Igice cya 13

Ivugurura—Ubushakashatsi buhindura icyerekezo

1, 2. (a) Igitabo cy’amateka y’Ivugurura gisobanura gite Kiliziya Gatolika yo mu myaka ya 500-1500? (b) Ni ibihe bibazo umuntu yakwibaza ku birebana n’imimerere ya Kiliziya y’i Roma?

“IBYAGO nyakuri kiliziya yo mu myaka ya 500-1500 yagize, ni uko yananiwe kugendana n’igihe. . . . Aho gutera imbere ngo itange ubuyobozi bwo mu buryo bw’umwuka, yasubiraga inyuma kandi ikononekara mu bice byayo byose.” Ibyo byavuzwe mu gitabo cy’amateka y’Ivugurura gisobanura imimerere ya Kiliziya Gatolika yari ifite ububasha, yategetse u Burayi hafi ya bwose kuva mu kinyejana cya 5 kugeza mu cya 15.—The Story of the Reformation.

² Byagenze bite kugira ngo Kiliziya y’i Roma ive ku mwanya w’ububasha bwinshi ‘isubire inyuma kandi yononekare’? Byagenze bite kugira ngo ba papa, bavugaga ko ari abasimbura b’intumwa, bananirwe gutanga “ubuyobozi bwo mu buryo bw’umwuka”? Kandi se ibyo byagize izihe ngaruka? Kugira ngo tubone ibisubizo by’ibyo bibazo, tugomba gusuzuma muri make uko kiliziya yari ihagaze n’uruhare yagize mu mihati abantu bashyiragaho bashakisha Imana y’ukuri.

Kiliziya ihenebera

3. (a) Kiliziya y’i Roma yari ihagaze ite mu by’ubukungu mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 15? (b) Kiliziya yagerageje ite kugumana icyubahiro cyayo?

³ Byageze mu kinyejana cya 15 Kiliziya y’i Roma ari yo ifite ubutaka bwinshi mu Burayi bwose, kuko yari ifite za paruwasi n’ibigo by’abihaye Imana hirya no hino. Bavuga ko yari ifite kimwe cya kabiri cy’ubutaka bwose bwo mu Bufaransa no mu Budage, ikagira bibiri bya gatanu by’ubutaka bwose bwo mu Busuwisi no mu Bwongereza, cyangwa bunarenga. Ingaruka zabaye izihe? Hari igitabo kivuga ko “mu mpera y’imyaka ya 1400 no mu ntangiriro y’imyaka ya 1500 ikuzo rya Roma ryiyongereye cyane, n’ububasha bwayo bwa politiki bukiyongera” (A History of Civilization). Ariko rero, icyo cyubahiro cyose cyagendanaga n’ikiguzi, kandi ba papa bagombaga gushakisha uburyo bushya bwo kubona amafaranga kugira ngo bagumane icyo cyubahiro. Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Will Durant yanditse asobanura uburyo bunyuranye bakoreshaga:

4. Ubutunzi kiliziya yinjizaga bwagize izihe ngaruka ku ba papa?

“Buri muntu wese wahabwaga ubupadiri yasabwaga kwishyura Ibiro bya papa icya kabiri cy’amafaranga yinjizaga mu mwaka wa mbere, hanyuma buri mwaka akajya atanga icya cumi cyayo. Uwahabwaga ubusenyeri yishyuraga papa amafaranga menshi yo kugura umushumi w’umweru ugaragaza ko yemerewe kuba musenyeri, ukaba n’ikimenyetso cy’ubutware bwe. Iyo hagiraga karidinali, arikiyepisikopi, musenyeri cyangwa padiri upfa, umutungo we wazungurwaga na papa. . . . Iyo Ibiro bya papa byacaga urubanza cyangwa bikagira ikindi kintu bikora, byabaga byiteze guhabwa impano y’ishimwe, kandi rimwe na rimwe urubanza rwacibwaga hakurikijwe impano yatanzwe.”

⁴ Amafaranga menshi yinjiraga mu isanduku ya papa uko umwaka utashye, amaherezo yatumye hatangira kubaho ibikorwa byinshi byo gukabya no kononekara. Abantu bavugaga ko ‘na papa ubwe adashobora gukora kuri godoro ngo abure kwandura intoki,’ kandi amateka ya kiliziya yo muri icyo gihe yaranzwe n’icyo umuhanga mu by’amateka yise “uruhererekane rwa ba papa bakabije kuba ab’isi.” Muri abo harimo Sixte IV (wabaye papa mu wa 1471-1484), wakoresheje amafaranga menshi cyane yubaka Shapeli yamwitiriwe, anakiza bishywa be benshi; Alexandre VI (wabaye papa mu wa 1492-1503), uzwi cyane ku izina rya Rodrigo Borgia, wemeye ku mugaragaro abana b’ibinyendaro yari yarabyaye kandi akabateza imbere; na Jules II (wabaye papa mu wa 1503-1513), mwishywa wa Sixte IV, washishikazwaga cyane n’intambara, politiki n’ubugeni kuruta uko yashishikazwaga n’inshingano ze z’ubusaseridoti. Mu mwaka wa 1518, intiti y’Umuholandi mu byerekeye amateka ya Kiliziya Gatolika yitwaga Erasme, yari afite impamvu zumvikana rwose zo kwandika ati “kutagira isoni kw’Ibiro bya papa kwageze ku ndunduro.”

5. Inyandiko za kera zagaragaje iki ku birebana n’imyifatire y’abayobozi ba kiliziya?

⁵ Ba papa si bo bonyine bari barononekaye kandi bakiyandarika. Muri icyo gihe hari amagambo yari yarabaye umugani yavugaga ati “niba ushaka kurimbuza umwana wawe, uzamugire umupadiri.” Ibyo bihamywa n’inyandiko zo muri icyo gihe. Durant yavuze ko mu Bwongereza “ibirego by’ihohotera [rishingiye ku gitsina] byagejejwe mu nkiko mu mwaka wa 1499, . . . abapadiri baregwaga banganaga na 23 ku ijana by’abaregwaga bose, nubwo abayobozi ba kiliziya batageraga kuri 2 ku ijana by’abaturage bose. Abapadiri bamwe basabaga abagore baje mu ntebe ya penetensiya ko baryamana. Abapadiri babarirwa mu bihumbi bari bafite inshoreke; mu Budage ho, hafi ya bose bari bazifite.” (Gereranya n’ibivugwa mu 1 Abakorinto 6:9-11; Abefeso 5:5.) Kononekara mu by’umuco byageze no mu tundi turere. Bavuga ko hari Umwesipanyoli w’icyo gihe witotombye agira ati “ndabona nta cyo dushobora kuvana ku bakozi ba Kristo tudatanze amafaranga: batisimu, amafaranga . . . ishyingiranwa, amafaranga; kwatura ibyaha, amafaranga; ibi si byo rwose; kubona badashobora gusengera ugiye gupfa hadatanzwe amafaranga! Ntibashobora kuvuza inzogera badahawe amafaranga, nta we kiliziya ishobora guhamba hadatanzwe amafaranga; wagira ngo Paradizo irakinzwe ku badafite amafaranga!”—Gereranya n’ibivugwa mu 1 Timoteyo 6:10.

