Igitabo ushobora kwiringira​—Igice cya 4

Abamedi n’Abaperesi mu mateka ya Bibiliya

Iyi ni ingingo ya kane mu ngingo ndwi z’uruhererekane zivuga ibirebana n’ubutegetsi burindwi bw’ibihangange ku isi buvugwa mu mateka yo muri Bibiliya. Izo ngingo zigamije kugaragaza ko Bibiliya ari iyo kwiringirwa, ko yahumetswe n’Imana, kandi ko ubutumwa bwayo butanga ibyiringiro by’uko imibabaro yatewe n’ubutegetsi bubi bw’abantu izashira.

AMATONGO y’ingoro z’ubwami bw’Abamedi n’Abaperesi n’imva z’abami babo, bigaragaza muri make ko ubwo butegetsi bw’igihangange bwa kera bwari bukomeye, bufite imbaraga kandi bukize. Mbere y’uko ubwo bwami bwombi bwiyunga, ubwami bw’Abamedi ni bwo bwari bukomeye. Icyakora mu mwaka wa 550 Mbere ya Yesu, Abamedi bategetswe n’Umwami w’Abaperesi witwaga Kuro wa II, waje kuba umwami w’Abamedi n’Abaperesi. Ubwo bwami bwabaga mu karere k’amajyaruguru y’ikigobe cya Perise, bwaje kwaguka buva ku nyanja ya Egée bugera muri Egiputa, mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’u Buhinde, buza no gutegeka i Yudaya.

Abamedi n’Abaperesi bategetse ishyanga ry’Abayahudi mu gihe cy’imyaka irenga 200, kuva aho Babuloni igwiriye mu mwaka wa 539 Mbere ya Yesu, kugeza igihe Abamedi n’Abaperesi na bo baneshwaga n’Abagiriki, mu mwaka wa 331 Mbere ya Yesu. Ibitabo bitandukanye byo muri Bibiliya bigira icyo bivuga ku bintu by’ingenzi byabaye muri icyo gihe.

Amateka yiringirwa

Bibiliya ivuga ko Umwami Kuro wa II yabohoye Abayahudi bari mu bunyage i Babuloni, akabemerera gusubira i Yerusalemu maze bakongera kubaka urusengero rw’Imana rwari rwararimbuwe n’Abanyababuloni mu mwaka wa 607 Mbere ya Yesu (Ezira 1:​1-7; 6:​3-5). Hari inyandiko yanditse ku kibumbano bakunze kwita Umwiburungushure wa Kuro, yemeza ko ibyo ari ukuri. Iyo nyandiko yavumbuwe mu mwaka wa 1879 mu matongo ya Babuloni ya kera. Iriho izina rya Kuro kandi ivuga ibya gahunda yari afite yo gusubiza abanyagano mu bihugu byabo, bakagenda bajyanye n’ibikoresho byabo byo mu rwego rw’idini. Umwanditsi wa Bibiliya witwa Yesaya yanditse amagambo y’ubuhanuzi Yehova yavuze ku byerekeye Kuro, agira ati “ ‘azasohoza ibyo nishimira byose,’ ndetse azasohoza ibyo navuze kuri Yerusalemu nti ‘izongera kubakwa,’ n’ibyo navuze ku rusengero nti ‘urufatiro rwawe ruzashyirwaho.’ ”​​—⁠Yesaya 44:​28.

Koko rero, muri Ezira 6:​3, 4, havuga ko Kuro yategetse ko amafaranga yo kongera kubaka urusengero yari kuzajya ‘ava mu nzu y’umwami.’ Ayo magambo atangaje yemezwa n’amateka atari ayo muri Bibiliya. Hari igitabo cyagize kiti “abami b’Abaperesi bari bafite gahunda idahinduka yo gufasha mu mirimo yo gusana insengero zabaga mu bwami bwabo.”​​—⁠Persia and the Bible.

Bibiliya itubwira ko abarwanyaga Abayahudi baje kwandikira Dariyo Mukuru (nanone witwaga Dariyo wa I), bahakana ibyo Abayahudi bavugaga ko Kuro ari we wari warabahaye uburenganzira bwo kongera kubaka urusengero. Dariyo yategetse ko bashakisha inyandiko y’umwimerere y’iryo tegeko. Ubwo bushakashatsi bwageze ku ki? Umuzingo urimo iryo tegeko Kuro yari yaratanze waje kuboneka ahitwa Ekibatana, umurwa mukuru w’u Bumedi. Ku bw’ibyo, Dariyo yashubije urwo rwandiko agira ati “jyewe Dariyo, ni jye utanze iryo tegeko [ryo kongera kubaka urusengero], kandi rigomba guhita rikurikizwa.” Nyuma yaho, ibyo kurwanya uwo murimo byarahagaze.a​​—⁠Ezira 6:​2, 7, 12, 13.

