Iyo sandugu yoba yarabayeho?

Isandugu y’amagufa ni iki? Ni isandugu yashirwamwo amagufa y’umuntu yasandavye umubiri wiwe umaze gusangukira mu mva. Amasandugu menshi yaribwa mu matongo y’abapfuye yo mu micungararo ya Yeruzalemu. Isandugu yariko izina rya Yakobo yubuwe kw’isoko ya kera, ntiyubuwe ahantu hasanzwe hacukurirwa ibintu. Bivugwa ko nyene iyo sandugu yayiguze amadolari amajana makeyi mu myaka y’1970. Gutyo, inkomoko y’iyo sandugu ntizwi. Porofeseri Bruce Chilton wo muri kaminuza y’i New York yatangujwe na Bard avuga ati: “Niba udashobora kuvuga aho isandugu yatowe be n’aho yari imaze imyaka hafi 2.000 iri, ntushobora kwerekana isano riri hagati yayo n’abantu ishobora kuba yerekezako”.

Kubera yuko ata bimenyamenya bijanye n’ivy’ubucukuzi vyerekana iyo yavuye vyari bihari, kugira iyo sandugu imenyekane amamuko yayo, André Lemaire yaciye ayirungikira Urwego rugira ubushakashatsi mu vy’ubutaka rwo mu gihugu ca Isirayeli. Abashakashatsi bo muri urwo rwego barasuzumye kugira barabe yuko iyo sandugu yari ikozwe mu mabuye y’ingwa yo mu kinjana ca mbere canke ca kabiri mu G.C. Bavuze yuko “ata kimenyetso na kimwe cerekana ko hari igikoresho co muri kino gihe cakoreshejwe kuri iyo sandugu”. Naho ari ukwo, incabwenge za Bibiliya zabajijwe ibibazo n’ikinyamakuru kimwe (The New York Times), zaseruye iciyumviro c’uko “ibimenyamenya bidatomora neza ibintu bishigikira ivy’uko iyo sandugu yoba ifitaniye isano na Yezu bishobora kuba vyari ibimenyamenya bikomeye, mugabo n’ubundi, biguma ari ibimenyamenya bidatomora neza ibintu”.

Ico kinyamakuru cavuze ko “hafi mu bantu bose bize bo muri iki gihe, ata n’umwe akekeranya ko Yezu yabayeho”. Yamara, benshi babona ko hategerezwa kuba hariho ibindi bimenyamenya vyerekana ko Yezu yabayeho, uretse ivyo muri Bibiliya. Ivyacukuwe, vyoba bikwiye kuba ryo shimikiro rituma umuntu yizera Yezu Kirisitu? Ni ibimenyamenya ibihe dufise bivuga kahise k’“umuntu umwe rudende ahambaye kuruta ababayeho bose kw’isi”?

Yezu Kirisitu​​—Ibimenyamenya vy’uko yabayeho kw’isi

WOBA wemera ko uwitwa Albert Einstein yabayeho? Ushobora guca wishura uti egome, ariko kubera iki? Abantu benshi ntibamwiboneye amaso mu yandi. Yamara, amaraporo yo kwizigirwa avuga ivyo yakoze, arerekana ko yabayeho. Umuntu ashobora kubona ko yabayeho afatiye ku vyo yubuye bikoreshwa mu vya siyansi. Nk’akarorero, abenshi barungukira ku muyagankuba ukomoka ku nguvu zihingurirwa mu gace inzatsa kitwa atome, irekurwa ry’izo nguvu rikaba rijanye rwose na bwa buhinga buzwi cane bwa Einstein buvuga yuko inguvu zingana n’uburemere bw’ikintu kugwiza n’ubunyarutsi bw’umuco bwigwijeko kabiri (E=mc²).

Umuntu azirikana muri mwene ubwo buryo nyene ku bijanye na Yezu Kirisitu, uwuzwi ko ari umuntu yagize akosho gakomeye muri kahise. Ivyanditswe kuri we be n’ibimenyamenya biboneka bigaragaza akosho yagize, nta nkeka biremeza yuko yabayeho. Naho ari ikintu gishimishije kubona haherutse gutorwa mu vy’ubucukuzi isandugu iharangatuweko izina rya Yakobo, iyo na yo ikaba ari imwe twabona mu kiganiro c’imbere y’iki, inkuru zivuga ko Yezu yabayeho ntizishingiye kuri iyo sandugu canke ku yindi iyo ari yo yose. Ikizwi coco, ni uko dushobora kuronkera ibimenyamenya vy’uko Yezu yabayeho mu vyo abatohozakahise bo mw’isi banditse ku bimwerekeye no ku vyerekeye abayoboke biwe.

