5 “Igiti co kubabarizwako”

Mu kigiriki ni σταυρός (stau·rosʹ); mu kilatini ni crux

“Igiti co kubabarizwako” kivugwa muri Mt 27:40 gikoreshwa mu bijanye n’iyicwa rya Yezu ahitwa Kaluvariyo, ni ukuvuga, Ahantu h’Agahanga. Nta kintu na kimwe kiriho cemeza yuko ijambo ry’ikigiriki stau·rosʹ ryakoreshejwe ng’aho ryasobanura umusaraba nk’umwe abapagani bakoresha bwa kigereranyo mu vy’ugusenga, mu binjana n’ibindi imbere ya Kristu.

Mu kigiriki ca kera, ijambo stau·rosʹ ryasobanura gusa igiti gihagaze kigororotse, canke ikigiga kibure inkingi nk’iyikoreshwa ku mushinge. Irivuga stau·roʹo ryasobanura kuzitiza ibigiga, ukuzitiza ibiti. Abanditsi b’Ivyanditswe vy’ikigiriki vya gikirisu bahumekewe, bavyanditse mu kigiriki gisanzwe (koi·neʹ) kandi bakoresheje ijambo stau·rosʹ bashaka kuvuga ico nyene ryasobanura mu kigiriki ca kera, ni ukuvuga igiti gisanzwe canke inkingi, ata giti na kimwe kigitambitseko mu buryo na bumwe. Ivyo nta kintu na kimwe kibivuguruza. Intumwa Petero na Paulo kandi barakoresha n’ijambo xyʹlon bashaka kuvuga ikintu co kubabarizako ubuzima Yezu yakomereweko imisumari, ivyo bikaba vyerekana yuko cari igiti gihagaze kigororotse, kitariko igiti gitambitse, kuko ico ari co ijambo xyʹlon risobanura muri iyo nsobanuro idasanzwe. (Ivk 5:30; 10:39; 13:29; Gl 3:13; 1Pt 2:24) Mu mpinduro Septante (LXX), ijambo xyʹlon turisanga muri Ezr 6:11 (2 Ezira 6:11), kandi ng’aho rivugwa ko ari ikigiga bamanikako umuntu yarenze amategeko, cokimwe no mu Ivk 5:30; 10:39.

Ku vyerekeye insobanuro y’ijambo stau·rosʹ, uwitwa W. E. Vine, mu gitabu ciwe (An Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words [icongeye gucapurwa mu 1966], vol. I, rup. 256), avuga ati: “STAUROS (σταυρός) risobanura, ubwa mbere na mbere, ikigiga canke igiti gihagaze kigororotse. Aho ni ho bakomera imisumari inkozi z’ikibi mu kuzica. Iryo zina hamwe n’irivuga stauroō, irisobanura gukomera ku giti canke ku nkingi, ufatiye ku nkomoko yavyo, biratandukanye na wa musaraba ugizwe n’ibiti bibiri ukoreshwa mu madini. Imero y’uwo musaraba yakomotse mu Bukaludaya bwa kera, ikaba yakoreshwa bwa kigereranyo c’imana Tamuzi (ifise imero ya Tau y’ikiyoberane, urwo rukaba ari urudome rutangura izina ryayo) muri ico gihugu no mu bihugu bihana imbibe, harimwo na Misiri. Nko hagati mu kinjana ca 3 Inyuma ya Kristu, amadini ashobora kuba yari yarataye canke yaragoretse inyigisho zimwezimwe z’ukwizera kwa gikirisu. Kugira ngo amadini yari yahunye yongereze icubahiro cayo, abapagani barakirwa mu madini batarinze guhindura ivyo bemera, kandi baremererwa cane kugumana ibimenyetso n’ibigereranyo vyabo vya gipagani. Gutyo rero, ya Tau canke T, mu mero yayo yakoreshwa cane, umanuye gato igiti gitambitse, yaciye ifatwa nka co kigereranyo c’umusaraba wa Kristu.”

Inyizamvugo y’ikilatini ya Lewis na Short ivuga ko insobanuro y’ishimikiro y’ijambo crux ari “igiti, inkingi, canke ibindi bintu vyo mu biti bikoreshwa mu kwica umuntu, ivyo inkozi z’ikibi zamanikwako.” Ivy’uko ijambo crux risobanura “Umusaraba” vyagiye kuza mu nyuma. Igiti kimwe gusa co kumanikako inkozi y’ikibi, mu kilatini citwa crux simʹplex. Ikintu bene ico co kubabarizako ubuzima, carashushanijwe n’uwitwa Justus Lipsius (1547-1606) mu gitabu ciwe (De cruce libri tres, Antwerp 1629, rup. 19). Iyo shusho ya Crux simplex ubona ng’aha kuri uru rupapuro yimuwe nk’uko nyene iri ikuwe mu gitabu ciwe.