6. Machiavelli yasobanuye ate imimerere yari muri Kiliziya y’i Roma (Abaroma 2:21-24)?

⁶ Kugira ngo tuvuge muri make imimerere Kiliziya y’i Roma yarimo mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 16, turasubiramo amagambo yavuzwe n’umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Umutaliyani uzwi cyane wo muri icyo gihe witwaga Machiavelli:

“Iyo idini ry’Ubukristo riza gukomeza kugendera ku mabwiriza y’Uwarishinze, amadini yose yiyita aya Gikristo yari kuba yunze ubumwe kandi yishimye kuruta uko bimeze ubu. Nanone gihamya ikomeye kuruta izindi igaragaza ukuntu ryononekaye ni uko iyo abantu begereye Kiliziya y’i Roma, ari yo mutwe w’idini ryabo, barushaho kudashishikazwa n’idini.”

Imihati ya mbere y’ivugurura

7. Ni iyihe mihati idafashije kiliziya yashyizeho igerageza gukemura bimwe mu bikorwa byo kurengera?

⁷ Abantu nka Erasme na Machiavelli si bo bonyine babonaga ko muri kiliziya harimo ibibazo, na kiliziya ubwayo yarabibonaga. Kiliziya yagiye itumiza inama zabaga zigamije gusuzuma ibyo abantu bitotomberaga n’ibikorwa byo kurengera, ariko izo nama ntizashoboye gutanga umuti urambye. Ba papa bari bafite ububasha n’ikuzo, babangamiye imihati iyo ari yo yose y’ivugurura nyakuri.

8. Kuba kiliziya yarakomeje kwirengagiza ibikorwa bibi byagize izihe ngaruka?

⁸ Iyo kiliziya iza gushyiraho imihati igaragara, ikirukana abakoraga ibyo bikorwa byo kurengera, birashoboka ko Ivugurura ritari kuzigera ribaho. Ariko kubera ko itabikoze, ijwi ry’abasabaga ivugurura ryatangiye kumvikana muri kiliziya no hanze yayo. Mu Gice cya 11 twavuze Abavoduwa n’Abalubijuwa. Nubwo bashinjwe ko barwanyaga kiliziya bakicwa nabi, batumye abantu benshi batishimira ibikorwa bibi byakorwaga n’abayobozi ba Kiliziya Gatolika kandi bari baratumye abantu bagira icyifuzo cyo kugarukira Bibiliya. Ibyo bitekerezo byagaragajwe n’abantu benshi ba mbere baharaniraga Ivugurura.

Muri Kiliziya havamo abayamagana

9. John Wycliffe yari muntu ki, kandi se ni iki yamaganye mu bibwiriza bye?

⁹ John Wycliffe (1330?-1384) bakunze kwita “inyenyeri ya mu gitondo y’Ivugurura,” yari umupadiri muri Kiliziya Gatolika akaba n’umwarimu wa tewolojiya muri kaminuza ya Oxford mu Bwongereza. Kubera ko yari azi neza ibikorwa byo kurengera byakorwaga muri kiliziya, yanditse ku birebana no kononekara mu bihaye Imana, imisoro yakwaga na papa, inyigisho y’uko umugati na divayi bikoreshwa mu Misa bihinduka umubiri n’amaraso bya Yesu Kristo, intebe ya penetensiya n’ukuntu kiliziya yivangaga muri politiki, kandi akajya abyamagana mu bibwiriza bye.

10. Wycliffe yagaragaje ate ko yarwaniraga ishyaka Bibiliya?

¹⁰ By’umwihariko Wycliffe yamaganye ukuntu kiliziya yirengagije kwigisha Bibiliya. Umunsi umwe yaravuze ati “Imana yifuza ko buri paruwasi yo muri iki gihugu yagira Bibiliya nziza kandi igasobanura neza ivanjiri, n’abapadiri bakayiga neza, kugira ngo mu by’ukuri bajye bigisha abantu ivanjiri n’amategeko y’Imana.” Ni yo mpamvu Wycliffe ageze mu myaka ye ya nyuma, yatangiye guhindura Bibiliya y’ikilatini ya Vulgate mu cyongereza. Yasohoye Bibiliya ya mbere yuzuye mu cyongereza afashijwe na bagenzi be, cyane cyane Nicolas w’i Hereford. Nta gushidikanya ko uwo ari wo musanzu ukomeye Wycliffe yahaye abantu mu mihati bashyiragaho bashakisha Imana.

11. (a) Ni iki abigishwa ba Wycliffe bagezeho? (b) Byagendekeye bite abitwaga Abalolari?

¹¹ Inyandiko za Wycliffe n’ibice bya Bibiliya byakwirakwijwe mu Bwongereza n’ababwiriza abantu bakundaga kwita “Abapadiri b’Abakene” kubera ko bakundaga kugenda bambaye imyenda isanzwe, batambaye inkweto, kandi nta butunzi bagiraga. Nanone babahimbaga izina ryo kubannyega, bakabita Abalolari, rikomoka ku ijambo ry’igiholandi cya kera Lollaerd, bisobanura “umuntu uhora ajujura uvuga amasengesho cyangwa indirimbo” (Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable). Igitabo kivuga amateka yabo kigira kiti “mu gihe cy’imyaka mike gusa, umubare wabo wariyongereye cyane. Bavuga ko nibura kimwe cya kane cy’abaturage bemeraga ibitekerezo byabo cyangwa bakavuga mu magambo ko babyemera.” Birumvikana ariko ko ibyo byose kiliziya yabirebaga. Kubera ko Wycliffe yubahwaga mu bayobozi n’intiti, baramuretse apfa mu mahoro ku munsi wa nyuma wo mu mwaka wa 1384. Icyakora abigishwa be bo ntibagize ayo mahirwe. Ku ngoma y’umwami w’u Bwongereza witwaga Henry IV, bashinjwe ko barwanyaga kiliziya, kandi benshi barafunzwe, abandi bababazwa urubozo cyangwa bicwa batwitswe.

12. Jan Hus yari muntu ki, kandi se ni iki yamaganye mu bibwiriza bye?

¹² Hari umugabo w’Umuceki wakozwe ku mutima cyane na John Wycliffe, witwaga Jan Hus (1369?-1415), na we wari umupadiri w’Umugatolika wayoboraga kaminuza y’i Prague. Kimwe na Wycliffe, Hus na we mu bibwiriza bye yamaganaga ukononekara kwa Kiliziya y’i Roma, kandi yatsindagirizaga akamaro ko gusoma Bibiliya. Ibyo byatumye abari bamukuriye bamurakarira cyane. Mu mwaka wa 1403 abayobozi bamutegetse kureka kwamamaza ibitekerezo bya Wycliffe byarwanyaga papa, n’ibitabo bya Wycliffe bitwikirwa ku karubanda. Icyakora, Hus yanditse ibirego bikaze kurushaho, yamagana ibikorwa bya kiliziya, hakubiyemo kugurisha indulugensiya.a Mu mwaka wa 1410 yaciriwe urubanza kandi yirukanwa muri kiliziya.

