Igitabo ushobora kwiringira​—Igice cya 3

Babuloni mu mateka ya Bibiliya

Iyi ni ingingo ya gatatu mu ngingo ndwi z’uruhererekane zivuga ibirebana n’ubutegetsi burindwi bw’ibihangange ku isi buvugwa mu mateka yo muri Bibiliya. Izo ngingo zigamije kugaragaza ko Bibiliya ari iyo kwiringirwa, ko yahumetswe n’Imana, kandi ko ubutumwa bwayo butanga ibyiringiro by’uko imibabaro yatewe n’ubutegetsi bubi bw’abantu izashira.

UMUGI wa kera wa Babuloni wari mwiza cyane. Uwo mugi wahoze mu kibaya kirumbuka, ku birometero bigera kuri 80 mu majyepfo y’umugi wa Bagidadi. Kubera ko Babuloni yari ikikijwe n’inkuta nini ebyiri zomekeranye kandi ikikijwe n’umuyoboro w’amazi, yasaga n’aho idashobora gufatwa. Uwo mugi wari uzwi cyane kuruta indi migi kubera insengero zawo z’akataraboneka, ubusitani bwawo butendetse n’iminara y’insengero. Uwo mugi abantu basigaye bawita umugi w’akataraboneka, kubera ko ari umwe mu migi yari ikomeye kurusha iyindi yo mu gihe cya kera.

Bibiliya ivuga ko uwo mugi witwaga “Umwamikazi w’Ibihugu,” kandi wari umurwa mukuru w’ubutegetsi bwa gatatu bw’igihangange buvugwa mu mateka ya Bibiliya (Yesaya 47:5). Kimwe n’ubwami bwa Egiputa n’ubwa Ashuri bwayibanjirije, Babuloni yagize uruhare rukomeye mu mateka ya Bibiliya, ibyo bikaba bidufasha kugereranya ibyo Bibiliya iyivugaho n’ibyo ibitabo bisanzwe biyivugaho.

Amateka yiringirwa

Igitabo cyo muri Bibiliya cya Daniyeli kitubwira ko umugabo witwaga Belushazari yigeze kuba umwami wa Babuloni (Daniyeli 5:1). Icyakora, mu gihe cyashize hari ibitabo bisanzwe byavuze ko nubwo Belushazari yari akomeye, atigeze aba umwami. Ese Bibiliya yarabeshye? Abashakashatsi bavumbuye ibibumbano byiburungushuye mu matongo yo mu mugi wa Uri muri Mezopotamiya. Inyandiko ikoresha ibimenyetso bimeze nk’udusumari, iri kuri kimwe muri ibyo bibumbano iriho isengesho ry’Umwami Nabonide wa Babuloni rigira riti “Bel-sar-ussur [nanone witwa Belushazari] umuhungu wanjye w’imfura.” Hari igitabo cyagaragaje ko ibindi bintu byavumbuwe nyuma yaho byemeje ko Belushazari “yasigariye se ku bwami mu gihe kirenga kimwe cya kabiri cy’igihe se yamaze ategeka, muri icyo gihe cyose ububasha yari afite bukaba bwaranganaga n’ubw’umwami.”—New Bible Dictionary.

Nanone, amateka agaragaza ko umugi wa Babuloni wa kera warimo ibikorwa by’amadini bikabije kuba byinshi, muri byo hakaba harimo kuraguza inyenyeri n’ubupfumu. Urugero, muri Ezekiyeli 21:21, havuga ko umwami wa Babuloni yagiye kuraguza kugira ngo amenye niba yaragombaga gutera Yerusalemu. Bibiliya ivuga ko uwo mwami ‘yaraguje umwijima.’ Kuki yaraguje umwijima? Abanyababuloni bifashishaga urwo rugingo rw’umubiri mu kuragura. Hari igitabo cyavuze ko hari agace kamwe ko muri Babuloni ya kera abashakashatsi bavumbuyemo “utubumbano 32 dufite ishusho y’umwijima, twose twanditseho” indagu.—Mesopotamian Astrology.

Umuhanga mu bushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo uzwi cyane witwa Nelson Glueck, yaravuze ati “namaze imyaka mirongo itatu ncukura mu matongo, mfite Bibiliya mu kuboko kumwe n’umwiko mu kundi. Ariko nasanze Bibiliya itajya yibeshya na gato ku birebana n’ibintu ivuga byabayeho mu mateka.”

