Igice cya 7

Amadini ya Tao na Confucius ashakisha inzira y’ijuru

Idini rya Tao, irya Confucius n’iry’Ababuda ni yo madini atatu akomeye mu Bushinwa no mu Burasirazuba bwa kure. Icyakora amadini ya Tao na Confucius yo atandukanye n’idini ry’Ababuda, kuko yo atigeze akwirakwira ku isi, ahubwo yagumye mu Bushinwa no mu tundi duce twiganjemo umuco w’Abashinwa. Nubwo muri iki gihe nta mibare yemewe igaragaza umubare w’abayoboke ayo madini afite mu Bushinwa, amaze imyaka 2.000 ayobora hafi kimwe cya kane cy’Abaturage bo ku isi.

1. (Harimo n’intangiriro.) (a) Amadini ya Tao na Confucius tuyasanga he, kandi se yakwirakwiriye mu rugero rungana iki? (b) Ni mu kihe gihe tugiye kwibandaho dusuzuma inyigisho zayo?

‘MUREKE indabo ijana zibumburire icyarimwe; mureke amatsinda ijana y’ibitekerezo ajye impaka.’ Mao Tse-tung wari perezida wa Repubulika ya Rubanda y’u Bushinwa, ni we watumye ayo magambo amenyekana cyane igihe yayavugaga muri disikuru yatanze mu mwaka wa 1956, ariko mu by’ukuri yasubiragamo amagambo intiti z’Abashinwa zakoresheje zisobanura igihe cy’amateka y’u Bushinwa gihera mu kinyejana cya gatanu kugeza mu cya gatatu M.Y., cyitwa igihe cy’Intambara za Leta. Muri icyo gihe ingoma ikomeye y’abami bo mu muryango wa Chou (1122-256 B.C.E.) yari yarahenebereye isigaye igizwe na za leta zitandukanye zahoraga zirwana, bigatuma rubanda rwa giseseka ruhora mu mibabaro myinshi.

2. (a) Ni iyihe mimerere yatumye havuka “amatsinda ijana” y’ibitekerezo? (b) Muri ayo ‘matsinda ijana’ hasigaye ayahe?

² Akaduruvayo n’imibabaro byatewe n’izo ntambara byashegeshe cyane ubutware bw’umuryango wayoboraga. Rubanda ntibari bacyifuza kugandukira abategetsi babo ngo bihanganire umuteto wabo n’uburyarya bwabo batuje. Ibyo byatumye ibitekerezo by’abantu n’ibyifuzo byabo byari bimaze igihe kirekire bipfukiranwa bisandara nk’“indabo ijana” zibumburiye icyarimwe. Amatsinda atandukanye y’ibitekerezo yatangiye kujya agaragaza ibitekerezo byayo ku birebana n’ubutegetsi, amategeko, imibereho y’abaturage, imyifatire n’amahame mbwirizamuco, kimwe n’ingingo zivuga ibintu bitandukanye, urugero nk’ubuhinzi, umuzika n’ubuvanganzo, agaragaza ko ari byo byari gutuma ubuzima bwongera gusubira uko bwari bumeze. Ayo ni yo yaje kwitwa “amatsinda ijana.” Amenshi muri ayo matsinda ntiyagize ingaruka zirambye. Icyakora hari amatsinda abiri yakomeye cyane, ku buryo yamaze imyaka isaga 2.000 ayobora ubuzima bwo mu Bushinwa. Ayo matsinda ni yo yaje kuvamo idini rya Tao n’irya Confucius.

Tao ni iki?

3. (a) Abashinwa babona bate Tao? (b) Ko Abashinwa batemera Umuremyi, bemera ko ibintu byose byabayeho bite? (Gereranya n’Abaheburayo 3:4.)

³ Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe impamvu amatsinda ya Tao na Confucius yagize ingaruka zimbitse kandi zirambye ku Bashinwa, Abayapani, Abanyakoreya n’abantu bo mu mahanga abakikije, ni ngombwa kubanza gusobanukirwa uko Abashinwa babona Tao. Iryo jambo risobanura “umuhanda, inzira cyangwa akayira.” Nanone rishobora gusobanura “uburyo, ihame cyangwa inyigisho.” Abashinwa batekerezaga ko gahunda n’ubumwe babonaga mu isanzure ry’ikirere byagaragazaga ko hari Tao, ni ukuvuga ubushake bw’imana cyangwa itegeko riri mu isanzure ry’ikirere, akaba ari na ryo ririgenga. Mu yandi magambo, aho kwemera ko hari Imana Rurema itegeka isanzure ry’ikirere, bemeraga ko hariho ubushake bw’imana, ni ukuvuga ubushake bw’ijuru cyangwa ijuru ubwaryo, bwatumye ibintu byose bibaho.

4. Abashinwa bahuzaga bate igitekerezo cya Tao n’imibereho y’Abantu? (Gereranya n’Imigani 3:5, 6.)

⁴ Abashinwa bahuzaga igitekerezo cya Tao n’imibereho y’abantu, bakibwira ko hariho uburyo kamere bwo gukora ikintu cyose, kandi ko ikintu cyose n’umuntu wese bifite umwanya ubikwiriye n’umumaro ubikwiriye. Urugero, bemeraga ko iyo umuyobozi ashohoje inshingano ze agaragaza ubutabera mu byo akorera abaturage be, kandi akanakurikiza imihango irebana n’ijuru, mu gihugu habaga amahoro n’uburumbuke. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, iyo abaturage babaga biteguye gushaka inzira, ari yo Tao, no kuyikurikira, ibintu byose byakorwaga mu mahoro no mu bwumvikane. Ariko iyo bakoraga ibinyuranye n’iyo nzira cyangwa bakayirwanya, habaga akaduruvayo n’ingorane.

5. (a) Filozofiya ya Tao isobanura ite Tao? (b) Naho se filozofiya ya Confucius iyisobanura ite? (c) Ni ibihe bibazo bikeneye gusubizwa?

⁵ Icyo gitekerezo cyo gukurikiza Tao no kutayibangamira ni cyo kintu cy’ingenzi kigaruka muri filozofiya y’Abashinwa no mu bitekerezo byabo by’idini. Dushobora kuvuga ko filozofiya ya Tao n’iya Confucius ari uburyo bubiri butandukanye bwo gusobanura igitekerezo kimwe. Filozofiya ya Tao isobanura ibintu mu buryo bw’amayobera, kandi mu ntangiriro yashishikarizaga abantu kutagira icyo bakora, bagatuza, bakitandukanya n’abandi, maze bagahindukirira amategeko kamere. Igitekerezo cyayo cy’ibanze ni uko buri kintu cyose kigenda neza iyo abantu bicaye ntibagire icyo bakora ahubwo bakareka amategeko kamere agakomeza inzira zayo. Naho filozofiya ya Confucius yo, ibona ko hagomba gufatwa ingamba zihamye. Yigisha ko abaturage bakomeza kugira imibereho iri kuri gahunda iyo buri wese akurikije uruhare yahawe kandi agasohoza inshingano ze. Ni yo mpamvu yashyizeho amategeko agenga imibanire y’abantu n’imishyikirano yose bagirana, ni ukuvuga umutegetsi n’uwo ategeka, umwana na se, umugabo n’umugore n’ibindi n’ibindi, kandi ikabaha amabwiriza bose bagomba kugenderaho. Ubusanzwe ibyo bituma twibaza ibibazo bikurikira: ayo matsinda abiri ya filozofiya yabayeho ate? Ni ba nde bayashinze? Muri iki gihe abantu bayakurikiza bate? Kandi se ni uruhe ruhare yagize mu mihati abantu bashyizeho bashaka Imana?