13. (a) Hus yigishije ko kiliziya y’ukuri yari igizwe na nde? (b) Kuba Hus yarakomeje gushikama byamugizeho izihe ngaruka?

¹³ Hus yakomeje gushyigikira Bibiliya nta guteshuka. Yaranditse ati “kwigomeka kuri papa wayobye, ni ukumvira Kristo.” Nanone yigishije ko kiliziya y’ukuri itari igizwe na papa na kiliziya y’i Roma, ahubwo ko yari igizwe “n’abatoranyijwe bose hamwe n’umubiri wa Kristo, Kristo akaba ari we mutwe wayo; n’umugeni wa Kristo, uwo yaguze amaraso ye bwite bitewe n’urukundo rwe rwinshi.” (Gereranya n’Abefeso 1:22, 23; 5:25-27.) Ibyo byose byatumye acirwa urubanza mu Nama y’i Constance, ahamywa icyaha cyo kuvuguruza Kiliziya. Yanze kwihakana ibitekerezo bye, aravuga ati “ibyiza ni ugupfa neza kuruta kubaho urwaye,” maze mu mwaka wa 1415 atwikirwa ku giti. Nanone iyo nama yategetse ko amagufwa ya Wycliffe atabururwa agatwikwa nubwo yari amaze imyaka isaga 30 mu mva!

14. (a) Girolamo Savonarola yari muntu ki? (b) Savonarola yagerageje gukora iki, kandi se byamugendekeye bite?

¹⁴ Undi muntu wo muri ibyo bihe wagerageje kuvugurura, ni uwihaye Imana w’Umudominikani witwaga Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498) wabaga mu kigo cy’abihaye Imana cy’i San Marcos muri Florence ho mu Butaliyani. Savonarola yacengewe n’ibitekerezo by’impinduramatwara byari mu Butaliyani maze atangira kwamagana ku mugaragaro ukononekara kwagaragaraga muri Kiliziya no muri Leta. Yavugaga ko yishingikirizaga ku Byanditswe no ku byo yerekwaga, maze ashaka gushinga Leta igendera ku mahame ya gikristo, cyangwa ubutegetsi bwa gitewokarasi (buyobowe n’Imana). Mu mwaka wa 1497 papa yamuciye muri Kiliziya. Mu mwaka wakurikiyeho, yarafashwe, ababazwa urubozo kandi aramanikwa. Amagambo ye ya nyuma yagiraga ati “Umwami wanjye yapfiriye ibyaha byanjye; ese nanjye sinari nkwiriye kumuha ubu buzima bwanjye bworoheje nishimye?” Umurambo we waratwitswe maze ivu barijugunya mu ruzi rwa Arno. Byari bikwiriye ko Savonarola yiyita “integuza n’igitambo.” Hashize imyaka mike gusa nyuma yaho, Ivugurura ryatangiye mu Burayi bwose rifite imbaraga nyinshi.

Inzu yacitsemo ibice

15. Ni mu buhe buryo amadini yiyita aya gikristo yo mu Burayi bw’Iburengerazuba yacitsemo ibice bitewe n’inkubiri y’Ivugurura?

¹⁵ Igihe inkubiri y’Ivugurura yazaga, yashegeshe inzu y’amadini yiyita aya gikristo mu Burayi bw’Iburengerazuba. Kubera ko yose yari yibumbiye muri Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma, yahindutse inzu yacitsemo ibice. Amajyepfo y’u Burayi, ni ukuvuga u Butaliyani, Esipanye, Otirishiya n’uduce tw’u Bufaransa, yakomeje kwiganzamo Kiliziya Gatolika. Ahandi higabanyijemo ibice bitatu by’ingenzi: Abaluteriyani mu Budage no mu bihugu byo mu majyaruguru y’u Burayi; Abayoboke ba Calvin (cyangwa Kiliziya Ivuguruye) mu Busuwisi, mu Buholandi, muri Ekose no mu duce tw’u Bufaransa; n’Abangilikani mu Bwongereza. Muri ibyo bice harimo andi matsinda mato ariko yari akomeye. Habanje Abanabatisita nyuma haza Abamenoni, Abahuteri n’Abapurite baje kujyana imyizerere yabo muri Amerika ya ruguru.

16. Amaherezo byagendekeye bite inzu y’amadini yiyita aya gikristo (Mariko 3:25)?

¹⁶ Uko imyaka yagendaga ihita, ibyo bice by’ingenzi byigabanyijemo ibindi bice bivamo amadini abarirwa mu magana tubona muri iki gihe, ari yo Abaperesibiteriyani, Abepisikopali, Abametodisiti, Ababatisita, n’andi menshi. Koko rero, amadini yiyita aya gikristo yahindutse inzu yacitsemo ibice. Ariko se ibyo bice byabayeho bite?

Luther n’ibitekerezo bye

17. Ni iyihe tariki twavuga ko ari yo yabaye intangiriro y’Ivugurura ry’Abaporotesitanti?

¹⁷ Turamutse dushatse gutanga itariki yabaye intangiriro y’Ivugurura ry’Abaporotesitanti, twatanga itariki ya 31 Ukwakira 1517. Bavuga ko uwihaye Imana wo mu muryango w’Abagusitini witwaga Martin Luther (1483-1546) yamanitse ibitekerezo bye 95 ku rugi rwa kiliziya y’i Wittenberg mu Budage, muri leta ya Saxe. Ariko se ni iki cyatumye abigenza atyo? Martin Luther yari muntu ki? Kandi se yamaganaga iki?

18. (a) Martin Luther yari muntu ki? (b) Ni iki cyatumye Luther atangaza ibitekerezo bye?

¹⁸ Martin Luther na we yari intiti yihaye Imana kimwe na Wycliffe na Hus bamubanjirije. Nanone yari afite impamyabumenyi y’ikirenga muri tewolojiya kandi yigishaga Bibiliya muri kaminuza y’i Wittenberg. Luther yabaye ikirangirire bitewe n’uko yari azi Bibiliya cyane. Nubwo yari afite ibitekerezo atsimbarayeho ku birebana n’agakiza cyangwa kubarwaho gukiranuka biturutse ku kwizera bidaturutse ku mirimo cyangwa isakaramentu rya penetensiya, ntiyari yarigeze atekereza ibyo kwitandukanya na Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma. Mu by’ukuri, yatangaje ibitekerezo bye bitewe n’ikintu cyari cyabaye, ntiyari yagambiriye kwigomeka. Yamaganaga ibyo kugurisha indulugensiya.

19. Mu gihe cya Luther indulugensiya zagurishwaga zite?

¹⁹ Mu gihe cya Luther, indulugensiya za papa zagurishwaga ku mugaragaro, atari izigenewe abazima gusa, ahubwo n’izigenewe abapfuye. Bavugaga ko “iyo igiceri kigeze mu isanduku, ubugingo na bwo buhita buva muri Purugatori.” Ku bantu basanzwe, indulugensiya yababereye nk’ubwishingizi bwatumaga badahanirwa icyaha icyo ari cyo cyose, kandi ntibari bakibona ko kwihana ari ngombwa. Erasme yaranditse ati “ahantu hose bagurisha indulugensiya z’ubugingo bubabarizwa muri purugatori; ntibazigurisha gusa, ahubwo nanone bazihatira abatazemera.”

