Izina ry’Imana n’ingene Alfonso de Zamora yaharaniye Bibiliya itagira amahinyu

MU 1492, Umwami Ferdinand wa Esupanye n’umwamikazi wiwe Isabella barasohoye itegeko rigira riti: “Dutegetse Abayahudi n’Abayahudikazi bose . . . ko mu mpera z’ukwezi kwa Mukakaro kw’uwu mwaka boba batuviriye mu bwami bwose no mu turere twose twavuze, bo hamwe n’abahungu babo n’abakobwa babo, n’abasuku babo n’abasukukazi babo n’abo mu muryango bose b’Abayahudi, baba abato canke abakuze, ata kuraba imyaka bafise, kandi dutegetse ko batohirahira ngo bahagaruke.”

Kubera iryo tegeko ryo kwirukana Abayahudi, buri muryango wose w’Abayahudi waba muri Esupanye wabwirizwa guhitamwo kwangara canke kwihakana idini ryawo. Umurabi yitwa Juan de Zamora ashobora kuba yaciye abona ko vyoba vyiza avuye mw’idini yarimwo akaja muri gatolika, akabona rero kuguma muri Esupanye, aho ba sekuruza bari bamaze amayaruka n’ayandi baba. Kubera ko Juan yari Umuyahudi, ashobora kuba yararungitse umuhungu wiwe Alfonso kw’ishure rya rurangiranwa ryigisha igiheburayo ry’i Zamora. Mu nyuma, Alfonso yarakurikiranye cane ikilatini, ikigiriki n’igiharameya. Arangije amashure, yaciye atangura kwigisha igiheburayo kuri kaminuza y’i Salamanque. Budakeye na kabiri, ubumenyi yari afise mu vy’indimi bwarafashije cane incabwenge mu vya Bibiliya z’i Buraya hose.

Mu 1512, kaminuza nshasha ya Alcalá de Henares yaratoye Alfonso de Zamora ngo abe umwigisha w’igiheburayo. Kubera yuko Zamora yari umwe mu ncabwenge zikomakomeye zo muri ico gihe, karidinali Jiménez de Cisneros, akaba ari na we yashinze iyo kaminuza, yaramusavye guterera umuganda mu gutegura Bibiliya ikomeye y’indimi nyinshi yiswe Polyglotte de Complute. Iyo Bibiliya yasohowe mu bitabu bitandatu, ikaba irimwo igisomwa ceranda co mu giheburayo, mu kigiriki no mu kilatini, hamwe n’ibihimba bimwebimwe vyo mu giharameya.a

Ku bijanye n’ico gikorwa, incabwenge mu vya Bibiliya yitwa Mariano Revilla Rico avuga ati: “Mu bantu batatu bahindukiriye idini ry’Abayuda bagize uruhara mu gikorwa ca Karidinali [Cisneros], uwari rurangiranwa kurusha abandi ni Alfonso de Zamora, umuhinga mu vy’indimburo, umufilozofe n’umuhinga mu vya Talimudi, akaba yari n’incabwenge mu kilatini, mu kigiriki, mu giheburayo no mu giharameya.” Ivyigwa Zamora yagize vyatumye ashika ku ciyumviro c’uko kugira ngo hahindurwe Bibiliya itagira amahinyu vyasaba ko umuntu aba azi neza indimi Bibiliya yanditswemwo mu ntango. Kukaba nkako, yabaye umwe mu mboneza zaharaniye iterambere mu vy’ubumenyi bw’ivya Bibiliya ryatanguye mu ntango y’ikinjana ca 16.

Ariko rero, Zamora yabayeho mu gihe kitoroshe, aba n’ahantu hateye akaga ku barondera guteza imbere ubumenyi bw’ivya Bibiliya. Ya Sentare ya gatolika yo muri Esupanye yarwanya ivyitwa ngo ni inyigisho z’ivyaduka yari ikomeye cane ico gihe, kandi Ekeleziya Gatolika yarubaha cane ya Bibiliya y’ikilatini yitwa Vulgate, ikabona ko ari yo Bibiliya yonyene ngo yemewe. Ariko rero, kuva mu kiringo co hagati y’ikinjana ca 6 n’ica 16 (Moyen Âge), incabwenge zo muri gatolika zari zimaze kubona ko igisomwa co mu kilatini c’iyo Bibiliya cari n’agahaze. Mu ntango z’ikinjana ca 16, Alfonso de Zamora be n’abandi baratanguye kugira ico bakoze ku bijanye n’ico kibazo.

