Ingendo aba kera bagira bakarenga akarere ka Mediterane

Muri kino gihe, abantu babona ko ari ibisanzwe kwurira indege ukava mu mugabane umwe w’isi uja mu wundi. Vyoba vyogutangaza kwumva ko no mu bihe vya Bibiliya abantu bagira ingendo ndende?

NK’IMYAKA igihumbi imbere y’igihe ca Kristu, Umwami Salomo yarakoze umugwi w’imeri zagenda zijanye n’imeri z’umwami wa Tiro kugira ngo zizane ibintu vyizavyiza muri Isirayeli zibikuye kure cane. (1 Abami 9:26-28; 10:22) Mu kinjana c’icenda B.G.C., ku kivuko c’i Yopa muri Isirayeli kuri Mediterane, umuhanuzi Yona yaruriye ubwato bwariko buja i Tarushishi.a (Yona 1:3) Mu kinjana ca mbere G.C., intumwa Paulo yarafashe urugendo ava i Sezariya muri Isirayeli aja i Puteyoli, ahitwa muri iki gihe Pozuyoli, mu Kigobe c’i Naples mu Butaliyano.​—Ibikorwa 27:1; 28:13.

Abatohozakahise barazi yuko mu gihe ca Paulo, abadandaza bo mu karere ka Mediterane bama bagenda n’ubwato baciye mu Kiyaga Gitukura baja mu Buhindi, kandi hagati mu kinjana ca kabiri, hari abari bamaze gushika no mu Bushinwa.b Ariko none, ni ibiki tuzi ku vyerekeye ingendo aba kera bagira bakarenga akarere ka Mediterane berekeza mu Burengero? Abasozabwato ba kera bashitse mu turere twa kure utuhe berekeza mu Burengero?

Ingendo Abanyafenisiya bagira kera

Ibinjana n’ibindi imbere y’igihe ca Paulo, abantu bakunda kugira ingendo zo mu biyaga bari barashinze uturere bakoreramwo ivy’ubudandaji mu Burengero. Vyiyumvirwa ko Abanyafenisiya, bano bakaba baturuka aho Libani yo muri iki gihe iherereye, bashitse kuri Atalantike mu 1200 B.G.C. Nko mu 1100 B.G.C., barenze gatoya agace k’amazi gahuza Ikiyaga Mediterane be n’Ibahari Atalantike kitwa détroit de Gibraltar, barahashinze igisagara citwa Gadir, ubu kikaba ari igisagara co muri Esupanye citwa Cádiz kirimwo ikivuko. Mu bidandazwa vyaboneka aho hantu harimwo ifeza hamwe n’ubutare buvamwo amabati vyacukurwa muri ico gisagara, bigashorwa mu mahanga n’abadandaza bakorera mw’Ibahari Atalantike.

Umutohozakahise w’Umugiriki yitwa Herodote yanditse yuko mu kinjana c’indwi B.G.C. Farawo Neko wo mu Misiri yakoranirije hamwe aho Ikiyaga Gitukura gita ururimi umugwi w’imeri z’Abanyafenisiya, bakaba ari bo nyene baziyobora. Yari afise intumbero yo kuzunguruka Afirika ahereye mu Buseruko gushika mu Burengero.

Muri ico gihe, Abanyafenisiya bari bamaze ibinjana n’ibindi bagira ingendo baja ku nkengera za Afirika kuraba uko hameze. Ariko rero bivuye ku miyaga hamwe n’ibisebuzi bibi, abasozabwato bagenda berekeza mu Bumanuko bajanye inkengera ya Atalantike, bishobora kuba vyarababera urugamba kugira ngo bashike kure cane. Twisunze ivyo Herodote avuga, urugendo rushasha Abanyafenisiya bagize barutanguriye ku Kiyaga Gitukura maze bajana inkengera yo mu Buseruko bwa Afirika baciye mw’Ibahari Indiyano. Umwaka ugeze nko hagati, baraja i musozi, bagatera imbuto, bakahaguma igihe gihagije kugira ngo bimbure, bagaca babandanya urugendo. Herodote yavuze yuko mu mwaka ugira gatatu, bazungurutse umugabane wa Afirika wose, barinjira mu karere ka Mediterane, maze basubira mu Misiri.