Amateka atari ayo muri Bibiliya yemeza ko ibyo ari ukuri. Icya mbere ni uko muri Ekibatana ari ho Kuro yajyaga kuba mu mpeshyi, akaba ari ho ashobora kuba yaratangiye iryo tegeko. Nanone ubushakashatsi ku byataburuwe mu matongo bwagaragaje ko abami b’Abamedi n’Abaperesi bitaga cyane ku bibazo byo mu rwego rw’idini byabaga biri mu bwami bwabo, kandi bakandika inzandiko zo guhosha amakimbirane yabaga yavutse.

Ubuhanuzi bukwiriye kwiringirwa

Mu nzozi umuhanuzi Daniyeli yarose, Imana yamweretse inyamaswa enye zavuye mu nyanja zikurikirana, buri nyamaswa ikaba yaragereranyaga ubutegetsi bumwe bw’igihangange. Inyamaswa ya mbere yari intare ifite amababa, yagereranyaga Babuloni. Iya kabiri “yasaga n’idubu.” Iyo nkuru ikomeza igira iti “barayibwira bati ‘haguruka urye inyama nyinshi’ ” (Daniyeli 7:​5). Iyo dubu iteye ubwoba yagereranyaga Abamedi n’Abaperesi.

Nk’uko ubwo buhanuzi bwa Daniyeli bwari bwarabivuze, Abamedi n’Abaperesi bari bafite inyota ikabije yo kwigarurira amahanga. Nyuma gato y’aho Daniyeli amariye kwerekwa, Kuro yanesheje Abamedi hanyuma arwana n’ibihugu byari bikikije ubwami bwe, ari byo Lidiya na Babuloni. Umuhungu we Cambyse II yigaruriye Egiputa. Nyuma yaho, abami b’Abamedi n’Abaperesi baguye ubwami bwabo bugera no mu turere twa kure.

Ni iki cyatwemeza ko ibyo ari ukuri? Mu rindi yerekwa Daniyeli yabonye, ariko rifitanye isano n’iryo, yagiye kubona abona imfizi y’intama “igenda ishyamye yerekeje mu burengerazuba no mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfo.” Ubwo buhanuzi bwasohoye igihe Abamedi n’Abaperesi ‘bashyamaga’ bakigarurira ibindi bihugu, harimo n’ubutegetsi bw’igihangange bw’Abanyababuloni. Umumarayika w’Imana yasobanuriye Daniyeli iby’iryo yerekwa, agira ati “imfizi y’intama wabonye ifite amahembe abiri, igereranya abami b’Abamedi n’Abaperesi.”​​—⁠Daniyeli 8:​3, 4, 20.

Byongeye kandi, imyaka igera kuri magana abiri mbere y’uko Babuloni ineshwa, umuhanuzi Yesaya yari yaravuze izina ry’umwami w’u Buperesi wari utaravuka wari kuzahanesha, kandi avuga amayeri uwo mwami yari kuzakoresha kugira ngo afate Babuloni. Yesaya yaranditse ati “uku ni ko Yehova yabwiye Kuro uwo yitoranyirije, uwo nafashe ukuboko kw’iburyo kugira ngo muneshereze amahanga imbere ye,  . . mukingurire inzugi, ndetse n’amarembo ntazigere akingwa” (Yesaya 45:​1). Yesaya na Yeremiya bahanuye ko “inzuzi” cyangwa imigende y’amazi yavaga mu Ruzi Ufurate, yarindaga Babuloni, yari kuzakama (Yesaya 44:​27; Yeremiya 50:​38). Abahanga mu by’amateka b’Abagiriki, ari bo Hérodote na Xénophon, bemeje ko ubwo buhanuzi bwa Bibiliya ari ukuri, hakubiyemo n’inkuru ivuga ko Abanyababuloni bari mu birori mu ijoro Kuro yigaruriyemo uwo mugi (Yesaya 21:​5, 9; Daniyeli 5:​1-4, 30). Ingabo za Kuro zayobeje uruzi rwa Ufurate, maze zinjira mu mugi zinyuze mu marembo akinguye yari iruhande rw’umugezi, zitagize izindi ngabo zihangana na zo. Igihangange Babuloni cyaguye mu ijoro rimwe gusa!