20. (a) Kuki John Tetzel yagiye i Jüterbog? (b) Luther yakoze iki abonye uko Tetzel yagurishaga indulugensiya?

²⁰ Mu mwaka wa 1517 umufurere wo mu Badominikani witwaga John Tetzel, yagiye kugurisha indulugensiya i Jüterbog hafi y’i Wittenberg. Amafaranga yavanagamo yagombaga kuvamo ayo gushyigikira umushinga wo kongera kubaka Bazilika ya Mutagatifu Petero i Roma. Nanone andi yari gufasha Albert w’i Brandenburg kwishyura amafaranga yari yaragujije kugira ngo yishyure Ibiro bya papa by’i Roma kuko byari byamugize musenyeri wa Mainz. Tetzel yakoresheje ubuhanga bwe bwose mu kugurisha, kandi abantu bamuganaga ari benshi. Ibyo byarakaje Luther, bituma akoresha uburyo bwihuse yashoboraga kubona kugira ngo agaragaze icyo atekereza kuri ibyo bintu bitumvikana, maze amanika ingingo 95 ku rugi rwa kiliziya kugira ngo zizagibweho impaka.

21. Ni ibihe bitekerezo Luther yakoresheje yamagana ko indulugensiya zigurishwa?

²¹ Ibyo bitekerezo 95 bya Luther yabyise Impaka zigamije gusobanura neza ububasha bwa indulugensiya. Intego ye ntiyari iyo guhinyura ubutware bwa kiliziya, ahubwo yashakaga kugaragaza ko kugurisha indulugensiya za papa ari ugukabya no kurengera. Ibyo bigaragazwa n’ibi bitekerezo bikurikira:

“5. Papa ntafite ubushake n’ububasha bwo gusonera abantu ibihano ibyo ari byo byose, keretse gusa ibyo yatanze akurikije ububasha bwe. . . .

20. Ku bw’ibyo rero, iyo papa avuga ibyo gusonera abantu ibihano byose, mu by’ukuri ntaba ashaka kuvuga byose, ahubwo aba ashaka kuvuga gusa ibyo we ubwe yatanze. . . .

36. Buri Mukristo ufite umutima wicuza by’ukuri, afite uburenganzira bwo gukurirwaho igihano n’icyaha n’iyo yaba adafite inzandiko z’imbabazi.”

22. (a) Ubutumwa bwa Luther bumaze gukwirakwira byagenze bite? (b) Ni iki cyabaye mu mwaka wa 1520 gifitanye isano na Luther, kandi se amaherezo yabaye ayahe?

²² Imashini icapa yari imaze igihe gito ihimbwe yagize uruhare mu gutuma ibyo bitekerezo bikaze bidatinda kugera mu duce twose tw’u Budage, ndetse n’i Roma. Bidatinze, ibyari byatangiye ari ibiganiro mpaka ku birebana no kugurisha indulugensiya byahindutse impaka zishingiye ku bibazo bifitanye isano n’ukwemera n’ububasha bwa papa. Mu mizo ya mbere, Kiliziya y’i Roma yagishije Luther impaka maze imutegeka kureka ibitekerezo bye. Luther yarabyanze maze abayobozi ba kiliziya n’abanyapolitiki bamuviraho inda imwe. Mu mwaka wa 1520 papa yaciye iteka ryabuzaga Luther kubwiriza kandi ategeka ko ibitabo bye bitwikwa. Luther yahinyuye iryo teka rya papa aritwikira ku mugaragaro. Papa yamuciye muri kiliziya mu mwaka wa 1521.

23. (a) Inama yabereye i Worms yari igamije iki? (b) Luther yisobanuye ate mu nama y’i Worms, kandi se ingaruka zabaye izihe?

²³ Mu mpera z’uwo mwaka, Luther yatumijwe mu nama yari yabereye i Worms. Yaciriwe urubanza n’umwami w’abami w’Ubwami butagatifu bwa Roma, Charles V, wari Umugatolika w’ikigugu, ari kumwe n’abatware batandatu ba za leta z’u Budage n’abandi bayobozi n’abanyacyubahiro bo mu nzego z’idini n’iza politiki. Luther yongeye kotswa igitutu ngo yihakane ibitekerezo bye, ariko avuga amagambo yamenyekanye cyane agira ati “keretse gusa nsinzwe n’Ibyanditswe n’ibitekerezo byumvikana neza . . . , naho ubundi sinshobora kandi sinzigera nihakana, kuko gukora ibinyuranyije n’umutimanama bidakwiriye kandi ntibyangwa amahoro. Imana imfashe. Amen.” Hanyuma umwami w’abami yatangaje ko abaye ikigande. Icyakora, umutware wa leta y’u Budage yakomokagamo, Umutware Frederick wa leta ya Saxe, yaramugobotse amuhisha mu gihome cy’i Wartburg.

24. Ni iki Luther yagezeho igihe yari mu gihome cy’i Wartburg?

²⁴ Ariko izo ngamba ntizashoboye gukumira ibitekerezo bya Luther. Mu gihe cy’amezi icumi Luther yamaze yihishe i Wartburg, yitanze atizigamye mu murimo wo kwandika ibitabo no guhindura Bibiliya. Yahinduye Ibyanditswe by’Ikigiriki mu kidage akoresheje umwandiko w’ikigiriki wa Erasme. Nyuma yaho yahinduye n’Ibyanditswe by’Igiheburayo. Bibiliya ya Luther yabonetse abantu bo muri rubanda bari bayikeneye cyane. Bavuga ko “mu mezi abiri gusa hagurishijwe kopi ibihumbi bitanu, naho mu myaka cumi n’ibiri hakagurishwa kopi ibihumbi magana abiri.” Ingaruka iyo Bibiliya yagize ku rurimi n’umuco by’ikidage zikunze kugereranywa n’izo ubuhinduzi bwa King James bwagize ku cyongereza.

25. (a) Izina Umuporotesitanti ryaturutse he? (b) Inyandiko y’i Augsburg ni iki?

²⁵ Mu myaka yakurikiye inama y’i Worms, inkubiri y’Ivugurura yashyigikiwe n’abantu benshi cyane ku buryo mu mwaka wa 1526 umwami w’abami yahaye buri leta y’u Budage uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo idini, igahitamo Abaluteriyani cyangwa Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma. Icyakora, igihe umwami w’abami yasesaga icyo cyemezo mu mwaka wa 1529, bamwe mu bikomangoma byo mu Budage barabyamaganye; ari na ho hakomoka izina Umuporotesitanti (umuntu wamagana) ryerekezaga ku baharaniraga Ivugurura. Mu mwaka wakurikiyeho wa 1530, mu nama y’i Augsburg, umwami w’abami yashyizeho imihati yo kunga impande zombi. Abaluteriyani bagaragaje imyizerere yabo mu cyiswe Inyandiko y’i Augsburg, yanditswe na Philipp Melanchthon ariko ikaba yari ishingiye ku nyigisho za Luther. Nubwo iyo nyandiko yakoreshaga imvugo igamije ubwiyunge, Kiliziya y’i Roma yarayanze, maze hagati y’Abaporotesitanti n’Abagatolika haba havutse icyuho kitazigera kizibwa. Leta nyinshi z’Abadage zagiye ku ruhande rwa Luther, bidatinze leta zo mu majyaruguru y’u Burayi na zo zikurikiraho.