Idini rya Tao ryatangiye ari filozofiya

6. (a) Ni iki kizwi ku birebana n’uwashinze itsinda rya filozofiya rya Tao? (b) Kuki uwarishinze yiswe Lao-tzu?

⁶ Mu mizo ya mbere idini rya Tao ryari itsinda rya filozofiya kuruta uko ryari idini. Uwarishinze ari we Lao-tzu, ntiyashimishijwe n’akaduruvayo n’umuvurungano byariho mu gihe cye, maze ashakira ihumure mu kwitandukanya n’abantu agahindukirira amategeko kamere. Nta bintu byinshi bizwi ku birebana n’uwo muntu uvugwaho ko yabayeho mu kinyejana cya gatandatu M.Y., nubwo ibyo na byo bishidikanywaho. Bakundaga kumwita Lao-tzu, bisobanura “Umutware Mukuru” cyangwa “Umukuru,” kubera ko inkuru za rubanda zivuga ko nyina yamutwise igihe kirekire cyane, ku buryo yavutse imisatsi ye yarabaye imvi.

7. “Inyandiko z’Amateka” zitumenyesha iki ku byerekeye Lao-tzu?

⁷ Inyandiko ziriho zemewe zivuga ibyerekeye Lao-tzu ni iziboneka mu Nyandiko z’Amateka (Shih Chi), zanditswe na Ssu-ma Ch’ien, akaba yari umuhanga mu by’amateka y’i bwami wabayeho mu kinyejana cya kabiri n’icya mbere M.Y. Izo nyandiko zigaragaza ko izina nyakuri rya Lao-tzu ari Li Erh. Yari ashinzwe kubika inyandiko z’i bwami i Loyang, mu Bushinwa bwo hagati. Ariko igishishikaje kurushaho, ni uko zirimo inkuru ivuga ibya Lao-tzu, igira iti

“Lao Tzu yaguye mu karere ka Chou hafi ubuzima bwe bwose. Igihe yabonaga ko ubwami bwa Chou bugiye gusenyuka, yarahavuye agera ku mupaka. Umukozi wa gasutamo witwaga Yin Hsi yaramubwiye ati ‘nyakubahwa, kubera ko mbona wifuza kujya mu kiruhuko, nakwisabiraga ngo unyandikire igitabo.’ Hanyuma Lao Tzu yanditse igitabo cyari kigizwe n’ibice bibiri, kirimo amagambo ibihumbi bitanu akomeye, asobanura inyigisho y’Inzira [Tao] n’Imbaraga [Te], arangije aragenda. Nta wuzi aho yaguye.”

8. (a) Ni ikihe gitabo bavuga ko cyanditswe na Lao-tzu? (b) Kuki icyo gitabo gisobanurwa mu buryo bwinshi butandukanye?

⁸ Intiti nyinshi zishidikanya ku kuri kw’iyo nkuru. Uko byaba biri kose, hari igitabo yanditse cyitwa Tao Te Ching (gikunze guhindurwamo ngo “Igitabo cy’Inzira n’Imbaraga”), kandi ni cyo kibonwa ko kirimo umwandiko w’ibanze w’idini rya Tao. Cyanditswe mu mikarago migufi kandi ijimije, imwe ikaba yari igizwe n’amagambo atatu gusa cyangwa ane. Kubera iyo mpamvu, kandi nanone kubera ko ibisobanuro by’inyuguti zimwe na zimwe byahindutse cyane uhereye mu gihe cya Lao-tzu, icyo gitabo gishobora gusobanurwa mu buryo bwinshi butandukanye.

Ibikubiye muri “Tao Te Ching”

9. Lao-tzu asobanura ate Tao mu gitabo Tao Te Ching?

⁹ Muri Tao Te Ching, Lao-tzu yasobanuye Tao, ni ukuvuga inzira ihebuje y’imbaraga kamere, kandi agaragaza ko ifite aho ihuriye n’ibikorwa byose by’abantu. Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe muri make ibikubiye muri Tao Te Ching, tugiye gusubiramo amagambo yavanywe mu buhinduzi bwo muri iki gihe bwakozwe na Gia-fu Feng afatanyije na Jane English. Ku birebana na Tao, ubwo buhinduzi bugira buti

10. (a) Intego y’idini rya Tao ni iyihe? (b) Kandi se idini rya Tao rihuza rite icyo gitekerezo n’imyitwarire y’abantu?

¹⁰ Iyo mirongo ifite ibisobanuro by’amayobera itwereka iki? Itwereka ko abayoboke b’idini rya Tao, babona ko Tao ari imbaraga z’amayobera zo mu kirere zibeshaho isanzure ry’ikirere. Intego y’idini rya Tao ni ugushakisha Tao, ugasiga isi inyuma, maze ukunga ubumwe n’ibintu kamere. Nanone icyo gitekerezo kigaragarira mu kuntu abayoboke b’idini rya Tao babona imyitwarire y’abantu. Dore uko icyo gitekerezo kigaragazwa muri Tao Te Ching:

11. Intego y’abayoboke b’idini rya Tao yasobanuwe ite?

¹¹ Izo ni ingero nke zerekana ko nibura mu mizo ya mbere idini rya Tao ryari itsinda rishingiye kuri filozofiya. Abayoboke b’iryo tsinda babonye akarengane, imibabaro, kwangiza n’ibintu byinshi bitagira umumaro byaterwaga n’ubutegetsi bw’igitugu bwariho muri icyo gihe, maze bizera ko inzira yo kubona amahoro n’ubumwe ari uko basubira ku migenzo y’aba kera mbere y’uko habaho abami n’abatware bategeka rubanda. Intego baharaniraga yari iyo kwiberaho mu buzima bw’igiturage batuje, bunze ubumwe n’ibintu kamere.—Imigani 28:15; 29:2.

Umunyabwenge wa kabiri wo mu itsinda rya Tao

12. (a) Chuang Chou yari muntu ki? (b) Ni iki yongeye mu nyigisho z’umwimerere za Lao-tzu?

¹² Filozofiya ya Lao-tzu yatejwe imbere na Chuang Chou, cyangwa Chuang-tzu, bisobanura “Umutware Chuang” (369-286 M.Y.), ubonwa ko ari we wari ukomeye cyane mu basimbuye Lao-tzu. Mu gitabo Chuang Tzu yanditse, ntiyasobanuye ibya Tao gusa, ahubwo nanone yasobanuye ibitekerezo bya yin na yang, byabanje gusobanurwa muri I Ching. (Reba ipaji ya 83.) Dukurikije uko abibona, nta kintu na kimwe gihoraho cyangwa gitunganye, ahubwo ibintu byose bihora bihindagurika hagati y’imbaraga ebyiri zihabanye. Mu gice cyitwa “Umwuzure wo ku muhindo,” yaranditse ati

“Nta kintu na kimwe mu isanzure ry’ikirere gihoraho, kubera ko buri kintu cyose kibaho amaherezo kigapfa. Tao, itagira intangiriro cyangwa iherezo, ni yo yonyine ihoraho iteka. . . . Ubuzima bushobora kugereranywa n’ifarashi yiruka n’imbaraga zayo zose. Ikomeza kugenda ihinduka, buri gace k’isogonda ikagira icyo ihindukaho. Wabikoraho iki? Ni iki utagombye gukora? Byose nta cyo bihindura.”