Herodote yasozereye inkuru yiwe avuga yuko Abanyafenisiya bavuze ibintu atashobora kwemera, harimwo ibijanye n’uko igihe bariko baratembera hirya no n’ino y’isonga ryo Bumanuko bwa Afirika bari mu bwato, babonye izuba iburyo bwabo. Mu vy’ukuri, ntivyari vyoroshe ku Mugiriki wa kera kwemera ivyo bintu. Umuntu wese amaze ubuzima bwiwe bwose aba mu Buraruko bwa wa murongo w’ikigereranyo bita Équateur amenyereye kubona izuba riri mu Bumanuko. Ku bw’ivyo, igihe aba ariko yerekeza mu Burengero, izuba riba riri ibubamfu bwiwe. Yamara, uri ku gace k’isi kinjira mu mazi kitwa Cap de Bonne Espérance, kano kakaba kari mu Bumanuko bwa wa murongo Équateur, ku mutaga izuba riba riri mu Buraruko, ni ukuvuga iburyo bw’umuntu wese aba ariko yerekeza mu Burengero.

Inkuru ya Herodote yaramaze ibinjana n’ibindi abatohozakahise bayiharirako. Kuri benshi vyoshobora kuba vyasa n’ibitumvikana ko abasozabwato bashobora kuba barazungurutse Afirika mu gihe ca kera cane gutyo. Ariko rero, incabwenge zemera yuko Farawo Neko yashinze abantu kugira urwo rugendo be n’uko urwo rugendo rwashoboka, uravye ubuhanga n’ubumenyi vyari bihari ico gihe. Umutohozakahise yitwa Lionel Casson avuga ati: “Urugendo nk’urwo rurashoboka neza cane. Nta mvo n’imwe yari gutuma abasozabwato b’Abanyafenisiya badashobora kurugira mu kiringo no mu buryo Herodote avuga.” Ntawokwemeza neza urugero inkuru ya Herodote igezako mu kuba iy’ukuri. Naho ari ukwo, iratanga iciyumviro ku bijanye n’utwigoro tudatezura twagizwe two kugira ingendo zo mu kiyaga zishika kure mu turere tutari tuzwi ico gihe.

Pythéas afata urugendo mu bwato aja mu Buraruko

Abanyafenisiya si bo bantu ba kera bonyene bo mu karere ka Mediterane bagize ingendo baja mu Burengero berekeza muri Atalantike. Mu turere abasozabwato b’Abagiriki bashinze hirya no hino y’akarere ka Mediterane harimwo akitwa Massalia, ubu akaba ari igisagara co mu Bufaransa citwa Marseilles. Ico gisagara carateye imbere kubera urudandaza rwagirirwa mu mazi n’i musozi. Abadandaza bararungika mu Buraruko umuvinyu, amavuta be n’ubutare bw’umujumbu vyo mu karere ka Mediterane bivuye i Massalia, mu Buraruko na ho bakahakura ivyuma bitarahingurwa be n’ubutare busa n’umuhondo bwitwa ambre. Ata gukeka, abantu b’i Massilia barashaka kumenya aho ivyo bidandazwa vyava. Ni co gituma nko mu 320 B.G.C., umuntu w’i Massilia yitwa Pythéas yaciye aja kwirabira utwo turere twa kure two mu Buraruko.

Pythéas agarutse, yaranditse igitabu kivuga ibijanye n’ingendo yagize gifise umutwe uvuga ngo “Kw’ibahari” (On the Ocean). Naho igisomwa c’ikigiriki yatanguye kwandika muri ico gitabu ciwe kitakiriho, amajambo yo muri co yarasubiwemwo n’abanditsi ba kera n’imiburiburi 18. Ivyo bice vyasubiwemwo vyerekana yuko Pythéas yadondoye avyitondeye ibiyaga, imipfunda yo muri vyo, indondabihugu be n’abantu vyo muri utwo turere yagendeye. Yarikoze kandi ku burebure bw’igitutu c’inkoni yakoresheje mu kugira ubushakashatsi kugira ngo amenye aho izuba ryo ku mutaga ryaba riri kw’igenekerezo rinaka rizwi, kandi afatiye kuri ivyo yaragereranije aho yagenze agana mu Buraruko uko hangana.

Pythéas yashaka kwimenyera ibijanye na siyansi. Ariko rero, birashoboka cane ko intumbero nyamukuru y’urugendo rwiwe itari iyo kwubura ibijanye na siyansi. Ahubwo nyabuna, incabwenge zavuze yuko yagize urwo rugendo abitumwe n’ivyo abadandaza b’i Massalia bashaka kandi bakaba ari bo bamuhaye amahera yo kurugira, bano bakaba bamurungitse ngo aje kurondera inzira yo mu kiyaga ishika kuri izo nkengera za kure, aho bari bazi ko bashobora kuronka ubutare busa n’umuhondo bwitwa ambre be n’ubutare buvamwo amabati. None Pythéas yagiye hehe?