‘Ubukiriro bwasaba ko Bibiliya ihindurwa mu zindi ndimi’

Mu vyo Zamora yagizemwo uruhara, nta nkeka y’uko icari gihambaye kuruta ibindi vyose ari igisomwa c’integuro y’igiheburayo y’igikunze kwitwa Isezerano rya kera be n’insobanuro yaco mu kilatini. Ashobora kuba yagomba ko ico gisomwa gikoreshwa cane muri ya Bibiliya y’indimi nyinshi yiswe Polyglotte de Complute. Kimwe mu vyo yandikishije iminwe kibitswe mu bubiko bwitwa El Escorial buri hafi y’i Madrid muri Esupanye. Ico gisomwa gifise inomero G-I-4, kikaba kirimwo igitabu cose c’Itanguriro mu giheburayo, munsi y’umurongo umwumwe wose hakaba hari insobanuro yaco y’ijambo ku rindi mu kilatini.

Mu kajambo k’intangamarara avuga ati: “Kugira amahanga aronke ubukiriro, vyasaba ko Ivyanditswe Vyeranda bihindurwa mu zindi ndimi. . . . Twarabonye ko . . . ari ngombwa yuko abakirisu b’abizigirwa baronka Bibiliya ihinduwe ijambo ku rindi, ku buryo ijambo ry’igiheburayo rimwerimwe ryose riba rifise iryo bihuye mu kilatini.” Alfonso de Zamora yari ashoboye ico gikorwa co guhindura iyindi Bibiliya mu kilatini kubera yuko yari umuhinga mu giheburayo yemewe.

‘Umutima wanje ntugira aho kuruhukira’

Ku ruhande rumwe, muri Esupanye yo mu kinjana ca 16 hari ho hantu heza incabwenge nka Zamora zashobora gukorera. Mu kiringo co hagati y’ikinjana ca 6 n’ica 16, muri Esupanye hari hasigaye harangwa cane imico kama y’Abayahudi. Igitabu kimwe c’inkoranyabumenyi (The Encyclopædia Britannica) gisigura giti: “Kubera ko [ico gihe] muri Esupanye haba abisilamu n’Abayahudi benshi, cari co gihugu conyene c’i Buraya carimwo abantu b’amabara y’urukoba atandukanye kandi bo mu madini atandukanye, kandi ivyo ni vyo ahanini vyatumye muri Esupanye haba iterambere mu vy’idini, mu vy’ukwandika ibitabu, mu vy’utugenegene no mu vy’ubuhinga bwo kwubaka mu gice ca nyuma ca ca kiringo co hagati y’ikinjana ca 6 n’ica 16.”

Kubera yuko muri Esupanye haba Abayahudi benshi, ivyandikano vy’iminwe vya Bibiliya vyo mu giheburayo vyari bigwiriye. Abimuzi b’Abayahudi bo mu mihingo myinshi ya Esupanye bari barihatiye kwimura ivyo vyandikano vy’iminwe kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu gusomera abantu Ivyanditswe mu masinagogi. Uwitwa L. Goldschmidt, mu gitabu ciwe citwa Bibiliya z’igiheburayo za mbere na mbere (mu congereza), avuga yuko “vya bitabu bitanu vya mbere vya Bibiliya bicapuwe mu gisupanyoli no mu giporotigali atari vyo vyonyene wasanga vyemerwa cane n’incabwenge z’Abayahudi ko bitagira amahinyu, ariko ko zemera cane n’ivyandikano vy’iminwe vyisunzwe mu gucapura ivyo bitabu be n’amabibiliya arimwo indimi nyinshi yahinduwe n’incabwenge.”