Ibyo byatumye hasohozwa ubundi buhanuzi butangaje. Umuhanuzi Yeremiya yari yarahanuye ko abari bagize ubwoko bw’Imana bari kuzajyanwaho iminyago i Babuloni bakamarayo imyaka 70 (Yeremiya 25:​11, 12; 29:​10). Ubwo buhanuzi bwasohoreye igihe cyabwo, maze abo banyagano bemererwa gusubira mu gihugu cyabo.

Amasezerano ushobora kwiringira

Hashize igihe gito Abamedi n’Abaperesi banesheje Babuloni, Daniyeli yanditse ubuhanuzi budufasha gusobanukirwa ikintu cy’ingenzi mu isohozwa ry’umugambi Imana ifitiye abantu. Marayika Gaburiyeli yabwiye Daniyeli igihe nyacyo Mesiya, ari we ‘rubyaro’ ruvugwa mu Ntangiriro 3:​15, yari kuzazira. Uwo mumarayika w’Imana yaramubwiye ati “uhereye igihe itegeko ryo gusana Yerusalemu no kongera kuyubaka rizatangirwa kugeza kuri Mesiya Umuyobozi, hazaba ibyumweru birindwi, habe n’ibindi byumweru mirongo itandatu na bibiri,” byose hamwe bikaba ari ibyumweru 69 (Daniyeli 9:​25). Ibyumweru bivugwa muri ubwo buhanuzi byatangiye ryari?

Nubwo Kuro yahaye Abayahudi uburenganzira bwo gusubira mu gihugu cyabo Babuloni imaze kugwa, hashize imyaka myinshi Yerusalemu n’inkuta zayo bitarasanwa. Mu mwaka wa 455 Mbere ya Yesu, Umwami Ahasuwerusi yahaye Umuyahudi witwaga Nehemiya wari umuhereza we wa divayi uburenganzira bwo gusubira i Yerusalemu, maze akayobora imirimo yo gusana (Nehemiya 2:​1-6). Iyo ni yo yabaye intangiriro y’ibyumweru 69.

Icyakora, ibyumweru 69 ntibyari ibyumweru by’iminsi irindwi ibi tuzi, ahubwo byari ibyumweru by’imyaka. Hari na Bibiliya zifata ijambo “ibyumweru,” zikarihinduramo “ibyumweru by’imyaka” (Daniyeli 9:​24, 25).b Mesiya yari kuza nyuma y’ “ibyumweru” 69, buri cyumweru kikaba cyari kigizwe n’imyaka 7, byose hamwe bikaba bihwanye n’imyaka 483. Ubwo buhanuzi bwasohoye mu mwaka wa 29 igihe Yesu yabatizwaga, hakaba hari hashize imyaka 483 yuzuye, uhereye mu wa 455 Mbere ya Yesu.c

Isohozwa ry’ubwo buhanuzi bwa Daniyeli ryiyongera ku bindi bimenyetso byinshi bigaragaza uwo Yesu ari we. Nanone iyo gihamya ishimangira ibyiringiro byacu by’igihe kizaza. Igihe Yesu azaba ari Umwami w’Ubwami bw’Imana, azavanaho ubutegetsi bw’abantu bukagatiza. Nyuma yaho, azasohoza ubundi buhanuzi bwa Bibiliya bwinshi, harimo n’ubuvuga ko abapfuye bazazuka bakabaho iteka muri Paradizo hano ku isi.​​—⁠Daniyeli 12:​2; Yohana 5:​28, 29; Ibyahishuwe 21:​3-5.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Imbonerahamwe/​Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 18]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu igazeti ya Nimukanguke!)

455 Mbere ya Yesu 29 Nyuma ya Yesu

Kuva itegeko ryo gusana Yerusalemu ritanzwe kugeza kuri Mesiya hashize imyaka 483 yuzuye

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 16 n’iya 17]

Umwiburungushure wa Kuro ugaragaza gahunda yo gusubiza abanyagano mu bihugu byabo

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 17]

No muri iki gihe ushobora kubona imva ya Kuro mu matongo y’umugi wa kera wa Pasargades, muri Irani y’ubu

[Aho amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 17 yavuye]

Ipaji ya 18 ahagana hejuru, uhereye ibumoso ugana iburyo: urukuta rwo muri Egiputa n’ishusho ya Nero: Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum; Urukuta rw’Abaperesi: Musée du Louvre, Paris; ahagana hasi, Umwiburungushure wa Kuro: Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum; ipaji ya 19, imva ya Kuro: © Richard Ashworth/age fotostock