Yaragiye muri Bretagne, mu Bwongereza no kure y’aho

Bisa n’uko Pythéas yazungurutse ari mu bwato agace k’isi kinjira mu mazi kitwa Iberiya yongera ava ku nkengera y’igihugu ca Gaule ashika muri Beretanye aho yaciye aja i musozi. Ivyo tubimenyeshwa n’uko kimwe mu bipimo yagize ku bijanye n’aho izuba ryari riri i buheramaso, gihuza n’aho izuba riba riri mu Buraruko bwa Bretagne, bikaba bishoboka ko ico gipimo yagifashe ari i musozi.c

Abantu bo muri Beretanye bari abahinguzi b’imeri n’abasozabwato bakanongoreye bahanahana ibidandazwa n’Ubwongereza. Ahitwa Cornwall, hano hakaba ari kw’isonga ryo mu Bumanuko bushira Uburengero bw’Ubwongereza, hariho ubutare bw’ibati bwinshi, buno bukaba ari bwo ahanini bugize ubutare bw’umujumbu, kandi aho ni ho Pythéas yaciye yerekeza. Ivyo yavuze vyarerekanye ukuntu Ubwongereza bungana be n’imero yabwo igomba kumera nk’inyabutatu, ivyo bikaba vyerekana ko ategerezwa kuba yarazungurutse iryo zinga ari mu bwato.

Naho ata womenya neza na neza inzira Pythéas yajanye iyo ari yo, yoshobora kuba yaragiye n’ubwato araca hagati y’Ubwongereza na Irilande, akururukira kw’izinga bita île de Man, rino aho riri ufatiye kuri wa murongo w’ikigereranyo witwa Équateur hakaba hahuye n’aho yatoye igihe yapima ubugira kabiri aho izuba riba riri. Igipimo kigira gatatu yoshobora kuba yagifashe ari i Lewis mu mazinga bita Outer Hebrides, hafi y’inkengera yo mu Burengero bwa Ekose. Avuye ng’aho ashobora kuba yabandanirije mu Buraruko aja mu mazinga ya Orcades, mu Buraruko bw’izinga nyamukuru rya Ekose, kubera yuko ivyo yanditse nk’uko bisubirwamwo n’uwitwa Pline l’Ancien, vyerekana ko yose hamwe yari amazinga 40.

Pythéas yanditse y’uko umuntu amaze imisi nk’itandatu ariko aragenda mu bwato yerekeza mu Buraruko bw’Ubwongereza, aca ashika mu karere kitwa Thulé. Abanditsi ba kera batari bake bavuga ko Pythéas yadondoye akarere ka Thulé yuko ari igihugu c’izuba ryo mu gicugu. Yanditse yuko umuntu amaze uwundi musi wose ariko agira urugendo mu bwato avuye i Thulé, yaca ashika ahantu ikiyaga cari “cacitse ibarafu.” Ibijanye n’aho akarere ka Thulé Pythéas avuga kari gaherereye, vyaravyuye ibihari vyinshi, bamwe bakavuga ko ari mu mazinga ya Féroé, abandi bakavuga ko ari muri Noroveje, mu gihe abandi bavuga ko ari mu gihugu ca Islande. Aho akarere ka Thulé koba kari gaherereye hose, abanditsi ba kera baremera ko kari ko “karere ka kure cane kuruta utundi twose tw’amaja mu Buraruko tuzwi.”

Vyiyumvirwa ko Pythéas yasubiye mu Bwongereza ajanye ya nzira nyene yari yaciyemwo maze araheza ararangiza kuzunguruka iryo zinga. Ntituzi niba yarabandanije kugendura akarere ko ku nkengera yo mu Buraruko bw’Uburaya imbere yo gusubira mu karere ka Mediterane. Uko vyoba vyaragenze kwose, Pline l’Ancien avuga ko Pythéas ari n’ikintu kinini yaterereye ku bijanye n’uburere buvamwo bwa butare busa n’umuhondo bwitwa ambre. Amasoko ya kera ubwo butare bw’igiciro bwavamwo yari aherereye i Jutland, kino kikaba ari igice ca Danemarike yo muri iki gihe, be no ku nkengera yo mu Bumanuko bw’Ikiyaga Baltique. Mu bisanzwe, Pythéas ashobora kuba yamenye utwo turere igihe yagendera ikivuko ico ari co cose co mu Buseruko bw’Ubwongereza, kandi nk’uko tubizi, ntiyigeze avuga yuko ubwiwe yoba yaratugendeye.