13. (a) Dukurikije ibisobanuro byatanzwe na Chuang-tzu, idini rya Tao ribona rite ubuzima? (b) Ni izihe nzozi za Chuang-tzu benshi bamwibukiraho?

¹³ Iyo filozofiya yo kumva ko nta cyo umuntu yagombye kwirirwa akora, yatumye abayoboke b’itsinda rya Tao babona ko umuntu wese ugira icyo akora kugira ngo ahindure ibintu kamere yahaye icyerekezo, aba yiruhiriza ubusa. Byatinda byatebuka, buri kintu kiba kizasubira mu cyerekezo kinyuranye n’icyo cyarimo. Uko imimerere yaba igoye kuyihanganira kose, amaherezo iba izongera kuba myiza kurushaho. Uko imimerere yaba ishimishije kose, amaherezo iba izongera ikamera nabi. (Gereranya n’ibivugwa mu Mubwiriza 5:18, 19.) Ubwo buryo bwa filozofiya Chuang-tzu yabonagamo ubuzima bugaragazwa n’inzozi ze, ari na zo abenshi bamwibukiraho:

“Igihe kimwe Chuang Chou yarose yabaye ikinyugunyugu kiguruka gikubita hirya no hino, yumva yishimye kandi akora ibyo ashaka byose. Ntiyari azi ko yari Chuang Chou. Mu buryo butunguranye yarakangutse, asanga ari Chuang Chou mutaraga udashidikanywaho. Ariko ntiyamenye niba ari we Chuang Chou wari warose yahindutse ikinyugunyugu, cyangwa niba ari ikinyugunyugu cyari cyarose cyabaye Chuang Chou.”

14. Filozofiya y’itsinda rya Tao igaragarira mu ki?

¹⁴ Iyo filozofiya igaragarira mu bisigo no mu bishushanyo by’ubugeni byakozwe n’Abanyabugeni b’Abashinwa bo mu bihe bya nyuma ye. (Reba ipaji ya 171.) Icyakora nyuma y’igihe runaka itsinda rya Tao ryaretse kuba filozofiya yo kutagira icyo umuntu akora.

Ireka kuba filozofiya ikaba idini

15. (a) Kuba abayoboke b’itsinda rya Tao barashishikajwe cyane n’ibintu kamere byatumye bagira ikihe gitekerezo? (b) Ni ayahe magambo agaragara muri Tao Te Ching yatumye bagira icyo gitekerezo?

¹⁵ Mu gihe abayoboke b’itsinda rya Tao bageragezaga kwihuza n’ibintu kamere, bashishikajwe n’ukuntu bitajya bisaza kandi bigahora byisubiranya. Batangiye kwibwira bakekeranya ko ahari baramutse babayeho bahuje na Tao, cyangwa inzira y’ibintu kamere, mu buryo runaka bashobora kumenya amabanga y’ibintu kamere, bityo bagashobora kwikingira ibintu byangiza umubiri wabo, indwara ndetse wenda n’urupfu. Nubwo Lao-tzu atigeze abitindaho, imirongo imwe yo muri Tao Te Ching isa naho yumvikanisha icyo gitekerezo. Urugero, igice cya 16 kigira kiti “kubaho wunze ubumwe na Tao ni ukubaho iteka. Kandi nubwo umubiri upfa, Tao yo ntaho izajya.”a

16. Ni mu buhe buryo inyandiko za Chuang-tzu zatumye abantu bizera ko Tao ifite ububasha ndengakamere?

¹⁶ Chuang-tzu na we ari mu batumye abantu bagira ibyo bitekerezo. Urugero, mu kiganiro kiri muri Chuang Tzu, umuntu w’amayobera yabajije undi ati “ko umaze imyaka myinshi nyamara ukaba ufite isura nk’iy’umwana, byatewe n’iki?” Na we aramusubiza ati “namenye Tao.” Chuang-tzu yanditse ibyerekeye undi muhanga mu bya filozofiya wo mu itsinda rya Tao, agira ati “ubu Liehtse ashobora kugendera ku muyaga. Agenda yishimye yumva akayaga k’amafu, kandi azakomeza urugendo mu minsi cumi n’itanu mbere y’uko agaruka. Mu bantu bapfa, kubona umuntu ugera ku byishimo nk’ibyo ntibyoroshye.”

17. Ibyo abayoboke ba mbere b’itsinda rya Tao batekerezaga byatumye bakora iki, kandi se byagize izihe ngaruka? (Gereranya n’Abaroma 6:23; 8:6, 13.)

¹⁷ Inkuru nk’izo zatumye abayoboke b’itsinda rya Tao batekereza ibintu byinshi, batangira kujya bafata igihe cyo gutekereza, bakagira ibyokurya byihariye, bagakora imyitozo yo guhumeka bibwiraga ko yatumaga umubiri utinda gusaza no gupfa. Bidatinze, hadutse imigani myinshi y’abantu badapfa bashoboraga kuguruka mu bicu, bakigaragaza igihe bashakiye cyangwa bakazimira, kandi bari bamaze imyaka itabarika batuye mu misozi yera cyangwa mu birwa byitaruye, batunzwe n’ikime cyangwa imbuto z’ubumaji. Amateka y’u Bushinwa avuga ko mu mwaka wa 219 M.Y., umwami w’abami wa Ch’in witwaga Shih Huang-Ti, yohereje amato arimo abahungu n’abakobwa 3.000, abatuma gushaka ikirwa cyavugwaga mu migani cya P’eng-lai cyari gituyeho abantu badapfa, bakagaruka bazanye ibyatsi bivamo umuti wo kudapfa. Birumvikana nyine ko batigeze bagaruka bazanye uwo muti, ahubwo inkuru za rubanda zivuga ko batuye muri ibyo birwa byaje kwitwa u Buyapani.

18. (a) Ni ikihe gitekerezo idini rya Tao ryari rifite ku birebana n’‘ibinini byo kudapfa’? (b) Ni ibihe bikorwa bindi by’ubumaji byakorwaga n’abayoboke b’idini rya Tao?

