Ingendo zakorerwaga hakurya ya Mediterane

Muri iki gihe, ni ibisanzwe ko abantu bagenda mu ndege bakava mu mugabane umwe bajya mu wundi. Ariko se byagutangaza uramutse umenye ko no mu bihe bya Bibiliya abantu bakoraga ingendo ndende?

HAFI imyaka igihumbi mbere ya Kristo, Umwami Salomo yakoze amato yagendanaga n’ay’umwami w’i Tiro, akazana ibintu by’agaciro muri Isirayeli abivanye mu mahanga ya kure (1 Abami 9:26-28; 10:22). Mu kinyejana cya cyenda Mbere ya Yesu, umuhanuzi Yona yagiye ku cyambu cyo muri Isirayeli cyari ku nyanja ya Mediterane cyitwaga Yopa, maze afata ubwato bwerekezaga i Tarushishia (Yona 1:3). Mu kinyejana cya mbere, intumwa Pawulo yakoze urugendo ava i Kayisariya muri Isirayeli ajya i Puteyoli, muri iki gihe hitwa Pouzzoles mu Kigobe cya Naples ho mu Butaliyani.—Ibyakozwe 27:1; 28:13.

Abahanga mu by’amateka bazi ko mu bihe bya Pawulo, abacuruzi bo mu karere ka Mediterane bakoreraga ingendo mu Nyanja Itukura bakajya mu Buhindi, kandi ko mu kinyejana cya kabiri rwagati, bamwe bari barageze no mu Bushinwa.b Ariko se, haba hari abantu bakoreraga ingendo mu burengerazuba bavuye mu karere ka Mediterane? Abasare ba kera bagiye muri icyo cyerekezo bagarukiye he?

Ingendo za kera z’Abanyafoyinike

Ibinyejana byinshi byabanjirije igihe cya Pawulo, abasare n’abo babaga bari kumwe bari barashinze uduce bacururizagamo mu Burengerazuba. Hari abemeza ko Abanyafoyinike bari batuye mu karere muri iki gihe kitwa Libani, bageze muri Atalantika ahagana mu mwaka wa 1200 Mbere ya Yesu. Ahagana mu mwaka wa 1100 Mbere ya Yesu, bubatse umugi wa Gadir hakurya y’inkomane ya Gibraltar, ubu ukaba ari umugi wa Cádiz wo muri Esipanye wubatse ku cyambu. Bimwe mu bintu byahabonekaga byari ifeza n’itini byahacukurwaga, maze bikagurwa n’abacuruzi bo muri Atalantika.

Umuhanga mu by’amateka w’Umugiriki witwaga Hérodote yanditse ko mu kinyejana cya karindwi Mbere ya Yesu, Farawo Neko wo mu Misiri yakoranyirije amato y’Abanyafoyinike atwawe n’abasare b’Abanyafoyinike ku Nyanja Itukura. Bari bafite intego yo kuzenguruka Afurika bahereye i burasirazuba, bakagenda berekeza i burengerazuba.

Icyo gihe Abanyafoyinike bari bamaze imyaka ibarirwa mu magana bazenguruka inkengero z’Afurika. Ariko kandi, abasare berekezaga mu majyepfo y’Afurika banyuze mu nyanja ya Atalantika, kugera kure bigomba kuba byarabagoraga, kubera ko bahuraga n’imiyaga hamwe n’imiraba yo mu nyanja. Hérodote yavuze ko Abanyafoyinike bari boherejwe na Neko bo batangiriye mu Nyanja Itukura, bakamanuka bakikije Afurika mu gice cyayo cy’iburasirazuba, maze bakagera mu Nyanja y’Abahindi. Nyuma y’amezi atandatu, baromotse, batera imbuto maze bahamara igihe kirekire, ku buryo basaruye ibyo bari bejeje bakabona gukomeza urugendo. Hérodote yakomeje avuga ko mu mwaka wa gatatu bazengurutse Afurika yose bakinjirira mu nyanja ya Mediterane, maze bakagaruka mu Misiri.