Ubuhanuzi bukwiriye kwiringirwa

Wabyifatamo ute umuntu aramutse akubwiye ko umugi ukomeye, urugero nka Beijing, Moscou cyangwa Washington, D.C, uzahinduka amatongo kandi ntiwongere guturwa? Iyo nkuru ushobora kuyishidikanyaho, kandi ni mu gihe. Nyamara ibyo ni byo byabaye kuri Babuloni ya kera. Ahagana mu mwaka wa 732 Mbere ya Yesu, Yehova Imana yahumekeye Yesaya umuhanuzi w’Umuheburayo, maze yandika ubuhanuzi buhereranye no kugwa kw’igihangange Babuloni, imyaka 200 mbere y’uko biba. Yaranditse ati “Babuloni, umurimbo w’amahanga . . . izamera nk’igihe Imana yarimburaga Sodomu na Gomora. Ntizongera guturwa kandi ahayo ntihazongera kuboneka uko ibihe bizagenda bikurikirana.”—Yesaya 13:19, 20.

Ariko se ni iki cyatumye Imana ivuga mbere y’igihe ko Babuloni yari kuzarimburwa? Mu mwaka wa 607 Mbere ya Yesu, ingabo z’Abanyababuloni zarimbuye Yerusalemu, maze abacitse ku icumu zibajyana i Babuloni, zibakorera ibikorwa by’ubugome bukabije (Zaburi 137:8, 9). Imana yahanuye ko abagaragu bayo bari kuzihanganira gufatwa nabi bikabije mu gihe cy’imyaka 70 bitewe n’ibibi bari barakoze. Nyuma yaho Imana yari kubarokora ikabasubiza mu gihugu cyabo.—Yeremiya 25:11; 29:10.

Mu buryo buhuje n’ibyavuzwe mu buhanuzi bwo mu Ijambo ry’Imana, mu mwaka wa 539 Mbere ya Yesu, icyo gihe imyaka 70 Abayahudi bagombaga kumara mu bunyage ikaba yari igiye kurangira, uwo mugi wa Babuloni wasaga n’aho udashobora kuneshwa, warimbuwe n’ingabo z’Abamedi n’Abaperesi. Amaherezo, uwo mugi waje guhinduka amatongo nk’uko byari byarahanuwe. Nta muntu buntu washoboraga guhanura ibintu nk’ibyo ngo bisohore neza neza nk’uko byasohoye. Nta gushidikanya ko ubwo bushobozi bwo guhanura cyangwa kuvuga ibintu mbere y’uko biba, butuma Umwanditsi wa Bibiliya, ari we Yehova Imana y’ukuri, atandukana cyane n’izindi mana izo ari zo zose.—Yesaya 46:9, 10.

Amasezerano ushobora kwiringira

Hari ubundi buhanuzi burimo busohozwa mu buryo butangaje muri iki gihe. Ubwo buhanuzi buvuga iby’Umwami Nebukadinezari wa Babuloni n’inzozi yarose zihereranye n’igishushanyo kinini cyane. Icyo gishushanyo cyari kigizwe n’ibice bitanu, ni ukuvuga umutwe, igituza n’amaboko, inda n’ibibero, amaguru n’ibirenge, kandi ibyo bice byari bigizwe n’amoko atandukanye y’ibyuma (Daniyeli 2:31-33). Ibyo bice byagereranyaga uko ubutegetsi cyangwa ubwami bwari kuzakurikirana, uhereye kuri Babuloni ukageza ku butegetsi bw’isi bw’igihangange bw’u Bwongereza n’Amerika, bukaba ari ubwa karindwi buvugwa muri Bibiliya.—Daniyeli 2:36-41.

Daniyeli ahishura ko ibirenge n’amano by’icyo gishushanyo byari bikoze mu bintu byihariye. Mu buhe buryo? Ibyuma bitavangiye byasimbuwe n’uruvange rw’icyuma n’ibumba. Daniyeli yahaye Nebukadinezari ibisobanuro by’izo nzozi agira ati “nk’uko wabonye icyuma kivanze n’ibumba, buzivanga n’urubyaro rw’abantu ariko ntibizafatana, nk’uko icyuma kitivanga n’ibumba” (Daniyeli 2:43). Koko rero, uruvange rw’icyuma n’ibumba ntiruba rukomeye kuko bidashobora ‘gufatana.’ Mbega ukuntu ibyo bigaragaza neza ko isi tubamo idashobora kuvuga rumwe mu bya politiki!