¹⁸ Ku ngoma z’abami bakomokaga mu muryango wa Han (206 M.Y.–220 N.Y.), ibikorwa by’ubumaji mu itsinda rya Tao byafashe indi ntera. Bavuga ko Umwami w’Abami Wu Ti, nubwo yari ashyigikiye itsinda rya Confucius kandi agatangaza ko inyigisho zaryo ari zo zemewe na leta, yashishikajwe cyane n’igitekerezo cy’itsinda rya Tao cyo kudapfa. By’umwihariko, yari yaratwawe n’igitekerezo cyo gukora ‘ibinini byo kudapfa’ akoresheje uburyo bwa shimi ya kera. Itsinda rya Tao ribona ko ubuzima bubaho iyo imbaraga ebyiri zihabanye zihuye, ari zo yin na yang (ni ukuvuga imbaraga z’ingabo n’ingore). Bityo, abahanga mu bya shimi ya kera biganaga uko ibintu kamere bikora, bagafata icyuma cy’isasu (cyirabura cyangwa yin) bakakivanga na merikire (icyeye cyangwa yang), kandi bibwiraga ko ibyo bizatanga ikinini cyo kudapfa. Nanone abayoboke ba Tao bahimbye imyitozo imeze nka Yoga, uburyo bwo guhumeka, bakagira ibiribwa bagomba kwirinda kandi bagakora ibikorwa bifitanye isano n’ibitsina, ibyo byose bakabikora bibwira ko byatumaga umuntu agira imbaraga kandi bigatuma arama. Mu bikoresho bakoreshaga habaga harimo impigi z’ubumaji zavugwagaho ko zituma umuntu atagaragara, n’intwaro ntizigire icyo zimutwara, cyangwa zigatuma ashobora kugenda hejuru y’amazi cyangwa kuguruka mu kirere. Nanone bagiraga ibimenyetso by’ubumaji, ubusanzwe byabaga biriho ikimenyetso cya yin na yang, bashyiraga ku nzu no ku muryango kugira ngo byirukane imyuka mibi n’inyamaswa z’inkazi.

19. Idini rya Tao ryahawe umurongo uhamye bigenze bite?

¹⁹ Mu kinyejana cya kabiri N.Y. itsinda rya Tao ryahawe umurongo uhamye rigenderaho. Umugabo witwaga Chang Ling, cyangwa Chang Tao-ling, yashinze umuryango wakoreraga mu ibanga mu itsinda rya Tao mu burengerazuba bw’u Bushinwa, kandi akajya avura abantu akoresheje ubumaji na shimi ya kera. Kubera ko umunyamuryango wese yakwaga umusanzu ungana n’incuro eshanu z’umuceri, uwo muryango waje kwitwa Incuro Eshanu z’Umuceri za Tao (wu-tou-mi tao).b Kubera ko Chang yavuze ko Lao-tzu yamubonekeye, byatumye aba “umutware w’ikirere” wa mbere. Bavuga ko amaherezo yashoboye gukora umuti w’ubuzima, maze akazamuka ari muzima akajya mu ijuru yicaye ku ngwe, ahagurukiye ku musozi wa Lung-hu (Umusozi w’Ikiyoka Ngwe) uri mu ntara ya Kiangsi. Chang Tao-ling yakurikiwe n’abandi “batware b’ikirere” bo mu itsinda rya Tao bamaze ibinyejana byinshi basimburana, buri wese muri bo akaba yaravugwagaho ko ari Chang wabaga yongeye kuvuka.

Rihangana n’idini ry’Ababuda

20. Idini rya Tao ryakoze iki kugira ngo rihangane n’idini ry’Ababuda?

²⁰ Mu kinyejana cya karindwi, ku ngoma y’abami bo mu muryango wa T’ang (618-907 N.Y.), idini ry’Ababuda ryari ryaratangiye kwinjira mu mibereho y’Abashinwa. Idini rya Tao ryafashe ingamba zo kwirwanaho, rivuga ko ari ryo dini ry’Abashinwa. Lao-tzu yagizwe imana n’inyandiko za Tao zigirwa inyandiko zera. Hubatswe insengero, kandi hashingwa imiryango y’abiyeguriye idini y’abagabo n’abagore, hakurikijwe icyitegererezo cy’idini ry’Ababuda. Byongeye kandi, idini rya Tao ryemeye imana nyinshi n’imanakazi, abantu bafite ububasha ndengakamere n’abantu badapfa bavugwaga mu migani y’Abashinwa, urugero nk’abantu Umunani Badapfa (Pa Hsien), imana y’ishyiga (Tsao Shen), imana y’umugi (Ch’eng Huang) n’abarinzi b’urugi (Men Shen). Byavuyemo uruvange rugizwe n’imyizerere y’idini ry’Ababuda, imiziririzo gakondo, ubupfumu no gusenga abakurambere.—1 Abakorinto 8:5.

21. Amaherezo, itsinda rya Tao ryahindutse iki, kandi se byagenze bite?

²¹ Uko igihe cyagendaga gihita, ni na ko idini rya Tao ryagendaga risaya muri gahunda yo gusenga ibigirwamana no gukurikiza imiziririzo. Buri wese yasengaga imana n’imanakazi akunda mu nsengero z’iwabo, azinginga ngo zimurinde ibibi kandi zimufashe kugira amahirwe mu by’isi. Hari abatambyi bahembwaga kugira ngo bayobore imihango y’ihamba, batoranye ahantu hakwiriye ho guhamba, aho kubaka inzu n’aho gukorera ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi; bavugane n’abapfuye; birukane imyuka mibi n’abazimu; bayobore iminsi mikuru, kandi bakore n’indi mihango itandukanye. Nguko uko itsinda ryari ryaratangiye ryiga filozofiya y’amayobera ryahindutse idini ryemera cyane imyuka idapfa, umuriro w’ikuzimu n’imana bantu; ibyo byose bikaba ari ibitekerezo byavuye mu kidendezi cy’imyizerere y’ibinyoma yo muri Babuloni ya kera.

Undi munyabwenge w’icyamamare mu Bushinwa

22. Ni irihe tsinda ryamamaye mu Bushinwa, kandi se ni ibihe bibazo tugomba gusuzuma?

²² Nubwo twasuzumye uko idini rya Tao ryatangiye, rigakura hanyuma rikangirika, twagombye kwibuka ko ari rimwe gusa mu ‘matsinda ijana’ yadutse mu Bushinwa mu gihe cy’Intambara za Leta. Irindi tsinda ryaje kwamamara rikagira ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima bw’abantu ryari irya Confucius. Ariko se ni iki cyatumye itsinda rya Confucius ryamamara cyane? Mu banyabwenge bose bo mu Bushinwa, nta gushidikanya ko Confucius ari we uzwi cyane hanze y’u Bushinwa; ariko se mu by’ukuri yari muntu ki? Kandi se yigishije iki?