Ni Ivugurura cyangwa ni ukwivumbura?

26. Luther yabonaga ko ari izihe ngingo z’ingenzi zatandukanyaga Abaporotesitanti n’Abagatolika?

²⁶ Ni izihe ngingo z’ingenzi zatandukanyaga Abaporotesitanti n’Abagatolika? Luther yavugaga ko hari ingingo eshatu. Mbere na mbere, Luther yatekerezaga ko agakiza kaboneka umuntu “abazweho gukiranuka abiheshejwe no kwizera konyine” (mu kilatini ni sola fide)b ko kataboneka binyuze ku mbabazi za padiri cyangwa penetensiya. Icya kabiri, yigishaga ko kubabarirwa bituruka ku buntu bw’Imana gusa (sola gratia), ko bidaturuka ku bubasha bw’abapadiri cyangwa ubwa ba papa. Icya nyuma, Luther yavugaga ko ibibazo byose bifitanye isano n’inyigisho bigomba gukemurwa n’Ibyanditswe byonyine (sola scriptura), ko bitagomba gukemurwa n’abapapa cyangwa inama za kiliziya.

27. (a) Ni izihe nyigisho n’imigenzo by’Abagatolika bidashingiye ku byanditswe Abaporotesitanti bagumanye? (b) Ni irihe hinduka Abaporotesitanti basabaga?

²⁷ Hari igitabo cyavuze ko ibyo bitabujije Luther “kugumana imyinshi mu myizerere ya kera n’imigenzo ya liturijiya, iyo yabaga ihuje n’ibitekerezo bye ku birebana n’icyaha no kubarwaho gukiranuka” (The Catholic Encyclopedia). Inyandiko y’i Augsburg yagize icyo ivuga ku myizerere y’Abaluteriyani igira iti “nta kintu kinyuranyije n’Ibyanditswe, cyangwa Kiliziya Gatolika, cyangwa se ngo kibe kinyuranyije na Kiliziya y’i Roma, dukurikije uko abanditsi bazi iyo Kiliziya.” Mu by’ukuri, imyizerere y’Abaluteriyani nk’uko yasobanuwe mu nyandiko y’i Augsburg, yari ikubiyemo inyigisho zidashingiye ku byanditswe, urugero nk’Ubutatu, kudapfa k’ubugingo no kubabarizwa mu muriro iteka, hamwe n’ibindi bikorwa, urugero nko kubatiza impinja n’iminsi mikuru n’ibirori bya kiliziya. Abaluteriyani bo basabaga ko hagira ibintu bimwe na bimwe bihinduka, abantu bakemererwa kunywa kuri divayi no kurya ku mugati mu gihe cy’igitambo cya misa, kandi umuhigo w’ubuseribateri, kuba mu bigo by’abihaye Imana no guhatira abantu kwicuza ibyaha bigakurwaho.c

28. Ivugurura ryageze ku ki, kandi se ni iki ritagezeho?

²⁸ Muri rusange, Ivugurura ryaharaniwe na Luther n’abigishwa be ryashoboye kwigobotora ingoyi ya ba papa. Ariko nk’uko Yesu yabivuze muri Yohana 4:24, “Imana ni Umwuka, kandi abayisenga bagomba kuyisenga mu mwuka no mu kuri.” Twavuga ko mu gihe cya Martin Luther, imihati abantu bashyiragaho bashakisha Imana y’ukuri yahinduye icyerekezo gusa; ariko inzira ifunganye iyobora ku kuri yari ikiri kure nk’ukwezi.—Matayo 7:13, 14; Yohana 8:31, 32.

Ivugurura rya Zwingli mu Busuwisi

29. (a) Ulrich Zwingli yari muntu ki, kandi se ni iki yamaganaga mu bibwiriza bye? (b) Ivugurura rya Zwingli ryari ritandukaniye he n’irya Luther?

²⁹ Mu gihe Luther yari ahanganye n’intumwa za papa n’abanyapolitiki mu Budage, undi mupadiri w’Umugatolika witwaga Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) yatangije ivugurura i Zurich mu Busuwisi. Kubera ko muri ako karere bavugaga ikidage, abantu baho bari baragezweho n’inkubiri y’ivugurura yaturutse mu majyaruguru. Ahagana mu mwaka wa 1519, Zwingli yatangiye kubwiriza yamagana indulugensiya, kwambaza Mariya, ubuseribateri bw’abapadiri n’izindi nyigisho za Kiliziya Gatolika. Nubwo Zwingli yavugaga ko nta ho yari ahuriye na Luther, yemeranyaga na we mu bintu byinshi kandi yakwirakwije inyandiko za Luther mu gihugu cyose. Icyakora Zwingli we ntiyakomeje gutsimbarara kuri Kiliziya nka Luther, ahubwo yaharaniraga gukuraho ibisigisigi byose bya Kiliziya y’i Roma, ni ukuvuga amashusho, imisaraba, amakanzu y’abihaye Imana ndetse n’indirimbo zakoreshwaga muri liturujiya.

30. Ni ikihe kibazo cy’ingenzi cyatandukanyije Zwingli na Luther?

³⁰ Icyakora ikibazo cyateye impaka zikaze hagati y’abo bagabo babiri baharaniraga Ivugurura, cyarebanaga n’igitambo cya misa cyangwa Ukarisitiya. Luther yatsimbararaga ku gitekerezo cy’uko amagambo ya Yesu avuga ngo ‘uyu ni umubiri wanjye’ yagombaga gufatwa uko yakabaye, akemera ko umugati na divayi byakoreshwaga mu gitambo cya misa byabaga mu buryo bw’igitangaza birimo umubiri n’amaraso bya Kristo. Zwingli we, mu nyandiko ye yasobanuraga ibyabaye ku Ifunguro ry’Umwami rya Nimugoroba, yavuze ko ayo magambo ya Yesu “agomba gufatwa mu buryo bw’ikigereranyo; ‘uyu ni umubiri wanjye,’ bisobanura, ‘umugati ugereranya umubiri wanjye,’ cyangwa ‘ni ikigereranyo cy’umubiri wanjye.’” Ibyo bintu abo bagabo babiri baharaniraga Ivugurura batumvikanyeho byatumye batandukana.