Hérodote yashoje inkuru ye avuga ko Abanyafoyinike bagarutse bavuga inkuru atashoboraga kwemera. Urugero, bavuze ko igihe bazengurukaga umupaka wo mu majyepfo y’Afurika, babonye izuba riri iburyo bwabo. Kandi koko kugira ngo Umugiriki yemere ibintu nk’ibyo, byari bigoye. Umuntu uwo ari we wese wabaye mu majyaruguru ya koma y’isi ubuzima bwe bwose, amenyereye kubona izuba mu majyepfo. Ubwo rero, iyo yerekeza mu Burengerazuba, izuba riba riri ibumoso bwe. Ariko kandi, iyo saa sita zigeze umuntu ari mu gace kitwa Cap de Bonne-Espérance mu majyepfo y’umurongo wa koma y’isi, izuba riba riri mu majyaruguru, ni ukuvuga iburyo bw’umuntu uwo ari we wese werekeza mu burengerazuba.

Inkuru ya Hérodote yamaze ibinyejana byinshi igibwaho impaka n’abahanga mu by’amateka. Kwemera ko abasare ba kera gutyo bazengurutse Afurika, bishobora kugorana. Icyakora, intiti zemera ko Farawo Neko yahaye abo basare inshingano yo kuzenguruka Afurika, kandi ko gukora urwo rugendo byashobokaga, ukurikije ubuhanga n’ubumenyi by’abantu b’icyo gihe. Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Lionel Casson yaravuze ati “urugendo nk’urwo rwarashobokaga cyane rwose. Nta mpamvu n’imwe yatuma abantu bahakana ko abasare b’abanyafoyinike bakoze urwo rugendo, mu gihe Hérodote yavuze, no mu buryo yagaragaje.” Nubwo nta wakwemeza neza ko ibyo Hérodote yavuze byose ari ukuri, inkuru ye itwereka ko abantu bashyizeho imihati myinshi bagakora ingendo nyinshi zo mu nyanja, bagamije kugera mu turere tutari tuzwi icyo gihe.

Pythéas yerekeje mu majyaruguru

Abanyafoyinike si bo baturage bonyine bari baturiye inyanja ya Mediterane bagerageje kugera mu turere twa kure two mu burengerazuba, banyuze mu Nyanja ya Atalantika. Kamwe mu duce tw’ubucuruzi dukikije Mediterane abasare b’Abagiriki bashinze ni Massalia, ubu akaba ari umugi wo mu Bufaransa wa Marseilles. Uwo mugi waje gutera imbere bitewe n’ubucuruzi bwo mu nyanja n’ubw’imbere mu gihugu. Abacuruzi bo muri Massalia boherezaga divayi, amavuta n’ibikoresho bikoze muri bronze byo mu karere ka Mediterane maze bakabyohereza mu majyaruguru, na bo bakavanayo ubutare n’ubundi bwoko bw’amabuye bakoramo imitako. Nta gushidikanya ko abaturage bo muri Massalia bari bashishikajwe no kumenya neza aho ibyo bicuruzwa byaturukaga. Iyo ni yo mpamvu mu mwaka wa 320 Mbere ya Yesu, Pythéas wo muri Massalia yiyemeje kujya kureba utwo turere twa kure two mu majyaruguru.

Pythéas agarutse, yanditse igitabo kivuga iby’urwo rugendo (On the Ocean). Nubwo umwandiko w’umwimerere w’icyo gitabo cyari mu rurimi rw’Ikigiriki utakiriho, icyo gitabo cyavuzweho n’abanditsi ba kera bagera nibura kuri 18. Abo banditsi bavuze ko Pythéas yagaragaje abyitondeye imiterere y’inyanja yanyuzemo, imiraba yahuye na yo, imiterere y’ahantu yasuye n’abaturage baho. Nanone yakoreshaga inkoni yabigenewe, maze agapima imfuruka yakozwe n’iyo nkoni hamwe n’igicucu cyayo, ku itariki runaka saa sita z’amanywa. Noneho ahereye kuri iyo mibare, yaracishirizaga akamenya uburebure bw’urugendo yabaga amaze gukora yerekeza mu majyaruguru.