23. Ni ayahe makuru yerekeranye n’ubuzima bwa Confucius aboneka mu “Nyandiko z’Amateka”?

²³ Ku byerekeye ubuzima bwa Confucius, nanone turarebera mu Nyandiko z’Amateka (Shih Chi) za Ssu-ma Ch’ien. Ibyo izo nyandiko zivuga kuri Lao-tzu ni bike cyane, ariko ziduha amakuru arambuye yerekeye ubuzima bwa Confucius. Aya ni amwe mu makuru yerekeranye n’ubuzima bwe avanywe mu buhinduzi bwakozwe n’intiti y’Umushinwa Lin Yutang:

“Confucius yavukiye mu mugi wa Tsou, mu karere ka Ch’angping, mu gihugu cya Lu. . . . [Nyina] yasengeye ku musozi wa Nich’iu maze isengesho rye rirasubizwa, abyara Confucius mu mwaka wa makumyabiri n’ibiri w’ingoma ya Hsiang Umwami wa Lu (551 M.Y.). Yavutse afite ishyundu rinini ku mutwe, akaba ari yo mpamvu yiswe ‘Ch’iu’ (bisobanura “umusozi”). Izina rye ribanza ryari Chungni, naho iriheruka rikaba K’ung.”c

24. Byagendekeye bite Confucius akiri muto?

²⁴ Hashize igihe gito avutse, se yarapfuye, ariko nyina yakoze uko ashoboye kugira ngo yige neza nubwo yari umukene. Akiri muto yashishikajwe cyane n’amateka, ubuvanganzo n’umuzika. Dukurikije uko igitabo kimwe mu bitabo bine by’idini rya Confusius kibivuga, yashishikajwe cyane no kwiga ageze ku myaka 15 (The Analects). Amaze kugira imyaka 17, yahawe umwanya woroheje muri leta yo mu gihugu cye kavukire cya Lu.

25. Urupfu rwa nyina wa Confucius rwamugizeho izihe ngaruka? (Gereranya n’Umubwiriza 9:5, 6; Yohana 11:33, 35.)

²⁵ Uko bigaragara ubukungu bwariyongereye, bityo ashaka umugore afite imyaka 19, umwaka wakurikiyeho abyara umuhungu. Icyakora ageze mu kigero cy’imyaka nka 25, nyina yarapfuye. Birumvikana ko ibyo byamugizeho ingaruka zikomeye. Kubera ko Confucius yakurikizaga imigenzo gakondo abyitondeye, yahagaritse akazi ajya kuririra nyina ku gituro cye mu gihe cy’amezi 27, muri ubwo buryo aba asigiye Abashinwa umugenzo wo mu rwego rw’idini.

Umwigisha Confucius

26. Confucius yatangiye gukora iki nyina amaze gupfa?

²⁶ Nyuma yaho yasize umuryango we, aba umwigisha wagendaga yigisha hose. Mu byo yigishaga harimo umuzika, ubusizi, ubuvanganzo, uburere mboneragihugu, amahame mbwirizamuco na siyansi, akurikije ubumenyi bwariho muri icyo gihe. Agomba kuba yarabaye ikirangirire cyane, kubera ko bavuga ko hari igihe yari afite abanyeshuri bagera ku 3.000.

27. Ni iki tuzi ku buryo Confucius yakoreshaga yigisha? (Gereranya na Matayo 6:26, 28; 9:16, 17; Luka 12:54-57; Yohana 4:35-38.)

²⁷ Confucius arubahwa cyane mu karere k’Iburasirazuba, ahanini bitewe n’uko yari umwigisha ukomeye. Koko rero, ku gituro cye kiri muri Ch’ü-fou, mu Ntara ya Shantung, handitse amagambo agira ati “Umwigisha wa Kera, Wera Cyane.” Hari umwanditsi wo mu Burengerazuba wasobanuye uburyo bwe bwo kwigisha agira ati “yagendaga ava ‘mu karere kamwe ajya mu kandi, aherekejwe n’abantu bari baracengewe n’uburyo yabonagamo ubuzima.’ Aho bajyaga hose, uko urugendo rwareshyaga kose, yagendaga mu igare rikururwa n’ikimasa. Kubera ko iryo tungo rigenda buhoro, byatumaga abanyeshuri be bamukurikira ku maguru, kandi biragaragara ko ibyo yigishaga mu madisikuru ye akenshi byashingiraga ku byo babonaga mu nzira.” Nyuma yaho, Yesu na we yakoresheje uburyo nk’ubwo, nubwo nta ho yari ahuriye na Confucius.

28. Dukurikije uko umwanditsi w’Umushinwa witwaga Lin Yutang yabivuze, ni iki cyatumye Confucius aba umwigisha wubahwaga?

²⁸ Nta gushidikanya ko icyatumye Confucius aba umwigisha wubahwa cyane mu bantu b’Iburasirazuba, ari uko na we ubwe yari umunyeshuri w’umuhanga, cyane cyane mu mateka n’amahame mbwirizamuco. Lin Yutang yaranditse ati “abantu bakundaga Confucius bitewe n’uko yari umuhanga mu bantu bose bo mu gihe cye, ariko cyane cyane bamukundiraga ko yari yarize kurusha abandi, akaba ari na we wenyine muri icyo gihe washoboraga kubigisha ibikubiye mu bitabo bya kera no mu bwenge bwa kera.” Lin yavuze ko Confucius yakundaga kwiga, bikaba bishobora kuba ari byo byatumye itsinda rye rirusha ingufu andi matsinda ya filozofiya. Yaravuze ati “abigisha b’itsinda rya Confucius bari bafite ikintu gifatika bigisha kandi abanyeshuri b’itsinda rya Confucius na bo babaga bafite inyigisho zifatika bagomba kwiga, zari zikubiyemo amateka, mu gihe andi matsinda yo nta kindi yigishaga uretse ibitekerezo byayo.”

“Ijuru ni ryo rinzi!”

29. (a) Ni iyihe ntego Confucius yifuzaga kugeraho? (b) Yagerageje ate kuyigeraho, kandi se byatanze iki?

²⁹ Nubwo Confucius yari umwigisha ushoboye, ntiyabonaga ko kwigisha ari umwuga yagombaga gukora mu buzima bwe. Yumvaga ko ibitekerezo bye ku birebana n’amahame mbwirizamuco byashoboraga kuvanaho akaduruvayo kari mu isi yo mu gihe cye, ari uko gusa abayobozi babikurikije kandi bakamuha akazi we n’abanyeshuri be muri leta zabo. Ibyo byatumye we n’itsinda rito ry’abigishwa be bava mu gihugu cyabo kavukire cya Lu maze bakajya bava muri leta imwe bajya mu yindi, bagerageza gushakisha umuyobozi w’umunyabwenge washoboraga gukoresha ibitekerezo bye muri leta ye no mu mategeko agenga abaturage. Byatanze iki? Shih Chi igira iti “amaherezo yavuye muri Lu, ageze muri Ch’i baramwirukana, ageze i Sung n’i Wei baramwamagana, ageze hagati ya Ch’en na Ts’ai arakena cyane.” Amaze imyaka 14 mu muhanda, yasubiye muri Lu, agaruka amanjiriwe ariko ataracitse intege burundu.

30. Ni ibihe bikorwa by’ubuvanganzo byabaye ishingiro ry’idini rya Confucius?

³⁰ Kugeza igihe yapfiriye, yakomeje kwitanga atizigamye mu bikorwa by’ubuvanganzo no kwigisha. (Reba agasanduku kari ku ipaji ya 177.) Nubwo nta gushidikanya ko yababazwaga n’uko nta cyo yagezeho, yaravuze ati “sinivovotera Ijuru. Sinitotombera abantu. Hano hasi ku isi nkomeza kwiga, kandi Ijuru ryo hejuru riranyumva. Ijuri ni ryo rinzi!” Amaherezo, yapfuye mu mwaka wa 479 M.Y., afite imyaka 73.

