Wessel Gansfort “yabimburiye abandi mu guharanira ko habaho ivugurura”

Amazina ya ba Luther, Tyndale, na Calvin ni amazina azwi n’abantu bose biga iby’Ivugurura ry’Abaporotesitanti ryatangiye mu mwaka wa 1517. Nyamara abazi izina rya Wessel Gansfort babarirwa ku ntoki. Yiswe umuntu “wabimburiye abandi mu guharanira ko habaho Ivugurura.” Ese wifuza kumenya byinshi kurushaho ku birebana n’uwo mugabo?

WESSEL yavukiye mu mujyi wa Groningen mu Buholandi, mu mwaka wa 1419. Mu kinyejana cya 15, abantu bake gusa ni bo babonaga uburyo bwo kujya mu ishuri; ariko Wessel we yarabubonye. Nubwo mu ishuri yari umuhanga kurusha abandi, byabaye ngombwa ko ava mu ishuri afite imyaka icyenda kubera ko ababyeyi be bari abatindi nyakujya. Wessel wari ukiri muto yagize imigisha yo kubona umupfakazi wari umukungu wumvise ubwenge bwe, yiyemeza kujya amurihira amafaranga y’ishuri. Bityo, yashoboye gukomeza amasomo ye. Nyuma y’igihe, yaje guhabwa impamyabumenyi y’ikirenga mu by’indimi. Nyuma yaho agomba kuba yaraje no kubona impamyabumenyi y’ikirenga mu bya tewolojiya.

Wessel yifuzaga cyane kunguka ubumenyi. Ariko mu gihe cye amazu y’ibitabo yari make. Nubwo mu gihe cye ari bwo havumbuwe uburyo bwo gucapa hifashishijwe inyuguti zikozwe mu twuma batondekaga bakandika amagambo, ibitabo byinshi byari byandikishije intoki kandi byarahendaga cyane. Wessel yari mu itsinda ry’abantu b’intiti bagendaga basura amazu y’ibitabo, bagasura n’ibigo by’abihaye Imana, bashakisha ibitabo byandikishije intoki bitakundaga kuboneka kandi byari byaribagiranye. Ibyo babaga bamaze kuvumbura babiganiragaho. Yakorakoranyije ubumenyi bwinshi cyane, kandi yari afite agakaye kihariye kari kuzuyemo amagambo yavuzwe n’abandi bahanga ndetse n’ibice by’imyandiko yakuye mu nyandiko za kera. Incuro nyinshi, abandi bahanga mu bya tewolojiya bagiye bishisha Wessel kubera ko yari azi ibintu byinshi cyane batari barigeze bumva na gato. Ibyo byatumye bamwita Magister Contradictionis, cyangwa kabuhariwe mu kuvuguruza abandi.

“Kuki utanyobora kuri Kristo?”

Imyaka 50 mbere y’uko Ivugurura ritangira, Wessel yahuye na Thomas à Kempis (wabayeho ahagana mu mwaka wa 1379-1471). Abantu benshi bemeza ko Thomas à Kempis ari we wanditse igitabo kizwi cyane cyitwa De Imitatione Christi (Kwigana Kristo). Thomas à Kempis yari mu bari bagize umuryango witwaga Brethren of the Common Life (Abavandimwe basangiye imibereho), ukaba wari umuryango w’abantu bumvaga ko ari ngombwa kubaho mu buryo bwo kwiha Imana. Hari umuntu wanditse igitabo kivuga iby’ubuzima bwa Wessel, uvuga ko Thomas à Kempis yakundaga gutera Wessel inkunga yo kwiyambaza Mariya. Wessel yakundaga kumusubiza ati “kuki utanyobora kuri Kristo, we utumira abantu barushye bose mu bugwaneza ngo baze bamusange?”

Bivugwa ko Wessel yanze ko bamugira umupadiri. Igihe yabazwaga impamvu yangaga ko bamwogosha uruhara ku mutwe rugaragaza ko ari umwe mu bihaye Imana, yabashubije ko atari atewe ubwoba no kunyongwa igihe cyose yari kuba agifite ubushobozi bwe bwo gutekereza bwose. Asa n’aho yerekezaga ku gitekerezo cy’uko abagizwe abapadiri batashoboraga gutotezwa, kandi uko bigaragara, kogoshwa uruhara byatumye abapadiri benshi barusimbuka, ntibanyongwa! Nanone Wessel ntiyemeraga imihango y’idini imwe n’imwe yari yarashinze imizi. Urugero, bamunengaga ko atemeraga ibitangaza bivugwa mu gitabo cyo mu gihe cye cyari cyaramamaye cyane cyitwa Dialogus Miraculorum. Yashubije agira ati “gusoma mu Byanditswe Byera ni byo byarushaho kuba byiza.”