Pythéas yari ashishikajwe cyane no kongera ubumenyi yari afite mu bya siyansi. Icyakora, kwemera ko yari ajyanywe gusa no kugira ibyo avumbura, biragoye. Hari intiti zavuze ko abacuruzi b’i Massalia ari bo bamutumye kandi bakamuha ibyo yari gukenera byose mu rugendo rwe, bashaka kumenya inzira yo mu nyanja umuntu yacamo akagera muri utwo duce twa kure bari bazi ko tubonekamo ubwoko bw’amabuye bakoramo imitako n’andi bita itini. None se ni utuhe turere Pythéas yagiyemo?

Ajya muri Bretagne, mu Bwongereza no kure yaho

Birashoboka ko Pythéas yagiye akikije umwigimbakirwa wa Ibérie, akazamuka akagera i Gaule, nuko akagera muri Bretagne maze akava mu bwato. Ibyo tubyemezwa n’ibipimo yafashe by’imfuruka igicucu cy’urumuri rw’izuba cyakoranaga n’inkoni yapimishaga, bikaba bishoboka ko yabifashe ari imusozi. Ibyo bipimo bihuje neza neza n’akarere ko mu majyaruguru ya Bretagne.c

Abaturage bo muri Bretagne bari abahanga mu gukora amato, kandi bari abasare b’inararibonye bahahiranaga n’u Bwongereza. Pythéas yakomereje mu gace ko mu majyepfo y’u burengerazuba bw’u Bwongereza ka Cornwall kari gakungahaye ku itini, ikaba iri mu bintu by’ibanze bigize icyuma cya bronze. Kuba yaranditse agaragaza uko u Bwongereza bungana, kandi akagaragaza ko bufite ishusho ijya kumera nka mpandeshatu, bigaragaza ko ashobora kuba yarazengurutse icyo kirwa cy’u Bwongereza.

Nubwo inzira Pythéas yanyuzemo itazwi neza, ashobora kuba yaranyuze hagati y’u Bwongereza na Irilande maze akomokera ku kirwa cyitwa île de Man, kiri kuri latitide ihwanye neza n’ibipimo bya kabiri yafashe by’imfuruka igicucu cy’urumuri rw’izuba. Ibipimo bya gatatu yafashe, ashobora kuba yarabifatiye i Lewis ku birwa byitwa Outer Hebrides biri mu burengerazuba bwa Écosse. Birashoboka ko avuye aho, yakomeje kuzamuka akagera ku birwa bya Orcades biri mu majyaruguru ya Écosse, kubera ko inkuru yanditse yashyizwe ahagaragara na Pline l’Ancien, igaragaza ko ibyo birwa byari 40.

Pythéas yanditse ko iyo ukomeje mu majyaruguru y’u Bwongereza ukoze nk’urugendo rw’iminsi 6 mu bwato, ugera ahitwa Thulé. Abanditsi ba kera batandukanye bavuze ko muri ako gace Pythéas yise Thulé, saa sita z’ijoro zigera izuba ricyaka. Yanditse ko iyo uvuye aho ugakora urugendo rw’umunsi wose uri mu bwato, ugera aho inyanja yari yarabaye “ubutita.” Aho hantu Pythéas yise Thulé hateje impaka nyinshi, bamwe bakavuga ko ari mu birwa bya Féroé, abandi bakavuga ko ari muri Norvège, naho abandi bo bakavuga ko ari muri Islande. Aho ako gace ka Thulé kaba kari hose, abanditsi ba kera bemeraga ko ari ko “gace ka kure kari mu majyaruguru kurusha utundi twose twavuzwe.”

Birashoboka ko Pythéas yagarutse mu Bwongereza anyuze mu nzira n’ubundi yari yaranyuzemo agenda, hanyuma akazenguruka icyo kirwa cyose. Ntituzi neza niba yarakomeje akagera ku mbibi z’Uburayi bw’amajyaruguru mbere y’uko agaruka mu karere ka Mediterane. Uko byaba bimeze kose ariko, Pline l’Ancien yavuze ko Pythéas ari we warushaga abandi bantu kumenya uturere bakuragamo ubwoko bw’amabuye bakoramo imitako. Hamwe mu hantu ha kera bakuraga ayo mabuye ni muri Jutland, ubu akaba ari muri Danemark, no mu majyepfo y’Inyanja ya Baltique. Birumvikana ko Pythéas aba yaramenye utwo turere iyo aza gusura icyambu icyo ari cyo cyose cyo mu burasirazuba bw’u Bwongereza. Gusa dukurikije ibyo tuzi, we ubwe ntiyigeze avuga ko yasuye utwo turere.