Ibitekerezo by’ingenzi by’itsinda rya Confucius

31. Confucius yigishije ko ari iki cyari gutuma abaturage baba mu mahoro?

³¹ Nubwo Confucius yari intiti akaba n’umwarimu utandukanye n’abandi, ingaruka z’inyigisho ze ntizagarukiye mu banyabwenge gusa. Mu by’ukuri, intego ya Confucius ntiyari iyo kwigisha amategeko y’imyifatire cyangwa amahame mbwirizamuco gusa, ahubwo nanone yari iyo kugarura amahoro n’umutekano mu baturage, icyo gihe byari byarabuze bitewe n’intambara z’urudaca zashyamiranyaga abami. Kugira ngo iyo ntego igerweho, Confucius yigishaga ko buri wese, uhereye ku mwami w’abami kugeza kuri rubanda rwa giseseka, yagombaga kumenya uruhare yitezweho mu bandi baturage kandi akabaho ahuje na rwo.

32, 33. (a) Sobanura ihame ryo mu itsinda rya Confucius ryitwa li. (b) Confucius yavuze ko iyo abantu bakurikije ihame rya li bigenda bite?

³² Mu itsinda rya Confucius iryo hame ryitwa li, bisobanura imyifatire iboneye, ikinyabupfura, gahunda y’ibintu, kandi iyo iryo jambo rikoreshejwe mu buryo bwagutse risobanura imigenzo, imihango no kubaha. Igihe babazaga Confucius bati “iryo hame rikomeye rya li ni iki?,” yatanze ibisobanuro bikurikira:

“Mu mahame yose agenga abantu, li ni yo ikomeye cyane. Tudafite li, ntitwamenya uburyo bukwiriye bwo gusenga imyuka yo mu isanzure ry’ikirere; cyangwa uko twashyiraho amategeko agenga imishyikirano iba hagati y’umwami n’abatware be, umuyobozi n’abo ayobora n’abasaza n’urubyiruko; cyangwa uko twashyiraho amahame mbwirizamuco agenga imishyikirano iba hagati y’abantu badahuje igitsina, no hagati y’ababyeyi n’abana no hagati y’abavandimwe; cyangwa ukuntu twashyira itandukaniro hagati y’amasano anyuranye mu miryango. Iyo ni yo mpamvu umuntu wiyubaha akomeza kugendera ku ihame rya li.”

³³ Bityo, li ni itegeko ry’imyifatire umuntu wiyubaha by’ukuri (chün-tzu, rimwe na rimwe bihindurwamo “umugabo ukomeye”) akurikiza mu mishyikirano yose agirana n’abandi. Confucius yavuze ko iyo buri wese yihatiye kurikurikiza, “buri kintu cyose kigenda neza haba mu muryango, mu gihugu no mu isi,” kandi icyo gihe ni bwo Tao, ni ukuvuga inzira y’ijuru, iba yubahirizwa. Ariko se ihame rya li rikurikizwa rite? Icyo kibazo kiratuma tugera ku kindi gitekerezo cy’itsinda rya Confucius, ni ukuvuga ren (jen), bisobanura ubumuntu cyangwa umuntu ugira umutima mwiza.

34. Igitekerezo cyo mu itsinda rya Confucius cya ren giteye gite, kandi se cyafasha gite mu gukemura ibibazo biba mu bantu?

³⁴ Mu gihe ihame rya li ryibanda ku gitekerezo cyo kwifata binyuze mu gukurikiza amategeko y’inyuma, ihame rya ren ryo ryibanda kuri kamere muntu, ni ukuvuga umuntu w’imbere. Igitekerezo cyo mu itsinda rya Confucius, cyane cyane nk’uko cyasobanuwe n’umwigishwa w’ingenzi wa Confucius witwaga Mencius, ni uko ubusanzwe umuntu muri kamere ye ari mwiza. Bityo, umuti w’ibibazo byose biba mu muryango w’abantu waboneka ari uko buri muntu yihatiye kunonosora kamere ye, kandi ibyo bitangirana no kwiga no kugira ubumenyi. Igice cya mbere cy’igitabo kivuga uko umuntu yakwiga akaminuza (The Great Learning) kigira kiti

“Iyo umuntu agize ubumenyi nyakuri, ni bwo intego ye iba nziza; iyo intego y’umuntu ibaye nziza, umutima we uratungana . . . ; iyo umutima we umaze gutungana, kamere ye iranonosorwa; iyo kamere ye imaze kunonosorwa, ni bwo ubuzima bwo mu muryango bushyirwa kuri gahunda; iyo ubuzima bwo mu muryango bumaze kujya kuri gahunda, ni bwo ubuzima bw’igihugu bujya ku murongo; kandi iyo ubuzima bw’igihugu bumaze kujya ku murongo, habaho amahoro muri iyi si. Kuva ku mwami kugeza ku muntu wo muri rubanda rusanzwe, abantu bose bagomba kubona ko kunonosora kamere yabo ari cyo kintu cy’ishingiro.”

35. (a) Amahame ya li na ren yavugwa ate muri make? (b) Kandi se ayo mahame agaragarira ate mu buryo Abashinwa babona ubuzima?

³⁵ Bityo rero, Confucius yabonaga ko gukurikiza ihame rya li bifasha abantu kwitwara neza mu mimerere iyo ari yo yose, naho gukurikiza ihame rya ren bikabafasha kugirira buri wese neza. Bavuga ko ibyo bitanga amahoro n’umutekano mu baturage. Igitekerezo cy’itsinda rya Confucius gishingiye ku mahame ya li na ren, gishobora kuvugwa muri make muri ubu buryo:

Ibyo byose bidufasha gusobanukirwa impamvu Abashinwa hafi ya bose, ndetse n’abandi bantu b’Iburasirazuba, baha agaciro cyane amasano yo mu muryango, gukorana umwete, kwiga no kumenya uko umuntu akwiriye kwitwara bitewe n’agace aherereyemo. Haba mu byiza no mu bibi, ibyo bitekerezo by’itsinda rya Confucius byashinze imizi mu mitimanama y’Abashinwa mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi bamaze babicengezwamo.

Itsinda rya Confucius rihinduka idini rya leta

36. Itsinda rya Confucius ryahindutse rite idini rya leta?

³⁶ Itsinda rya Confucius rimaze kwaduka, igihe cy’“amatsinda ijana” cyararangiye. Abami b’abami bakomokaga mu muryango wa Han babonye ko inyigisho z’itsinda rya Confucius zo kubera indahemuka umuyobozi ari zo bari bakeneye kugira ngo bashimangire ubutegetsi bwabo. Ku ngoma y’Umwami w’Abami Wu Ti twigeze kuvuga mu byerekeye Tao, itsinda rya Confucius ryagizwe idini rya leta. Abantu babaga baraminuje mu nyigisho za Confucius ni bo bonyine bahabwaga akazi ka leta, kandi umuntu wese wifuzaga kwinjira mu kazi muri leta yagombaga gukora ikizamini cya leta gishingiye ku nyigisho za Confucius. Imigenzo n’imiziririzo by’itsinda rya Confucius byabaye idini ry’ibwami.

37. (a) Itsinda rya Confucius ryahindutse idini rite? (b) Kuki mu by’ukuri itsinda rya Confucius rirenze kuba ari filozofiya?