Ibimenyamenya bitangwa n’abatohozakahise

Nk’akarorero, rimbura ikimenyamenya catanzwe na Flavius Josèphe, umutohozakahise w’Umuyuda wo mu kinjana ca mbere yari Umufarizayo. Mu gitabu Antiquités judaïques, Josèphe yaravuzemwo Yezu Kirisitu. Naho bamwebamwe bakekeranya ku vy’uko igitabu ca mbere Josèphe avugamwo Yezu ko ari Mesiya coba ari ic’ukuri, Porofeseri Louis H. Feldman wo kuri kaminuza imwe (Yeshiva University) avuga yuko bake ari bo bakekeranije ivy’uko igitabu kigira kabiri coba ari ic’ukuri. Muri ico gitabu, Josèphe yavuze ati: “[Ananiya umuherezi mukuru] yarakoranije abacamanza bagize Sentare nkuru y’Abayuda hanyuma aca ashira imbere yabo uwitwa Yakobo, mwenewabo na Yezu bita Kirisitu” (Antiquités judaïques, XX, 200). Emwe, Umufarizayo nyezina, uwo mu bagize akadumbi abenshi mu bakarimwo bari biyemeje kuba abansi ba Yezu, yaremeye icese ko “Yakobo, mwenewabo na Yezu” yabayeho.

Ivy’uko Yezu yabayeho vyaragaragariye mu bikorwa abayoboke biwe bakoze. Igihe intumwa Paulo yari apfungiwe i Roma nko mu 59 G.C., abagabo bakomakomeye bo mu Bayuda bamubwiye bati: “Kukw [ako kadumbi] tuzi yuko bak[a]vuga nabi hose” (Ivyakozwe 28:17-22). Bise abigishwa ba Yezu ‘ako kadumbi’. Asangwa baravugwa nabi hose, abatohozakahise bo mw’isi ntibari kubura kwandika ku biberekeye, si ko none?

Tasito, uwavutse nko mu 55 G.C. kandi yabonwa ko ari umutohozakahise akomeye kuruta abandi bose kw’isi, yaracishijemwo abakirisu mu bitabu vyiwe (Annals). Mu nkuru ivuga ukuntu Nero yabagirije ko ari bo bateje umuriro ukomeye watongoye Roma mu 64 G.C., yanditse ati: “Nero yararemaremye ibirego hanyuma ateza amarushwa akomeye umugwi w’abantu bankwa ngo kubera ububi bwabo, uwo mugwi abantu benshi bakaba bawita abakirisu. Kirisitu [Christus mu kilatini], uwo izina ryabo rikomokako, yaraciriwe urwo gupfa n’umwe mu bategetsi bahambaye ari we Ponsiyo Pilato mu gihe c’ingoma ya Tiberiyo”. Ibintu vy’ido n’ido bivugwa muri iyo nkuru birahuje n’amakuru yerekeye Yezu wo muri Bibiliya.

Uwundi mwanditsi yagize ico avuga ku vyerekeye abayoboke ba Yezu ni Pline le Jeune, buramatari w’i Bituniya. Nko mu mwaka w’111 G.C., Pline yarandikiye umwami w’abami Trajan amubaza ico yogira abakirisu. Yanditse avuga yuko abantu babesherwa ko ari abakirisu basubiramwo amajambo y’ukwambaza ibimana bakongera bagasenga igishushanyo ca Trajan kugira berekane ko vy’ukuri atari abakirisu. Pline yabandanije ati: “Bivugwa yuko abakirisu badahatirwa na gato kuja mu bintu na bimwe nk’ivyo”. Ivyo biremeza ko Kirisitu, umwe abayoboke biwe bari biteguriye guheba ubuzima bwabo kubera ukumwizera, yabayeho koko.

Igitabu kimwe (The Encyclopædia Britannica [casohowe mu 2002]), kimaze kuvuga mu ncamake aho abatohozakahise bo mu binjana bibiri vya mbere bagiye bavuga ivyerekeye Yezu Kirisitu n’abayoboke biwe, gisozera giti: “Izo nkuru zigenga ziremeza ko mu bihe vya kera, n’abarwanya ubukirisu batigeze bakekeranya ivy’uko Yezu yabayeho. Ivy’uko yabayeho vyatanguye guharirwako ari bwo bwa mbere kandi bivuye ku mvo ata ho zishingiye, mu mpera z’ikinjana ca 18, mu kinjana ca 19 be no mu ntango z’ikinjana ca 20”.