Naho muri Esupanye hari ahantu heza ho gukorera, hari ibimenyetso vyerekana ko aborondeye guhindura Bibiliya mu zindi ndimi borwanijwe. Mu 1492, abasoda b’abagatolika b’Umwami Ferdinand n’umwamikazi Isabella barigaruriye akarere ka nyuma ko muri Esupanye kabamwo abisilamu. Nk’uko twari twabivuze, muri uwo mwaka nyene abo bategetsi baciye bategeka yuko abari mw’idini ry’Abayahudi bose bomorwa muri Esupanye. Haciye imyaka cumi, harasohotse itegeko nk’iryo ryo kwomora abisilamu. Kuva ico gihe, idini rya gatolika ni ryo ryaciye ricika idini rya Leta muri Esupanye, ayandi madini ntiyaba acemewe.

None ivyo vyari kugira ingaruka iyihe ku vyo guhindura Bibiliya mu zindi ndimi? Reka tubirabe dufatiye ku vyashikiye Alfonso de Zamora. Naho iyo ncabwenge y’Umuyahudi yari imaze kuja mw’idini rya gatolika, abategetsi bo mw’idini bo muri Esupanye baranse kwihoza amamuko yiwe. Hari abarwanya ivyo guhindura Bibiliya mu zindi ndimi banebaguye Karidinali Cisneros ngo yikora ku bumenyi bw’Abayahudi binjiye muri gatolika mu gutegura Bibiliya yiwe y’indimi nyinshi. Ivyo bitero vyarateye amarushwa menshi Zamora. Mu majambo ari mu candikano kimwe candikishijwe iminwe kiri kuri kaminuza y’i Madrid, Zamora acura intimba ati: “Jewe, . . . uwahebwe akongera akankwa n’abagenzi banje bose, bagasigara ari abansi banje, sinshobora kuronka aho umutima wanje canke ubworo bw’ibirenge vyanje vyoruhukira.”

Umwe mu bansi biwe bakomeye yari Juan Tavera, musenyeri mukuru w’i Toledo, uwahavuye aba umukuru wa ya Sentare ya gatolika yo muri Esupanye yarwanya ivyitwa ngo ni inyigisho z’ivyaduka. Zamora yaravunywe umutima n’ibitero vya Tavera ku buryo yahavuye mbere yitura pāpa. Mw’ikete yamwandikiye yaravuze ati: “Turagusavye kandi turakwinginze Nyen’ubweranda udutabare . . . udukize umwansi wacu musenyeri w’i Toledo, Don Juan Tavera. Imisi yose yama aduteza amarushwa menshi atagira izina. . . . Ni ukuri turi mu mubabaro utovugwa, kuko atubona nk’imbagwa zigenewe amacuniro. . . . Ewe Nyen’ubweranda, niwumva uku gutakamba tugutuye, ‘Yahweh azoba umutekano wawe kandi azorinda ikirenge cawe gucakirwa.’ (Imigani 3:​23)”b

Iragi rya Alfonso de Zamora

Ariko ivyo bitero ntivyabujije ko igikorwa ca Zamora kibandanya kandi kigatera imbere ku neza y’abatohoji ba Bibiliya benshi. Naho atigeze ahindura Ivyanditswe mu ndimi zavugwa n’abantu bo mu gihe ciwe, yarafashije cane abandi bahinduzi. Kugira dutahure neza umuganda yaterereye, dutegerezwa kwibuka yuko kugira ngo Bibiliya ihindurwe hama hakenewe abahinga b’uburyo bubiri. Ubwa mbere, habwirizwa kuba hariho abahinga biga igisomwa ceranda co mu ndimi zo mu ntango, ari zo igiheburayo, igiharameya n’ikigiriki, kugira ngo hashobore gutegurwa igisomwa kinoboye kandi kitagira amahinyu muri izo ndimi. Maze umuhinduzi arashobora guca afata ico gisomwa akagishira mu rurimi rusanzwe ruvugwa.

