubundi butare bw’igiciro gitoya. Abadandaza rero bari bakeneye uburyo bworoshe bwo gusuzuma ko izahabu itaba ivanze.
Abantu b’i Ludiya barubuye yuko ubwoko bw’ibuye ryirabura ryo muri ako karere, iryo bita ibuye ry’i Ludiya, ryari kubafasha gutorera umuti iyo ngorane. Igihe umuntu yaba aharatuye igiceri kuri iryo buye riringaniye mugabo risa n’irifise amaga, ico giceri caca kirisigako ikimenyetso. Igihe ibara ry’ico kimenyetso ryaba rigereranijwe n’ibara ry’ibimenyetso vy’inshinge zafatirwako akarorero zakubwa kuri iryo buye, izaba zikozwe mu rugero rw’izahabu ruzwi neza, urugero rw’izahabu rwaba ruri muri ico giceri rwaca rumenyekana. Ico kintu bubuye, ni ukuvuga ubwo buryo bwo gusuzuma hakoreshejwe ibuye, ni co catumye haboneka uburyo bwo kwizigirwa mu bijanye no gukoresha ibiceri. None kumenya ibijanye n’ayo mabuye yakoreshwa mu gusuzuma, bidufasha gute gutahura Bibiliya?
Amabuye y’ikigereranyo yo gusuzuma avugwa muri Bibiliya
Igihe ibijanye no gusuzuma izahabu hakoreshejwe amabuye yo kuzisuzuma vyakwiragira mu badandaza, iryo jambo ryakoreshwa mu kuvuga “ibuye ryo gusuzuma” ryahavuye rigira insobanuro y’uburyo bukoreshwa mu gusuzuma ikintu. Mu kigiriki, urwo rukaba ari ururimi igihimba kimwe ca Bibiliya canditswemwo, iryo jambo ryarakoreshwa kandi mu kwerekeza ku kubabazwa kw’abantu baba bariko barasuzumwa biciye ku kubasinzikariza ubuzima.
Kubera yuko abarinzi b’ibohero ari bo bababaza imbohe, ijambo ryakomotse ku mvugo ngo “ibuye ryo gusuzuma” ryarakoreshwa kandi mu kwerekeza kuri abo barinzi b’ibohero. Ku bw’ivyo rero, Bibiliya iravuga ibijanye n’ikigereranyo Yezu yatanze, ikivugwamwo umushumba atakenguruka yahawe “abarinzi b’ibohero,” canke nk’uko bivugwa mu mpinduro zimwezimwe, “abatera umubabaro” canke ‘abahuraguzi.’ (UB) (Matayo 18:34; American Standard Version, Darby, King James Version) Ku bijanye n’ico canditswe, igitabu kimwe c’inkoranyabumenyi (The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia) kivuga giti: “Bishoboka ko ugupfungwa ubwavyo vyabonwa nk’‘umubabaro’ (akaba ata gukeka ko ari ko vyari), kandi abo ‘batera umubabaro’ ntibari abandi uretse abarinzi b’amabohero.” Ivyo biradufasha gusigura umurongo umwe ushimishije wo muri Bibiliya.
Insobanuro y’ikintu kitoroshe gutahura iboneka
Abantu b’umutima nziraburyarya basoma Bibiliya baribajije kuva kera ibijanye n’ibizoshikira Shetani. Bibiliya ivuga iti: “Maze wa Mubesheranyi . . . araririzwa muri ca kiyaga c’umuriro n’amazuku, ahari hamaze kuja ca gikoko na wa muhanuzi w’ikinyoma; kandi bazobabazwa umurango n’ijoro ibihe bitazoshira.” (Ivyahishuwe 20:10) Ata gukeka, Yehova abona ko gushira umuntu ahantu azomara ibihe bidahera ababarizwa, bihushanye n’urukundo rw’lmana be n’ubutungane bwayo. (Yeremiya 7:31) Vyongeye, Bibiliya ivuga ko ubuzima budahera ari ingabirano, atari igihano. (Abaroma 6:23) Biratomoye rero ko mu Vyahishuwe 20:10 hakoresha imvugo ngereranyo. Igikoko be n’ikiyaga c’umuriro bivugwa muri uwo murongo, ni ivy’ikigereranyo. (Ivyahishuwe 13:2; 20:14) None ukwo kubabazwa kwoba na kwo nyene ari ukw’ikigereranyo? Iyo mvugo ishobora kuba isobanura iki?