31. Umurimo Zwingli yakoreye mu Busuwisi wagize izihe ngaruka?

³¹ Zwingli yakomeje kubwiriza inyigisho ze z’ivugurura i Zurich kandi yahinduye byinshi muri uwo mugi. Bidatinze, abantu bo mu yindi migi na bo baramuyobotse, ariko abo mu byaro hafi ya bose biziritse kuri Kiliziya Gatolika kuko batsimbararaga ku bya kera. Ubushyamirane hagati y’ibyo bice byombi bwakomeje kwiyongera kugeza igihe haroteye intambara yashyamiranyije Abaporotesitanti bo mu Busuwisi n’Abagatolika b’i Roma. Zwingli ni we wayoboye ingabo, ariko mu mwaka wa 1531 yaguye ku rugamba i Kappel hafi y’ikiyaga cya Zug. Igihe amahoro yagarukaga, buri karere kahawe uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo kuba Abaporotesitanti cyangwa Abagatolika.

Abanabatisita, Abamenoni n’Abahuteri

32. Abanabatisita bari bantu ki, kandi se kuki bitwaga batyo?

³² Icyakora bamwe mu Baporotesitanti bumvaga ko abaharaniye Ivugurura batamaganye amakosa ya ba papa ba Kiliziya Gatolika yose ngo bayamareyo. Batekerezaga ko kiliziya ya gikristo igomba kubamo gusa abantu bizera, barangwa n’ishyaka kandi babatijwe aho kubamo abantu bose bo mu karere runaka cyangwa igihugu runaka. Ni yo mpamvu banze ibyo kubatiza impinja kandi bakomeza gutsimbarara ku gitekerezo cy’uko Kiliziya yagombaga gutandukana na Leta. Bongeraga kubatiza bagenzi babo mu ibanga, ari na byo byatumye bitwa Abanabatisita (ana mu kigiriki bisobanura “kongera”). Kubera ko bangaga kujya mu gisirikare, kurahira cyangwa kujya mu nzego za leta, babonwaga ko bateje akaga, maze Abaporotesitanti n’Abagatolika bafatanya kubatoteza.

33. (a) Ni iki cyatumye Abanabatisita bakorerwa ibikorwa by’urugomo? (b) Ni mu buhe buryo Abanabatisita bakwirakwiriye mu bindi bihugu?

³³ Mu mizo ya mbere, Abanabatisita babaga mu matsinda mato yari hirya no hino mu Busuwisi, mu Budage no mu Buholandi. Kubera ko aho bajyaga hose bagendaga babwiriza imyizerere yabo, umubare wabo ntiwatinze kwiyongera. Agatsiko k’Abanabatisita bari bafite ishyaka ryinshi ry’idini, baretse kuba abanyamahoro, maze mu mwaka wa 1534 bigarurira umugi wa Münster bagerageza kuwuhindura Yerusalemu Nshya y’abantu basangira byose, kandi bashaka abagore benshi. Ako gatsiko kahise karimburanwa ubukana bwinshi. Katukishije Abanabatisita bose, kandi ibyo byatumye barimburwa hafi ya bose bashiraho, nubwo mu by’ukuri bari abantu boroheje bashishikazwaga n’iby’idini, bageragezaga kwibera ukwabo mu mutuzo. Mu bakomotse ku Banabatisita bari bafite gahunda ihamye, ni Abamenoni bakomotse ku mugabo w’Umuholandi waharaniraga Ivugurura witwaga Menno Simons, n’Abahuteri bayoborwaga n’umugabo w’i Tyrol witwaga Jacob Hutter. Kugira ngo bahunge ababatotezaga, bamwe muri bo bimukiye mu Burayi bw’i Burasirazuba, bajya muri Polonye, Hongiriya no mu Burusiya, abandi bajya muri Amerika ya ruguru, aho amaherezo baje kugira uturere tw’Abahuteri n’Abamishi.

Haduka abayoboke ba Calvin

34. (a) Jean Calvin yari muntu ki? (b) Ni ikihe gitabo gikomeye yanditse?

³⁴ Umurimo w’ivugurura wakomeje gutera imbere mu Busuwisi uyobowe n’umugabo w’Umufaransa witwaga Jean Cauvin, cyangwa Jean Calvin (1509-1564), wamenye inyigisho z’Abaporotesitanti igihe yigaga mu Bufaransa. Mu mwaka wa 1534 Calvin yavuye i Paris bitewe n’uko hari ibitotezo bishingiye ku idini, ajya gutura i Basel mu Busuwisi. Yanditse igitabo avuganira Abaporotesitanti (Institutes of the Christian Religion). Muri icyo gitabo yavuze muri make ibitekerezo by’ababyeyi ba kiliziya ba mbere n’abanyatewolojiya bo mu myaka ya 500 kugeza mu myaka ya 1500, ashyiramo n’ibitekerezo bya Luther na Zwingli. Icyo gitabo ni cyo cyaje kuba urufatiro rw’inyigisho z’amadini yose Avuguruye yashinzwe nyuma yaho mu Burayi no muri Amerika.

35. (a) Calvin yasobanuye ate inyigisho ye y’uko ibiba ku muntu biba byaragenwe mbere y’igihe? (b) Ni mu buhe buryo igitekerezo kiri muri iyo nyigisho kigaragara no mu zindi nyigisho za Calvin?

³⁵ Muri icyo gitabo, Calvin yasobanuye tewolojiya ye. Calvin yabonaga ko Imana ari yo mutegetsi w’ikirenga yonyine, kandi ko ubushake bwayo ari bwo bubeshaho byose kandi bukabitegeka. Umuntu we yokamwe n’icyaha kandi nta kintu na kimwe akwiriye kubona. Bityo rero, agakiza ntigaturuka ku bikorwa byiza umuntu akora ahubwo gaturuka ku Mana—aho akaba ari ho Calvin yavanye inyigisho y’uko ibiba ku muntu biba byaragenwe mbere y’igihe, akaba yarayisobanuye agira ati

“Twemeza ko binyuze ku mugambi w’iteka kandi udashobora guhinduka, Imana yemeje mu buryo budakuka uwo izakiza n’uwo izarimbura. Twemeza ko uwo mugambi ushingiye ku mbabazi yagiriye intore zayo ku buntu, ititaye na busa ku byo zakoze; naho abo izarimbura, irembo ry’ubuzima riba rifunzwe biturutse ku rubanza abantu badashobora kwiyumvisha ariko rw’ukuri kandi rudahinyuka.”

Igitekerezo cyo kwibabaza kiri muri iyo nyigisho kigenda kigaruka no mu bindi bice. Calvin yatsimbararaga ku gitekerezo cy’uko Abakristo bagomba kugira imibereho irangwa no kwera no gukiranuka, batirinda gusa icyaha, ahubwo nanone bakirinda ibinezeza n’ibintu bitagira umumaro. Nanone yavugaga ko kiliziya igizwe n’intore, igomba gusonerwa ku mategeko yose areba abandi baturage, kandi ko umuryango w’abantu bubaha Imana by’ukuri ushobora kugerwaho binyuze gusa kuri kiliziya.