³⁷ Ibyo bintu byahindutse byagize uruhare runini mu gutuma Confucius aba umuntu ukomeye mu Bushinwa. Abami b’abami bo mu muryango wa Han batangiye umugenzo wo kujya batambira ibitambo ku mva ya Confucius. Bamuhaye amazina y’icyubahiro. Hanyuma mu mwaka wa 630 N.Y., umwami w’abami wo mu muryango wa T’ang witwaga T’ai Tsung yategetse ko muri buri ntara na buri karere ko mu bwami bwe hose hubakwa urusengero rwa leta rweguriwe Confucius, kandi bakajya batamba ibitambo buri gihe. Kugira ngo babyoroshye, Confucius yagizwe imana kandi itsinda rya Confucius rihinduka idini utatandukanya n’idini rya Tao cyangwa iry’Ababuda.—Reba agasanduku kari ku ipaji ya 175.

Umurage w’ubwenge bw’Iburasirazuba

38. (a) Byagendekeye bite idini rya Tao n’irya Confucius kuva mu mwaka wa 1911? (b) Ariko se ni iki kikigaragara kugeza n’ubu ku birebana n’ibitekerezo by’ibanze by’ayo madini?

³⁸ Ubutegetsi bwa cyami bumaze kurangira mu Bushinwa mu mwaka wa 1911, amadini ya Confucius na Tao yatangiye kwibasirwa cyane aranatotezwa. Idini rya Tao ryataye agaciro bitewe n’ibikorwa byaryo by’ubumaji n’imiziririzo. Idini rya Confucius ryashinjwe ko ryari rishyigikiye ubutegetsi bw’igitugu, riteza imbere ibitekerezo by’ubucakara, kugira ngo riheze abantu mu bubata, cyane cyane abagore. Icyakora nubwo ayo madini yamaganywe ku mugaragaro, ibitekerezo byayo by’ibanze byashinze imizi mu bwenge bw’Abashinwa, ku buryo na n’ubu bikigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mitekerereze y’abantu benshi.

39. Ni iki inkuru yo mu kinyamakuru yavuze ku birebana n’imigenzo y’idini ishingiye ku miziririzo ikorwa mu Bushinwa?

³⁹ Urugero, mu mwaka wa 1987 ikinyamakuru cyo muri Kanada cyasohoye inkuru yavugaga ko imigenzo y’idini yo mu Bushinwa yacitse i Beijing ariko igasagamba mu turere duturiye inyanja, kivuga ko nyuma y’imyaka 40 mu Bushinwa hari ubutegetsi butemera Imana, imihango y’ihamba, imirimo yo mu nsengero, n’imiziririzo myinshi bicyiganje mu turere tw’icyaro. Iyo nkuru ikomeza igira iti “imidugudu hafi ya yose iba ifite umuntu witwa fengshui, ubusanzwe aba ari we ukuze muri uwo mudugudu, akaba azi gusesengura ibimenyetso by’imbaraga z’umuyaga (feng) n’amazi (shui) akamenya ahantu heza ibintu byose bikwiriye gukorerwa, uhereye ku hantu hagomba kujya imva y’umuntu wo mu muryango, ahagomba kubakwa inzu nshya, cyangwa umwanya ibikoresho bigomba gushyirwamo mu cyumba cy’uruganiriro.”—Globe and Mail.

40. Ni ibihe bikorwa by’idini bikorwa muri Tayiwani?

⁴⁰ Mu bindi bihugu, amadini ya Tao na Confucius aboneka ahantu hose hari abantu bagendera ku muco wa kera w’Abashinwa. Muri Tayiwani, hari umugabo uvuga ko akomoka kuri Chang Tao-ling usohoza inshingano zo kuba “umutware w’ikirere,” akaba afite ububasha bwo gushyiraho abatambyi mu idini rya Tao (Tao Shih). Imanakazi izwi cyane yitwa Matsu, bita “Umubyeyi Wera wo mu Ijuru,” isengwa nk’umutwarekazi wera w’ikirwa, uw’abasare n’abarobyi. Naho abaturage bo muri rubanda rusanzwe usanga ahanini bahugijwe no gutanga ibitambo n’amaturo babitura imyuka y’inzuzi, imisozi n’inyenyeri, imana zihagarariye imirimo yose n’imana z’ubuzima bwiza, amahirwe n’ubukire.d

41. Idini rya Confucius rihagaze rite muri iki gihe?

⁴¹ Bite se ku bihereranye n’idini rya Confucius? Uruhare rwaryo rwaragabanutse cyane risigara ari idini ndangamuco ry’igihugu. Mu mugi wa Ch’ü-fou ho mu Bushinwa, aho Confucius yavukiye, leta ihafite urusengero rw’idini rya Confucius n’amazu abakomoka mu muryango we babamo, ba mukerarugendo bakaba baza kuhasura. Hari ikinyamakuru kivuga ko aho “hakorerwa imihango igaragaza uko Confucius yasengwaga” (China Reconstructs). No muri Singapore, Tayiwani, Hong Kong, no mu tundi turere two mu burasirazuba bwa Aziya, abantu baracyizihiza isabukuru y’ivuka rya Confucius.

42. Ni mu buhe buryo amadini ya Tao na Confucius yananiwe kuyobora abantu mu mihati bashyiragaho bashakisha Imana y’ukuri?

⁴² Amadini ya Confucius na Tao atwereka ukuntu gahunda zishingiye ku bwenge bw’abantu n’imitekerereze yabo, nubwo zaba zihuje n’ubwenge zite kandi zigamije ibyiza, amaherezo zinanirwa kugeza abantu ku Mana y’ukuri baba bashakisha. Biterwa n’iki? Biterwa n’uko ziba zibuzemo ikintu cy’ingenzi: ziba zibuzemo ibyo Imana ifite kamere ishaka n’ibyo isaba. Idini rya Confucius ryishingikiriza kuri kamere muntu, rikabona ko ari yo ituma abantu bakora ibyiza, naho irya Tao rikishingikiriza ku bintu kamere. Ariko ibyo ni ukwizera ibyo tutari dukwiriye kwizera, kubera ko bituma abantu basenga ibiremwa aho gusenga Umuremyi.—Zaburi 62:9; 146:3, 4; Yeremiya 17:5.

43. Ni mu buhe buryo imigenzo y’idini y’Abashinwa yatumye batagira icyo bageraho mu mihati yabo yo gushaka Imana y’ukuri?

⁴³ Ku rundi ruhande, imigenzo y’abakurambere no gusenga ibigirwamana, guha icyubahiro ibintu byo mu kirere, gusenga imyuka yo mu bintu kamere, ndetse n’imigenzo n’imiziririzo bifitanye isano n’ibyo, byashinze imizi mu mitekerereze y’Abashinwa ku buryo byemerwa nk’ukuri kudashidikanywaho. Akenshi usanga bigoye cyane kuganira n’Umushinwa umubwira iby’Imana ifite kamere cyangwa Umuremyi kubera ko icyo gitekerezo kitabaho mu Bashinwa.—Abaroma 1:20-25.

44. (a) Iyo abantu bazi gutekereza babonye ibintu bitangaje mu bintu kamere bagera ku wuhe mwanzuro? (b) Duterwa inkunga yo gukora iki?