Nk’uko twamaze kubibona, ijambo ry’ikigiriki ryahinduwe ngo “umubabaro” rikomoka kw’ijambo ryahinduwe ngo “ibuye ryo gusuzuma,” kandi ryoshobora kwerekeza ku mubabaro uva ku gupfungwa. Ku bw’ivyo rero, ukubabazwa kwa Shetani kw’ibihe bidahera kwoshobora kwerekeza ku kuba azokwugaranirwa mw’ibohero ricungerewe gusumba ayandi yose, iryo na ryo rikaba risobanura urupfu.
Bwa buryo bwo gusuzuma ubutare hakoreshejwe ibuye ryo gusuzuma ry’i Ludiya, buradufasha gutahura ikindi kintu ku bijanye n’ukubabazwa kwa Shetani kw’ibihe bidahera kwo mu buryo bw’ikigereranyo, ukudateye kubiri n’urukundo rw’Imana. Mu ndimi zimwezimwe, ijambo risobanura “ibuye ryo gusuzuma” ryerekeza ku buryo busanzwe bwemewe bwo gusuzuma ibintu. Nk’akarorero, mu congereza, iryo jambo “ibuye ryo gusuzuma” risobanura “gusuzuma canke uburyo bwo gufatirako, igihe umuntu ashaka kumenya ubwiza bw’ikintu canke ko kitagira amahinyu.” Ku bw’ivyo rero, ukubabazwa kwa Shetani kw’ibihe bidahera kwo mu buryo bw’ikigereranyo kwerekana ko urubanza azocirwa ruzoba nk’ikintu kizofatirwako ibihe bidahera, ikizoshobora gukoreshwa niharamuka hagize abagarariza Yehova muri kazoza. Ntibizokwigera bisubira gukenerwa ko uguhaririza ubutegetsi bwa Yehova gusuzumwa umwanya muremure kugira ngo bigaragare ko ababuhaririza bavuga ikinyoma.
Gutahura igituma abadandaza bo mu mihingo itandukanye batanguye gukoresha bwa buryo bwo gusuzuma ubutare hakoreshwejwe ibuye ryo gusuzuma ry’i Ludiya, be no gutahura imvugo ngereranyo zitandukanye zakomotse kuri ubwo buryo bwo gusuzuma ubutare, biratuma turushiriza gutahura ibizoshikira Shetani. Ibizomushikira bizokwama ibihe bidahera bikoreshwa bwa kintu gifatirwako mu guca urubanza, ikizotuma bitaba bigikenewe ko Imana yigera isubira kwirengagiza ubugarariji.—Abaroma 8:20.
[Iciyumviro ku rup. 23]
Ukubabazwa kwa Shetani kwo mu buryo bw’ikigereranyo kwerekana ko urubanza azocirwa ruzoba nk’ikintu co gufatirwako ibihe bidahera
[Ikarata ku rup. 21]
(Ushaka igisomwa cose, raba ico gitabu)
Ikiyaga Cirabura
LUDIYA
SARUDI
Ikiyaga Mediterane
[Ifoto ku rup. 21]
Ibisigarira vy’i Sarudi ha kera
[Ifoto ku rup. 22]
Mu bihe vya kera, iminzane yarakoreshwa mu gupima ubutare bwakoreshwa bwa mahera
[Abo dukesha ifoto]
E. Strouhal/Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY
[Amafoto ku rup. 23]
Uburyo bwo gusuzuma ubutare hakoreshejwe ibuye ryo gusuzuma buracakoreshwa no muri kino gihe
[Abo dukesha amafoto]
Ibiceri: tubikesha Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.; ibuye ryo gusuzuma: Science Museum/Science & Society Picture Library
[Abo dukesha ifoto ku rup. 21]
Igiceri gikozwe mw’izahabu ivanze n’ifeza: tugikesha Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.