36. (a) Ni iki Calvin na Farel bagerageje gukora i Genève? (b) Ni ayahe mategeko atagoragozwa bashyizeho? (c) Ni uruhe rugero ruzwi cyane rugaragaza ingaruka zatewe n’ingamba zikaze Calvin yafashe, kandi se yisobanuye ate?

³⁶ Hashize igihe gito Calvin asohoye igitabo cye, yagiye gutura i Genève abyemejwe n’undi mugabo w’Umufaransa waharaniraga Ivugurura witwaga William Farel. Bafatanyije gushyira ibitekerezo bya Calvin mu bikorwa. Intego yabo yari iyo guhindura Genève umurwa w’Imana ugendera ku butegetsi bw’Imana bwari guhuriza hamwe inshingano za Kiliziya n’iza Leta. Bashyizeho amategeko atagoragozwa agenga ibintu byose, kuva ku nyigisho z’idini n’imirimo ya kiliziya kugeza ku mahame mbwirizamuco agenga ubuzima bw’abaturage, amategeko agenga isuku no kwirinda inkongi y’umuriro, kandi bashyiraho ibihano by’abishe ayo mategeko. Inyandiko ivuga iby’amateka yagize iti “urugero, iyo umuntu yasokozaga umugeni bakabona yamushokoje nabi, yafungwaga iminsi ibiri; kandi nyina n’abakobwa babiri b’incuti z’umugeni, babaga bagize uruhare mu kumusokoza, na bo bahabwa igihano nk’icyo. Nanone abantu babyinaga cyangwa bagakina amakarita, bahanwaga n’umucamanza.” Abantu batavugaga rumwe na Calvin ku birebana na tewolojiya bagirirwaga ibya mfura mbi; urugero ruzwi cyane ni urw’Umwesipanyoli witwaga Miguel Serveto, cyangwa Michel Servet watwitswe ari muzima.—Reba agasanduku kari ku ipaji ya 322.

37. Ni mu buhe buryo ibitekerezo bya Calvin byarenze imipaka y’u Busuwisi?

³⁷ Calvin yakomeje gukurikiza ivugurura rye i Genève kugeza igihe yapfiriye mu mwaka wa 1564, maze kiliziya ivuguruye ishinga imizi. Abaporotesitanti baharaniraga ivugurura batotezwaga mu bindi bihugu, bahungiye i Genève, bayoboka ibitekerezo bya Calvin, hanyuma bagira uruhare rukomeye mu gutangiza ivugurura mu bihugu bakomokagamo. Nyuma y’igihe gito, ibitekerezo bya Calvin byageze mu Bufaransa, aho Abahugeno (ni ko Abaporotesitanti b’abayoboke ba Calvin bo mu Bufaransa bitwaga) batotejwe cyane n’Abagatolika. Mu Buholandi, Abayoboke ba Calvin bagize uruhare mu gushinga Kiliziya Ivuguruye y’u Buholandi. Muri Ekose, hashinzwe Itorero ry’Abaperesibiteriyani ryagenderaga ku bitekerezo bya Calvin, ryari riyobowe n’umugabo warangwaga n’ishyaka witwaga John Knox wari warahoze ari umupadiri muri Kiliziya Gatolika. Nanone ibitekerezo bya Calvin byagize uruhare mu Ivugurura ryabaye mu Bwongereza, hanyuma Abapurite barijyana muri Amerika ya ruguru. Bityo, nubwo Luther ari we watangije Ivugurura ry’Abaporotesitanti, Calvin ni we wagize uruhare runini mu kurikwirakwiza.

Ivugurura mu Bwongereza

38. Ni mu buhe buryo umurimo wa John Wycliffe winjije umwuka w’Ubuporotesitanti mu Bwongereza?

³⁸ Ivugurura ryo mu Bwongereza ritandukanye cyane n’iryo mu Budage no mu Busuwisi. Ryatangijwe na John Wycliffe, wazanye umwuka w’Ubuporotesitanti mu Bwongereza kuko yabwirizaga yamagana abayobozi ba kiliziya kandi akibanda kuri Bibiliya. Yashyizeho imihati ahindura Bibiliya mu cyongereza, hanyuma abandi na bo bagera ikirenge mu cye. William Tyndale wahatiwe guhunga akava mu Bwongereza, yahinduye Isezerano Rishya mu mwaka wa 1526. Nyuma yaho, igihe yari mu mugi wa Anvers yaragambaniwe bamumanika ku giti baramuhotora, hanyuma umurambo we barawutwika. Miles Coverdale yashoje umurimo w’ubuhinduzi Tyndale yari yaratangiye, maze Bibiliya yuzuye isohoka mu mwaka wa 1535. Nta gushidikanya ko gusohora iyo Bibiliya mu rurimi rwa rubanda ari byo byagize uruhare rukomeye mu gutangiza Ivugurura mu Bwongereza.

39. Ni uruhe ruhare Henry VIII yagize mu Ivugurura ryo mu Bwongereza?

³⁹ U Bwongereza bwitandukanyije ku mugaragaro na Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma mu mwaka wa 1534, igihe Henry VIII (1491-1547), uwo papa yari yarise Umurengezi w’Ukwemera, yatangazaga ko ari we Mutware w’Ikirenga, akigira umutware wa Kiliziya y’u Bwongereza. Nanone Henry yafunze ibigo by’abihaye Imana maze umutungo wabyo awugabanya abatware be. Byongeye kandi, yategetse ko bashyira kopi ya Bibiliya y’icyongereza muri buri kiliziya. Icyakora ibyo Henry yabikoze abitewe n’impamvu za politiki aho kuba iz’idini. Icyo yifuzaga ni ukwigobotora ubutware bwa papa, cyane cyane mu bibazo by’urushako rwe.d Mu birebana n’idini, yakomeje kuba Umugatolika muri byose uretse ku izina.

40. (a) Ni irihe hinduka ryabaye muri Kiliziya y’u Bwongereza ku ngoma ya Elizabeth I? (b) Ni ayahe matsinda yavutse mu Bwongereza, mu Buholandi no muri Amerika ya Ruguru?

⁴⁰ Ku ngoma yamaze imyaka myinshi ya Elizabeth I (1558-1603), ni bwo Kiliziya y’u Bwongereza yahindutse Abaporotesitanti mu bikorwa, ariko mu miterere ikomeza kuba Gatolika. Yaretse kugandukira papa, ikuraho itegeko ry’uko abayobozi b’idini bagomba kuba abaseribateri, ikuraho ibyo kwaturira ibyaha mu ntebe ya penetensiya n’indi migenzo y’Abagatolika, ariko yagumanye inzego za kiliziya, igira ba arikiyepisikopi n’abasenyeri n’ibigo by’abihaye Imana n’ababikira.e Uko gutsimbarara ku bya kera byatumye abantu benshi batishima, maze havuka amatsinda menshi. Abapurite basabaga Ivugurura risesuye kugira ngo beze itorero barimaremo imigenzo yose ya Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma; Abitandukanyije n’Abigenga bo bari batsimbaraye ku gitekerezo cy’uko imirimo ya kiliziya yagombye gukorwa n’abasaza (abaperesibiteri) bo mu gace irimo. Abataravugaga rumwe na Kiliziya yo mu Bwongereza benshi bahungiye mu Buholandi no muri Amerika ya ruguru, bahageze bashinga amatorero y’Ababatisita n’andi. Nanone mu Bwongereza hashinzwe Umuryango w’Incuti (Quakers) wari uyobowe na George Fox (1624-1691) n’Abametodisiti bari bayobowe na John Wesley (1703-1791).—Reba imbonerahamwe iri aha hasi.