Igitabu kimwe (Das Kreuz und die Kreuzigung [Umusaraba n’Ukumanikwa], Breslau, 1878, rup. 109) c’uwitwa Hermann Fulda, kivuga giti: “Ibiti ntivyama biboneka ahantu hose hatowe ngo hicirwe abantu ku mugaragaro. Ni co gituma bashinga mw’ivu umugogo usanzwe. Kuri ico giti ni ho babohera ababa barenze amategeko canke bakabakomeramwo imisumari, amaboko yabo adugijwe hejuru y’umutwe, akenshi n’ibirenge bikajamwo.” Fulda amaze gutanga ibimenyamenya vyinshi, aca ashika kuri iki ciyumviro ku rup. 219, 220, ati: “Yezu yapfiriye ku giti gisanzwe co kwicirwako: Mu gushigikira ico ciyumviro, twoshobora kuvuga (a) umugenzo wariho ico gihe wo gukoresha ubwo buryo bwo kwica mu bihugu vyo mu Buseruko, (b) inkuru ubwayo y’imibabaro ya Yezu mu buryo bukikiriza be (c) n’amajambo menshi y’abakuru ba Ekeleziya bo mu ntango.”

Paul Wilhelm Schmidt, akaba yari umwigisha kuri Kaminuza y’i Basel, mu gitabu ciwe (Die Geschichte Jesu [Inkuru ya Yezu], vol. 2, Tübingen, 1904, rup. 386-394), yaragize icigwa kinogangije kw’ijambo ry’ikigiriki stau·rosʹ. Ku rup. 386 rw’igitabu ciwe, yavuze ati: “σταυρός [stau·rosʹ] risobanura igiti cose kigororotse gihagaze canke ikigiga c’igiti.” Ku bijanye n’igihano Yezu yahawe, ku rup. 387-389, uwitwa P. W. Schmidt yanditse ati: “Uretse ugushishagurwa, nk’uko inkuru zo mu Njili zibivuga, uburyo busanzwe rwose Abaroma bakoresha mu kumanika umuntu ni bwo buca bwiyumvirwa ku bijanye n’igihano Yezu yahawe, ni ukuvuga, ukumanika umubiri uri amenya ku giti, ari co Yezu yategerejwe kwikorera canke kuburuta, nk’uko tubizi, akijana aho yari kwicirwa kugira ngo ico gihano kirushirize kuba igitetereza. . . . Nta bundi buryo bwakora atari ukumanika umuntu mu buryo busanzwe, narirya kenshi wasanga abantu bicwa ikivunga: abantu 2.000 barishwe icarimwe na Varus [bivugwa na Josèphe, muri Antiquités judaïques, XVII, X, 10], na Quadratus [bivugwa muri Guerre des Juifs, II, 241], n’umutegetsi Félix [bivugwa muri Guerre des Juifs, II, 253], be na Titus [bivugwa muri Guerre des Juifs, V, 449].”

Ku bw’ivyo rero, nta kimenyamenya kiriho c’uko Yezu Kristu yamanitswe ku biti bibiri kimwe gitambitse ku kindi maze bikagira imfuruka ngororotsi. Ntitwipfuza kugira ikintu na kimwe twongeye kw’Ijambo ry’Imana ryanditswe, mu gusobeka iciyumviro ca gipagani c’umusaraba mu Vyanditswe vyahumetswe, ahubwo riho duhindura amajambo stau·rosʹ na xyʹlon twisunze insobanuro zayo zisanzwe rwose. Kubera ko Yezu yakoresheje ijambo stau·rosʹ mu kugereranya umubabaro be n’uguteterezwa, ari vyo kubabazwa kw’abayoboke biwe (Mt 16:24), twahinduye ijambo stau·rosʹ ngo: “igiti co kubabarizwako,” kugira ngo turitandukanye n’ijambo xyʹlon, iryo twahinduye ngo: “igiti” nko mu Ivk 5:30.

[Ifoto ku rup. 1942]

Crux simplex