Undi muntu wo mu karere ka Mediterane wanditse avuga ko yasuye u Bwongereza ni Jules César womokeye mu majyepfo y’icyo kirwa mu mwaka wa 55 Mbere ya Yesu. Mu mwaka wa 6, abandi Baroma bari barageze mu majyaruguru ya Jutland.

Barushaho kumenya isi

Abanyafoyinike n’Abagiriki bongereye ubumenyi bari bafite ku miterere y’uturere dukikije Mediterane n’Inyanja ya Atalantika, baramanuka bagera mu majyepfo y’Afurika, kandi bamenya n’uturere twa kure cyane mu majyaruguru ahagana ku mpera z’isi. Abantu b’icyo gihe babaga bagamije kuvumbura, gucuruza, kumenya uturere dutandukanye tw’isi, gukora ingendo ndende cyane, maze ibyo bigatuma bunguka ibitekerezo, kandi bakamenya byinshi.

Inyandiko zikiriho muri iki gihe zivuga iby’abantu bakoraga ingendo kera bagamije kumenya ahantu hatandukanye, zivuga ibintu bike cyane ugereranyije n’ingendo abasare b’intwari bakoze kandi bakazirangiza neza. Kandi se koko, ni abasare bangahe bakoze ingendo zo mu mazi bakazirangiza ariko ntibirirwe bandika ibyo babonye? Ni bangahe se bakoze ingendo bakava mu bihugu byabo, bakagera kure cyane ariko ntibagaruke? Na n’ubu ibisubizo by’ibyo bibazo ntibiraboneka. Icyakora hari icyo dushobora kumenya ku bihereranye n’ukuntu mu mizo ya mbere ubukristo bwageze hirya no hino. Reba agasanduku kari hejuru.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 29]

Ubutumwa bwiza “bwabwirijwe mu baremwe bose”

Ahagana mu mwaka wa 60-61, intumwa Pawulo yanditse avuga ko ubutumwa bwiza “bwabwirijwe mu baremwe bose bari munsi y’ijuru” (Abakolosayi 1:23). Ese yaba yarashakaga kuvuga ko Abakristo bari bararangije kubwiriza mu Buhindi, mu Burasirazuba bwa Aziya, muri Afurika, muri Esipanye, muri Gaule, mu Bwongereza, mu karere ka Baltique no mu gace Pythéas yise Thulé? Ibyo birasa n’ibidashoboka nubwo tutabyemeza.

Icyakora icyo tudashidikanyaho, nuko ubutumwa bwiza bwari bwarageze ahantu henshi. Urugero, Abayahudi n’abandi bantu bari barahindukiriye idini ry’Abayahudi maze bagahinduka Abakristo mu mwaka wa 33, bagejeje imyizerere yabo mishya mu turere twa kure, urugero nk’i Pariti, Elamu, u Bumedi, i Mezopotamiya, muri Arabiya, muri Aziya Ntoya, mu duce twa Libiya duhereranye n’i Kurene n’i Roma, ni ukuvuga uturere tw’isi abasomaga inyandiko za Pawulo bari bazi.—Ibyakozwe 2:5-11.

[Imbonerahamwe/​Ikarita ku ipaji ya26, 27]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

Hérodote yavuze ko igihe abasare bazengurukaga umupaka wo mu majyepfo y’Afurika, babonye izuba iburyo bwabo

[Ikarita]

AFURIKA

INYANJA YA MEDITERANE

INYANJA Y’ABAHINDI

INYANJA YA ATALANTIKA

[Imbonerahamwe/​Ikarita ku ipaji ya 28, 29]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

Ingendo ndende umusare w’Umugiriki Pythéas yakoreye mu nyanja

[Ikarita]

IRLANDE

ISLANDE

NORVÈGE

Inyanja y’Amajyaruguru

U BWONGEREZA

BRETAGNE

UMWIGIMBAKIRWA WA IBÉRIE

AMAJYARUGURU Y’AFURIKA

INYANJA YA MEDITERANE

Marseilles