Ibimenyamenya biva ku bayoboke ba Yezu

Igitabu kimwe (The Encyclopedia Americana) kivuga giti: “Isezerano rishasha riratanga ibimenyamenya hafi nka vyose bijanye n’ibigize kahise k’ubuzima bwa Yezu, ivyamurangukiyeko be n’ibijanye n’insobanuro za mbere na mbere abakirisu batanga ku vyerekeye akamaro kiwe”. Abantu bakekeranya bashobora kutemera ko Bibiliya ari ikimenyamenya cemeza ko Yezu yabayeho. Yamara, uburyo bubiri bwo kuzirikana bushingiye ku nkuru zo mu Vyanditswe, burafasha canecane umuntu kubona ko Yezu yabaye kw’isi koko.

Nk’uko twabibonye, ivyiyumviro bihambaye vya Einstein birerekana ko yabayeho. Mu buryo nk’ubwo nyene, inyigisho za Yezu ziragaragaza ko yabayeho. Fata nk’akarorero ya Nsiguro yo ku Musozi, ikaba ari insiguro izwi cane Yezu yashikirije (Matayo, ikigabane ca 5-7). Intumwa Matayo yaranditse ku vyerekeye akosho iyo nsiguro yagize, avuga ati: “Ishengero ritangazwa n’inyigisho ziwe, kuko yabigisha nk’ūfise ububasha” (Matayo 7:28, 29). Ku biraba akosho ya nsiguro yagize ku bantu mu binjana n’ibindi, Porofeseri Hans Betz yavuze ati: “Utwosho ya Nsiguro yo ku Musozi yagize, mu bisanzwe ntitwagarukiye kw’idini y’Abayuda no ku bukirisu, canke mbere no ku mico kama yo mu bihugu vya Buraya gusa”. Yongeyeko yuko iyo nsiguro “yakwegereye bimwe bidasanzwe isi yose”.

Rimbura amajambo akurikira atomoye kandi ngirakamaro aranga ubukerebutsi dusanga muri ya Nsiguro yo ku Musozi: “Ūgukubise urushi mu musaya w’i buryo umuhindukirize n’uwundi”. “Mwirinde ntimugakorere ivyiza vyanyu mu maso y’abantu”. “Ntimukiganyire ivy’ejo, kuk’umusi w’ejo uzoba wiganyira ivyawo”. “Imaragarita zanyu ntimuziterere ingurube”. ‘Mubandanye gusaba, muzohabwa’. “Ivyo mugomba kw abantu babagirira vyose mube ari ko mubagirira namwe”. “Muce mw irembo ripfunganye”. “Muzobamenyera ku vyo bama”. “Igiti ciza cose cama ivyiza”.​—Matayo 5:39; 6:1, 34; 7:6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 17.

Ushobora kuba umaze kwumva amwamwe muri ayo majambo canke ivyiyumviro nyamukuru vyo muri yo. Kumbure ashobora kuba yahindutse imyibutsa mu rurimi rwanyu. Iyo myibutsa yose yakuwe muri ya Nsiguro yo ku Musozi. Akosho iyo nsiguro igira ku mahanga menshi be no ku mico kama myinshi karagaragaza neza na neza ko “wa mwigisha ahambaye” yabayeho.

Dufate ko hari uwigeneye umuntu kanaka ahambaye akamwita Yezu Kirisitu. Tuvuge ko nyene kumwigenera yari n’ubwenge bwinshi ku buryo aremarema za nyigisho zitirirwa Yezu wo muri Bibiliya. Ntiyoba none ariko aratuma abantu muri rusangi bemera rwose Yezu be n’inyigisho ziwe? Ariko rero, intumwa Paulo yavuze ati: “Abayuda basaba ibimenyetso, Abagiriki barondera ubgenge, ariko tweho tubabarira ivya Kristo ya[manitswe]: uyo ku Bayuda n’ikigwisha, ku banyamahanga n’ubupfu” (1 Ab’i Korinto 1:22, 23). Ubutumwa bwa Kirisitu yamanitswe, ntibwakwegera Abayuda canke abanyamahanga. Naho ari ukwo, uwo Kirisitu ni umwe abakirisu bo mu kinjana ca mbere bamamaza. Ni kubera iki havugwa Kirisitu yamanitswe? Ikintu conyene cobisigura neza, ni uko abanditsi b’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki vya gikirisu banditse ku vyerekeye ubuzima bwa Yezu n’urupfu rwiwe.