Uwundi muntu azwi yagendeye akarere ka Mediterane akaba yaranditse ibijanye n’urugendo yagize mu Bwongereza ni Jules César, uno akaba yashitse mu Bumanuko bw’iryo zinga mu 55 B.G.C. Mu mwaka wa 6 G.C., ayandi masekeza yo kugira ingendo Abaroma bagize yabashikanye mu Buraruko bwa Jutland.

Barushiriza gushika kure cane

Abanyafenisiya n’Abagiriki barongereje ubumenyi ku bijanye n’indondabihugu, ntibagarukiriza ku kumenya akarere ka Mediterane n’ako muri Atalantike gusa, ariko barashitse no ku kumenya uturere twa kure cane tw’amaja mu Bumanuko bwa Afirika bongera barashika kure cane mu Burengero bw’akarere k’amaja kw’isonga rya ruguru ry’umubumbe. Ibintu vyari vyeze mw’isi y’ico gihe kwari ukugira ingendo zo kwihweza uturere, gukora ivy’urudandaza, kwagura ubumenyi, kugira ingendo mu mihingo ya kure cane, kandi ivyo vyatumye ivyiyumviro n’ubumenyi vyongerekana.

Ibintu vyanditswe ku bijanye n’ingendo zagizwe kera bikiriho bitegerezwa kuba bisigura nkeyi gusa muri izo ngendo abasozabwato b’indyamunyu bagize bakaroranirwa. Ni abasozabwato ba kera bangahe bagarutse aho bari bahagurutse bava batigeze bandika ibijanye n’aho bari bashitse? Kandi ni bangahe bavuye mu bihugu vyabo vy’amavukiro n’ubwato bagashika ku nkengera za kure ariko ntibigere bagaruka? Ivyo bibazo ntibirishurwa. Ariko hari ikintu dushobora gutahura ku bijanye n’ukuntu ubukirisu bwo ntango bwakwiragiye.​—Raba uruzitiro ruri aho haruguru.

[Utujambo tw’epfo]

[Uruzitiro ku rup. 29]

Inkuru nziza “yamamajwe mu biremwa vyose”

Nko mu 60-61 G.C., intumwa Paulo yaranditse yuko inkuru nziza “yamamajwe mu biremwa vyose vyo munsi y’ijuru.” (Abakolosayi 1:23) Yoba yashaka kuvuga yuko ubukirisu bwari bumaze kwamamazwa mu Buhindi, mu Buseruko bwa kure, muri Afirika, muri Esupanye, muri Gaule, mu Bwongereza, mu turere twa Baltique be no muri ka karere ka Thulé Pythéas yavuga? Ivyo bisa n’uko atari ukwo bimeze, yamara ntitwodomako.

Ariko rero, ntawokekeranya yuko inkuru nziza yari imaze gukwiragira ku rugero runini. Nk’akarorero, Abayuda be n’abahindukiriye idini ryabo bemeye ubukirisu kuri Pentekoti yo mu 33 G.C., baratwaye ukwizera bari baherutse kuronka gushika n’imiburiburi kure muri Paritiya, muri Elamu, muri Mediya, muri Mezopotamiya, muri Arabiya, muri Aziya Ntoya, mu bice vya Libiya ahagana i Sireni be n’i Roma, harimwo n’uterere abasoma ivyo Paulo yanditse bari bazi.​—Ibikorwa 2:5-11.

[Ifoto ku rup. 26]

Herodote yavuze yuko igihe abasozabwato batembera hirya no hino y’isonga ryo mu Bumanuko bwa Afirika, babonye izuba riri iburyo bwabo

[Ikarata ku rup. 26]

IKIYAGA MEDITERANE

AFIRIKA

IBAHARI ATALANTIKE

IBAHARI INDIYANO

[Ifoto ku rup. 28]

Urugendo rurerure cane rwo mu kiyaga umusozabwato w’Umugiriki Pythéas yagize

[Ikarata ku rup. 28]

ISLANDE

NOROVEJE

IRILANDE

UBWONGEREZA

Ikiyaga co mu Buraruko

BRETAGNE

AGACE K’ISI GAKIKIJWE N’AMAZI KITWA IBERIYA

Marseilles

IKIYAGA MEDITERANE

INKENGERA YO MU BURARUKO BWA AFIRIKA