Ingaruka zabaye izihe?

41. (a) Intiti zimwe zivuga ko Ivugurura ryagize izihe ngaruka ku mateka y’abantu? (b) Ni ibihe bibazo twagombye gusuzuma twitonze?

⁴¹ Ubwo tumaze gusuzuma amadini atatu akomeye yatangiranye n’Ivugurura, ari yo Abaluteriyani, abayoboke ba Calvin n’Abangilikani, nimucyo noneho dusuzume icyo Ivugurura ryagezeho. Nta gushidikanya ko ryahinduye amateka y’ibihugu by’Iburengerazuba. John F. Hurst yaranditse ati “Ivugurura ryatumye abantu bagira inyota yo guharanira ubwigenge n’ubwenegihugu bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru kandi butavogerwa. Aho ibitekerezo by’Abaporotesitanti byageraga hose byatumaga abaturage barushaho guharanira uburenganzira bwabo” (Short History of the Reformation). Intiti nyinshi zitekereza ko umuco w’abantu b’Iburengerazuba, nk’uko tuwuzi muri iki gihe, utari kubaho iyo hatabaho Ivugurura. Ariko twagombye kwibaza tuti “ni iki Ivugurura ryagezeho mu rwego rw’idini? Ni iki ryamariye abantu mu mihati bashyiragaho bashakisha Imana y’ukuri?”

42. (a) Ni ikihe kintu cyiza kuruta ibindi Ivugurura ryagezeho? (b) Ni ikihe kibazo tugomba kwibaza ku birebana n’icyo Ivugurura ryagombye kuba ryaragezeho?

⁴² Nta gushidikanya ko ikintu cyiza kuruta ibindi byose Ivugurura ryagezeho, ari uko ryatumye abantu bo muri rubanda rusanzwe babona Bibiliya mu rurimi rwabo. Bwari bubaye ubwa mbere abantu babona Ijambo ry’Imana ryuzuye bakarisoma, ku buryo bashoboraga kwigaburira mu buryo bw’umwuka. Birumvikana ariko ko gusoma Bibiliya byonyine bidahagije. Ese Ivugurura ryabohoye abantu ku gitugu cya papa rinababohora ku bubata bw’inyigisho z’ibinyoma bari bamaze ibinyejana byinshi bigishwa?—Yohana 8:32.

43. (a) Ni iyihe myizerere n’inyigisho amadini menshi y’Abaporotesitanti yemera? (b) Umudendezo n’amadini menshi anyuranye byazanywe n’Ivugurura byagize izihe ngaruka ku mihati abantu bashyiragaho bashakisha Imana y’ukuri?

⁴³ Amadini y’Abaporotesitanti hafi ya yose yemera imyizerere yavuye mu nama y’i Nicée, iya Athanase n’iy’intumwa, kandi yemera zimwe mu nyigisho Kiliziya Gatolika yari imaze ibinyejana byinshi yigisha, ni ukuvuga Ubutatu, kudapfa k’ubugingo n’umuriro w’ikuzimu. Izo nyigisho zidashingiye ku byanditswe zatumye abantu bagira ibitekerezo bikocamye ku byerekeye Imana n’umugambi wayo. Aho kugira ngo amadini menshi yabayeho bitewe n’umudendezo wazanywe n’Ivugurura ry’Abaporotesitanti hamwe n’udutsiko twinshi twayakomotseho afashe abantu mu mihati bashyiragaho bashakisha Imana y’ukuri, yatumye batatanira mu byerekezo byinshi binyuranye. Koko rero, amadini menshi anyuranye hamwe n’urujijo yateje, byatumye abantu benshi batangira gushidikanya niba Imana ibaho koko. Ibyo byagize izihe ngaruka? Mu kinyejana cya 19 hadutse abantu batemera ko Imana ibaho n’abemeragato. Ibyo tuzabisuzuma mu gice gikurikira.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 322]

“Amakosa y’Ubutatu”

Umwesipanyoli witwaga Michel Servet (1511-1553), wari warize amategeko n’ubuvuzi, yasohoye igitabo cyashyiraga ahagaragara amakosa ari mu nyigisho y’Ubutatu (De Trinitatis erroribus). Muri icyo gitabo yavuze ko “atazakoresha ijambo Ubutatu ritaboneka mu Byanditswe, kandi risa naho nta kindi rimaze uretse gushimangira ikosa rya filozofiya.” Yamaganye inyigisho y’Ubutatu avuga ko ari inyigisho “umuntu adashobora gusobanukirwa, idashoboka ukurikije uko ibintu biteye kandi ishobora gufatwa nk’aho ari ugutuka Imana!”

Kiliziya Gatolika yamaganye Servet imuhora ko yavuganaga ubushizi bw’amanga. Icyakora abayoboke ba Calvin ni bo bamufashe, bamucira urubanza barangije bamutwika buhoro buhoro ari muzima. Calvin yisobanuye agira ati “ko abapapa barengera imigenzo yabo babigiranye ubukana bwinshi n’urugomo, bakamena amaraso atariho urubanza babigiranye ubugome bwinshi, abacamanza b’Abakristo bo ntibagombye guterwa ipfunwe n’uko batagira ishyaka ryinshi mu kuvuganira ukuri kwizewe?” Calvin yahumwe amaso n’ishyaka ry’idini n’urwango yari yifitiye, bituma atandukira amahame ya gikristo.—Gereranya na Matayo 5:44.

[Amafoto]

John Calvin (ibumoso) yatwitse Michel Servet (iburyo) amushinja ubuhakanyi

[Imbonerahamwe yo ku ipaji ya 327]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu gitabo)

Imbonerahamwe yoroheje y’amadini akomeye yiyita aya gikristo

Intangiriro y’Ubuhakanyi - Ikinyejana cya 2

Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma

Ikinyejana cya 4 (Konsitantino)

Mu wa 1054 N.Y. Aborutodogisi b’Iburasirazuba

Ikinyejana cya 16 Ivugurura

Abaluteriyani

mu Budage

muri Suwede

muri Amerika n’ahandi

Abangilikani

Abepisikopali

Abakongeregasiyonalisiti

Abayoboke ba Calvin

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 307]

Ibi bishushanyo byo mu kinyejana cya 16 bigaragaza itandukaniro riri hagati ya Kristo wirukanye abavunjaga amafaranga, na papa wagurishaga indulugensiya

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 311]

Jan Hus ku giti

John Wycliffe, Umwongereza waharaniraga Ivugurura akanahindura Bibiliya

[Amagambo yatsingagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 314]

Martin Luther (iburyo), yamaganye John Tetzel wagurishaga indulugensiya