Ubundi buryo bwo kuzirikana bushigikira ivy’uko Yezu yabayeho, tububonera mu gikorwa c’ukwamamaza inyigisho ziwe abayoboke biwe bakoze batarambirwa. Hashize nk’imyaka 30 gusa Yezu atanguye ubusuku bwiwe, Paulo yaravuze yuko inkuru nziza “[y]avuzwe mu bāremwe bose bo musi y’ijuru” (Ab’i Kolosayi 1:23). Vyemere, inyigisho za Yezu zarakwiragiye mw’isi yose ya kera naho zarwanywa. Paulo, uwahamwe ubwiwe kubera ari umukirisu, yanditse ati: “Asangwa Kristo atāzutse, ivyo twigisha n’ivy’ubusa, n’ukwizera kwa[c]u n’ukw’ubusa” (1 Ab’i Korinto 15:12-17). Niba kwamamaza uwitwa Kirisitu atigeze azuka vyobaye ari ivy’ubusa, ukwamamaza uwitwa Kirisitu atigeze abaho vyo, vyorushirije mbere kuba ari ivy’ubusa. Nk’uko tubisoma muri raporo ya Pline le Jeune, abakirisu bo mu kinjana ca mbere bari biteguriye gupfa bazira ukwizera Kirisitu Yezu. Barahatswe kuhasiga ubuzima bwabo ku bwa Kirisitu kubera ko atari umugani, yari yarabayeho kw’isi nk’uko inkuru zo mu Njili zibivuga.

Wabonye ibimenyamenya

Abakirisu bătegerezwa kubanza kwemera izuka rya Yezu Kirisitu kugira babone kwamamaza. Na wewe nyene urashobora gusa nk’aho ubona mu bwenge bwawe Yezu yazutse, mu kuraba akosho ariko aragira muri iki gihe.

Gatoyi imbere y’uko Yezu amanikwa, yaravuze ubuhanuzi buhambaye bwerekeye ukuhaba kwiwe kwo muri kazoza. Yarerekanye kandi yuko yozutse hanyuma akicara iburyo bw’Imana, akarindira igihe yohagurukiye abansi biwe (Zaburi 110:1; Yohana 6:62; Ivyakozwe 2:34, 35; Abaroma 8:34). Mu nyuma, yohagurutse maze akirukana Shetani n’amadayimoni yiwe mw’ijuru.​—Ivyahishuriwe 12:7-9.

Ivyo vyose vyobaye ryari? Yezu yarahaye abigishwa biwe ‘ikimenyetso c’ukuhaba kwiwe n’ic’insozero y’urunkwekwe rw’ibintu’ (NW). Muri ico kimenyetso coranze ukuhaba kwiwe kutaboneka harimwo intambara zikomakomeye, amapfa, vya nyamugigima, ukwaduka kw’abigira abavugishwa n’Imana, ukwongerekana kw’ubugarariji be n’ibiza bikaze. Abantu bategerezwa kwitega bene ivyo bintu bitera amarushwa kubera yuko ukwirukanwa kwa Shetani wa Mucokoranyi kwotumye ‘isi ibona ibara’. Shetani yaramanutse mu micungararo y’isi “ari n’inzigo nyinshi, azi kw afise igihe gito”. Vyongeye, muri ico kimenyetso harimwo ukwamamaza inkuru nziza y’Ubwami “mw isi yose, ngo [i]be ikimenyetso kibere icabona amahanga yose”.​—Matayo 24:3-14; Ivyahishuriwe 12:12; Luka 21:7-19.

Ibintu Yezu yabuye vyarashitse. Kuva aho Intambara ya Mbere y’isi yose yadukiye mu 1914, turamaze kwibonera ikimenyamenya kirimwo vyinshi kigaragaza ukuhaba kutaboneka kwa Yezu Kirisitu. Ubu ariko aganza ari Umwami w’Ubwami bw’Imana kandi ariko agira akosho gakomeye. Kuba ufise iki kinyamakuru mu minwe yawe, ni ikimenyamenya c’uko igikorwa c’ukwamamaza ubwo Bwami kiriko kirarangurwa muri iki gihe.

Kugira urushirize gutahura akosho k’ukuba Yezu yarabayeho, urakeneye kwiga Bibiliya. Kubera iki utobaza Ivyabona vya Yehova amakuru y’ido n’ido yerekeye ukuhaba kwa Yezu?

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Josèphe, Tasito na Pline le Jeune baravuze ivyerekeye Yezu Kirisitu n’abayoboke biwe

[Abo dukesha ifoto]

Amashusho yose uko ari atatu: © Bettmann/CORBIS

[Ifoto ku rup. 7]

Abakirisu bo mu ntango bari barajijutse ko Yezu atari umugani