Hari ikindi kintu cy’ingenzi Daniyeli yahanuye. Mu nzozi Umwami Nebukadinezari yarose, yabonye ibuye ryarimbuwe rivanywe ku musozi munini. Iryo buye ryaraje “ryikubita ku birenge by’icyo gishushanyo by’icyuma kivanze n’ibumba, rirabimenagura” (Daniyeli 2:34). Ibyo bisobanura iki? Daniyeli yarashubije ati “ku ngoma z’abo bami [mu gihe ubwami bwa nyuma bw’igihangange bwari kuzaba butegeka], Imana yo mu ijuru izimika ubwami butazigera burimburwa, kandi ubwo bwami ntibuzazungurwa n’abandi bantu. Buzamenagura ubwo bwami bwose bubumareho kandi buzahoraho iteka ryose” (Daniyeli 2:44). Ubwo buhanuzi bugaragaza Ubwami butameze nk’ubundi butegetsi ubwo ari bwo bwose abantu bazi. Umwami wabwo ni Yesu Kristo, ari we Mesiya. Nk’uko byavuzwe mu ngingo zabanjirije iyi, Yesu azarimbura Satani n’abayoboke be, baba ab’abantu cyangwa abadayimoni, maze azanire abantu bazaba bari ku isi amahoro n’ubumwe.—1 Abakorinto 15:25.

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 11]

“Namaze imyaka mirongo itatu ncukura mu matongo, . . . ariko nasanze Bibiliya itajya yibeshya na gato ku birebana n’ibintu ivuga byabayeho mu mateka.”—Nelson Glueck

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 12]

IZINA RYE RYARI RYARAHANUWE

Bumwe mu buhanuzi butangaje burebana no kugwa kwa Babuloni, ni ubuvuga iby’uwagombaga kuhanesha, ari we Kuro Umwami w’u Buperesi. Hafi ibinyejana bibiri mbere y’uko Kuro yima, Yehova Imana yavuze izina rye kandi avuga mbere y’igihe ko ari we wari kuzanesha Babuloni.

Yesaya yarahumekewe yandika ibyo kunesha kwa Kuro, agira ati “uku ni ko Yehova yabwiye Kuro uwo yitoranyirije, uwo nafashe ukuboko kw’iburyo kugira ngo muneshereze amahanga imbere ye, . . . mukingurire inzugi, ndetse n’amarembo ntazigere akingwa.” Nanone Imana yahanuye ko Uruzi rwa Ufurate rwari kuzakama.—Yesaya 45:1-3; Yeremiya 50:38.

Abahanga mu by’amateka b’Abagiriki ari bo Hérodote na Xénophon, na bo bemeje ko ubwo buhanuzi butangaje bwasohoye. Bavuze ko Kuro yayobeje uruzi rwa Ufurate, bigatuma amazi yarwo agabanuka. Ibyo byafashije ingabo za Kuro kwinjira muri uwo mugi zinyuze mu marembo yawo bari basize akinguye. Nk’uko byari byarahanuwe, igihangange Babuloni cyaguye mu ijoro rimwe “mu buryo butunguranye.”—Yeremiya 51:8.

[Agasanduku/Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 12 n’iya 13]

BABULONI IKOMEYE

Igitabo cya Bibiliya cy’Ibyahishuwe kivuga iby’indaya y’ikigereranyo yitwa “Babuloni Ikomeye” (Ibyahishuwe 17:5). Iyo ndaya igereranya iki? Hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko iyo ndaya igereranya amadini.

Umugi wa Babuloni wa kera wabagamo amadini atagira ingano, ku buryo wari ufite insengero zirenga 50, abantu basengeragamo imana zitandukanye. Abanyababuloni bizeraga ko Imana ari ubutatu kandi ko ubugingo budapfa, ahubwo ko iyo umuntu apfuye, ubugingo bwe bumanuka bukajya mu buturo bw’abapfuye. Dukurikije ibyo igitabo kimwe cyavuze, iyo “abantu bamaze gupfa, bagira imibereho ibabaje kandi iteye agahinda imeze nk’iy’abantu bo ku isi.”—Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia.

Uko igihe cyagiye gihita, izo nyigisho zakwiriye isi yose. Uzisanga mu madini yo muri iki gihe yiyita aya gikristo, cyangwa ugasanga yarazihinduyeho gato. Ayo madini yose hamwe agize igice kinini cya Babuloni Ikomeye.

[Amafoto]

Abanyababuloni basengaga imana z’ubutatu. Ibimenyetso biranga imana zigize bumwe muri ubwo butatu, ari zo Sini, Shamashi na Ishitari, byagaragajwe aha

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Amafoto yombi: Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 10]

Igishushanyo cy’umunyabugeni kigaragaza Babuloni ya kera

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 11]

Ikibumbano cyiburungushuye cyanditseho izina Belushazari

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 10 yavuye]

Uhereye ibumoso ugana iburyo: urukuta rwo muri Egiputa n’ishusho ya Nero: Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum; Urukuta rw’Abaperesi: Musée du Louvre, Paris