⁴⁴ Nta gushidikanya ko mu bintu kamere harimo ibintu byinshi bitangaje n’ubwenge buhambaye kandi natwe abantu tukaba dufite ubushobozi buhambaye bwo gutekereza n’umutimanama. Ariko nk’uko byagaragajwe mu gice kivuga idini ry’Ababuda, ibintu bitangaje tubona mu bintu kamere byatumye abantu bazi gutekereza bagera ku mwanzuro w’uko hagomba kuba hariho uwabihanze cyangwa Umuremyi. (Reba ipaji ya 151-152.) None se ubwo bimeze bityo, ntibihuje n’ubwenge ko twihatira gushakisha uwo Muremyi? Koko rero, Umuremyi adutumirira kumushaka agira ati “nimwubure amaso yanyu murebe hejuru. Ni nde waremye biriya byose? Ni we ugaba ingabo zabyo akurikije umubare wabyo, byose akabihamagara mu mazina” (Yesaya 40:26). Nitubigenza dutyo, ntituzamenya gusa uwo Muremyi, ari we Yehova Imana, ahubwo nanone tuzamenya ibyo aduteganyiriza mu gihe kizaza.

45. Ni irihe dini rindi ryo mu karere k’Iburasirazuba tuzasuzuma mu gice gikurikira?

⁴⁵ Uretse idini ry’Ababuda, irya Confucius n’irya Tao, yagize uruhare rukomeye mu mibereho yo mu rwego rw’idini y’abantu bo mu karere k’Iburasirazuba, hari irindi dini ryihariwe n’abantu bo mu Buyapani, ryitwa Shinto. Ritandukaniye he n’ayo madini yandi? Ryaturutse he? Ese ryayoboye abantu ku Mana y’ukuri? Tuzabisuzuma mu gice gikurikira.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 175]

Ese itsinda rya Confucius ni filozofiya cyangwa ni idini?

Kubera ko Confucius yavuze ibintu bike byerekeye Imana, abantu benshi babona ko itsinda rya Confucius ari itsinda rya filozofiya aho kuba idini. Nyamara kandi, ibyo yavuze n’ibyo yakoze bigaragaza ko yashishikazwaga n’iby’idini. Ibyo bishobora kugaragarira mu bintu bibiri. Icya mbere, yubahaga imbaraga z’ikirenga zo mu buryo bw’umwuka zo mu kirere, Abashinwa benshi bakaba bazita T’ien, cyangwa Ijuru, akaba yarabonaga ko ari zo soko y’imico myiza yose n’amahame yo kugira neza, kandi yumvaga ko ubushake bwazo ari bwo buyobora ibintu byose. Icya kabiri, yibandaga ku gukurikiza mu buryo bwitondewe imihango n’imigenzo ifitanye isano no gusenga ijuru n’imyuka y’abakurambere bapfuye.

Nubwo Confucius atigeze avuga ko ibyo bitekerezo byari bigize idini, ni byo byabaye urufatiro rw’idini ry’Abashinwa babayeho nyuma ye.

[Agasanduku/​Amafoto biri ku ipaji ya 177]

Ibitabo Bine n’Ibitabo Bitanu bya Kera by’idini rya Confucius

Ibitabo bine

1. Inyigisho z’Ikirenga (Ta Hsüeh): Ni cyo cyari ishingiro ry’inyigisho z’umuntu ujijutse. Cyarimo umwandiko wa mbere wigwaga n’abana mu Bushinwa bwa kera

2. Inyigisho Rusange (Chung Yung): Gikubiyemo ibihereranye no guteza imbere kamere muntu binyuze mu gushyira mu gaciro

3. Ibiganiro (Lun Yü): Gikubiyemo amagambo ya Confucius, kandi cyabonwaga ko ari cyo gikubiyemo ibitekerezo by’ibanze by’idini rya Confucius

4. Igitabo cya Mencius (Meng-tzu): Gikubiyemo inyandiko n’amagambo y’umwigishwa ukomeye wa Confucius, ari we Meng-tzu, cyangwa Mencius

Ibitabo Bitanu bya Kera

1. Igitabo cy’Ibisigo (Shih Ching): Kirimo ibisigo 305 bivuga iby’ubuzima bwa buri munsi mu ntangiriro y’ubutegetsi bw’abami bo mu muryango wa Chou (1000-600 M.Y.)

2. Igitabo cy’Amateka (Shu Ching): Kivuga ibyabaye mu binyejena 17 by’amateka y’Abashinwa, bitangirana n’ubutegetsi bw’abami b’umuryango wa Shang (1766-1122 M.Y.)

3. Igitabo cy’Ihinduka (I Ching): Igitabo cy’ubupfumu, gishingiye ku bisobanuro by’uburyo 64 imirongo itandatu yuzuye cyangwa y’ibice ishobora gutondekwamo

4. Igitabo cy’Imigenzo (Li Chi): Gikubiyemo amategeko y’imihango n’imigenzo

5. Inyandiko z’Itumba n’Umuhindo (Ch’un Ch’iu): Kirimo amateka y’igihugu Confucius yavukiyemo cya Lu, kuva mu mwaka wa 721-478 M.Y.

[Amafoto]

Ibitabo bitanu bya kera (hejuru) n’igice cy’igitabo cy’Inyigisho z’Ikirenga (ibumoso) (kimwe mu Bitabo Bine), byavuzwe ku ipaji ya 181

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 163]

Tao, ‘inzira umuntu yagombye kunyuramo’

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 165]

Lao-tzu, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya wo mu itsinda rya Tao yicaye ku mbogo

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 166]

Urusengero rw’idini rya Tao rweguriwe Matsu, “Umubyeyi Wera wo mu Ijuru,” ruri muri Tayiwani

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 171]

Imisozi ibuditseho ikibunda, amazi atuje, ibiti bihuhwa n’umuyaga, n’intiti ziri mu mwiherero, ni byo bikunze kugarukwaho mu bishushanyo by’imisozi yo mu Bushinwa, bigaragaza igitekerezo cya Tao cyo kubaho mu bumwe n’ibintu kamere

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 173]

Ibumoso, igishushanyo cya kera cya Tao, kigaragaza imana yo kurama iri kumwe n’abantu Umunani Badapfa.

Iburyo, umutambyi wo mu idini rya Tao ayobora umuhango w’ihamba yambaye imyambaro y’idini

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 179]

Confucius, umunyabwenge ukomeye wo mu Bushinwa, abonwa ko ari umwigisha wubahwa w’amahame mbwirizamuco n’ikinyabupfura

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 181]

Ibirori birimo umuzika, i Sung Kyun Kwan, mu kigo cy’inyigisho za Confucius cyashinzwe mu kinyejana cya 14 i Seoul muri Koreya, kigamije gukomeza imigenzo y’idini rya Confucius

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 182]

Abashinwa hafi ya bose, baba abo mu idini ry’Ababuda, irya Tao, cyangwa irya Confucius, uhereye ibumoso, bambaza abakurambere mu ngo zabo, bagasenga imana y’ubukire, kandi bagatamba ibitambo mu nsengero ku minsi mikuru