Alfonso de Zamora ni we muhinga nyamukuru yateguye yongera aranobora igisomwa c’igiheburayo cahavuye gisohorwa mu 1522 muri ya Bibiliya y’indimi nyinshi yiswe Polyglotte de Complute. (Amajambo y’igiheburayo yasobanuye mu kilatini hamwe n’indimburo y’igiheburayo yateguye, bino bikaba vyasohowe muri iyo Bibiliya nyene, na vyo nyene vyarafashije cane abahinduzi mu gikorwa cabo.) Érasme, uwabayeho mu gihe kimwe na Zamora, yarakoze ikintu gisa n’ico ku Vyanditswe vy’ikigiriki, ibikunze kwitwa Isezerano rishasha. Aho ivyo bisomwa binoboye vyo mu giheburayo no mu kigiriki bimariye kuboneka, abandi bahinduzi barashobora gutangura igikorwa gihambaye cane co guhindura Bibiliya mu rurimi ruvugwa n’abanyagihugu. Igihe William Tyndale yahindura Bibiliya mu congereza, yari abaye mu bahinduzi ba mbere bikoze ku gisomwa c’igiheburayo ca ya Bibiliya y’indimi nyinshi yiswe Polyglotte de Complute.

Kuba Bibiliya ikwiragiye cane muri iki gihe tubikesha utwigoro tw’abantu nka Zamora bitanze batiziganya kugira turushirize gutahura Ivyanditswe. Nk’uko Zamora yabibona, kugira abantu baronke ubukiriro bisaba ko batahura Ijambo ry’Imana kandi bakarishira mu ngiro. (Yohani 17:3) Ivyo na vyo bisaba ko Bibiliya ihindurwa mu ndimi abanyagihugu bashobora gutahura, kuko ari ho gusa ubutumwa bwayo bushobora gushikira imitima n’imizirikanyi y’abantu amamiliyoni.

[Utujambo tw’epfo]

[Uruzitiro/Amafoto ku rup. 19]

Guhindura izina ry’Imana mu zindi ndimi

Birashimishije kubona ingene Alfonso de Zamora, Umuyahudi w’incabwenge, yahinduye izina ry’Imana yisunze ukuntu risomwa mu rurimi ryakuwemwo. Iyo foto ubona, yerekana igisomwa c’Itanguriro yatunganije kiri mu giheburayo, munsi y’umurongo umwumwe wose hakaba hari insobanuro yaco y’ijambo ku rindi mu kilatini. Nk’uko ushobora kubibona, mu kajambo kamwe ko mu nkingi y’ico gisomwa hari izina ry’Imana ryanditswe ngo “jehovah.”

Biboneka ko Zamora yashigikira ukwo kuntu izina ry’Imana ryahindurwa mu kilatini hisunzwe ukuntu risomwa mu rurimi ryakuwemwo. Igihe Bibiliya yahindurwa mu ndimi nyamukuru z’i Buraya mu kinjana ca 16, ubwo buryo bwo kwandika izina ry’Imana canke ubusa cane n’ubwo bwarakoreshejwe n’abahinduzi ba Bibiliya benshi, ushizemwo na William Tyndale (mu congereza, 1530), Sebastian Münster (mu kilatini, 1534), Pierre-Robert Olivétan (mu gifaransa, 1535) na Casiodoro de Reina (mu gisupanyoli, 1569).

Gutyo, Zamora yabaye umwe mu ncabwenge mu vya Bibiliya zo mu kinjana ca 16 zagize ico zifashije kugira ngo izina ry’Imana rimenyekane. Ikintu ca mbere catumye abantu batamenya izina ry’Imana ni uko Abayahudi batinya kwatura iryo zina kubera ukwemera ibintazi. Kubera uwo mugenzo w’Abayahudi, abahinduzi ba Bibiliya bo mu madini y’abiyita abakirisu, nk’umwe Jérôme yahindura ya Bibiliya y’ikilatini yitwa Vulgate, bagiye barakuramwo izina ry’Imana bakarisubiriza amazina y’icubahiro nka “Umukama” canke “Uhoraho.”

[Ifoto]

za ndome zine zigize izina ry’imana mu giheburayo, zimwe zamora yahindura ngo “jehovah”

[Ifoto ku rup. 18]

Rya tegeko umwami n’umwamikazi ba Esupanye batanga mu 1492

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Rya tegeko ryasohorwa: Ifoto dukesha Archivo Histórico Provincial, Ávila, Spain

[Akajambo gasigura ifoto ku rup. 18]

Kaminuza ya Alcalá de Henares

[Ifoto ku rup. 21]

Ishusho yo mu ntango ya ya Bibiliya ya Zamora y’igiheburayo n’ikilatini