“Ibyo tumenya ni ibyo tuba twabajije gusa”

Wessel yize Igiheburayo n’Ikigiriki, kandi yamenye ibintu byinshi cyane ku birebana n’inyandiko za kera z’abantu bazanye inyigisho Kiliziya igenderaho. Biratangaje kuba Wessel yarashishikazwaga cyane n’indimi z’umwimerere Bibiliya yanditswemo, kandi yarabayeho mbere ya Erasme na Reuchlin.a Mbere y’Ivugurura, Ikigiriki cyari kizwi n’abantu bake cyane. Mu Budage, intiti zari zizi Ikigiriki zabarirwaga ku ntoki, kandi nta mfashanyigisho zariho abantu bashoboraga kwifashisha biga urwo rurimi. Uko bigaragara, umujyi wa Constantinople umaze gufatwa mu mwaka wa 1453, Wessel yabonanye n’abihaye Imana b’Abagiriki bari barahungiye mu Burengerazuba maze bamwigisha Ikigiriki cy’ibanze. Icyo gihe, Abayahudi bonyine ni bo bakoreshaga Igiheburayo; kandi uko bigaragara, Abayahudi bari barahindutse Abakristo ni bo bigishije Wessel Igiheburayo cy’ibanze.

Wessel yakundaga Bibiliya cyane. Yabonaga ko ari igitabo cyahumetswe n’Imana, kandi yizeraga ko ibitabo byose byo muri Bibiliya byuzuzanya. Wessel yabonaga ko umuntu agomba gusobanura imirongo yo muri Bibiliya yifashishije imirongo iyikikije, kandi ko nta wushobora kugoreka ibyo bisobanuro. Ibisobanuro byose byagoretswe bishobora gukekwaho ubuhakanyi. Umwe mu mirongo yakundaga cyane yo muri Bibiliya ni uwo muri Matayo 7:7, hagira hati “mushake muzabona.” Ibikubiye muri uwo murongo byatumaga Wessel yizera adashidikanya ko kubaza ibibazo bifite icyo byungura, akumva ko “ibyo tumenya ari ibyo tuba twabajije gusa.”

Yasabye ikintu gitangaje cyane

Mu mwaka wa 1473, Wessel yagiye i Roma. Ageze i Roma yahawe uburenganzira bwo kuvugana na Papa Sixte IV, uwa mbere mu bapapa batandatu bagize imyifatire y’ubwiyandarike iteye isoni yatumye habaho Ivugurura ry’Abaporotesitanti. Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Barbara W. Tuchman yavuze ko Sixte IV yatumye hatangira igihe cy’ibikorwa “biteye isoni, bitihishira, byo kwiruka inyuma y’ubutunzi ubudatuza, no gushaka kugira amaboko muri politiki.” Yumije abantu bose ndetse n’abo muri Kiliziya Gatolika, kubera ko yakoreshaga icyenewabo ku mugaragaro. Umuhanga mu by’amateka umwe yanditse ko Sixte ashobora kuba yarashatse gukoresha umwanya yari afite wo kuba papa mu gushyira imbere inyungu z’umuryango we. Abantu bake gusa ni bo batinyutse kwamagana ibyo bikorwa by’akahebwe.

Ariko Wessel Gansfort we yari atandukanye na bo. Umunsi umwe, Sixte yaramubwiye ati “mwana wanjye, nsaba icyo ushaka cyose ndakiguha.” Wessel yahise amusubiza ati “Dawe nyirubutungane, . . . kubera ko hano ku isi ari wowe muherezabitambo uruta abandi bose ukaba n’umwungeri, ndagusaba ngo . . . usohoze iyo nshingano ufite yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ku buryo Umwungeri Mukuru w’intama . . . naza, ashobora kuzakubwira ati ‘nuko nuko mugaragu mwiza ukiranuka, injira mu munezero wa Shobuja.’” Sixte yashubije ko iyo ari inshingano imureba, kandi ko Wessel yagombaga guhitamo ibyo we yifuzaga guhabwa. Wessel yaramushubije ati “noneho, ndagusaba Bibiliya y’Ikigiriki n’Igiheburayo ivuye mu Nzu y’Ibitabo y’i Vatikani.” Papa yarayimuhaye, ariko abwira Wessel ko yabaye umupfapfa, ko yari kuba yasabye kugirwa musenyeri!

“Ni ikinyoma n’amakosa”

Kubera ko Sixte yari akeneye cyane amafaranga yo kubaka ya shapeli izwi cyane ubu yitwa Chapelle Sixtine, yashyizeho gahunda yo kugurisha indulugensiya zitangirwa abantu bapfuye. Izo ndulugensiya abantu benshi cyane bitabiriye kuzitanga. Hari igitabo kigira kiti “abapfakazi n’ababyeyi bapfushije ababo bakundaga, batangaga umutungo wabo wose kugira ngo ababo bakundaga bapfuye bavanwe muri Purugatori.” (Vicars of Christ—The Dark Side of the Papacy). Abantu bo muri rubanda rwa giseseka bitabiriye gahunda yo gutanga indulugensiya, kuko bizeraga ko papa yashoboraga guha ababo bapfuye uburenganzira bwo kujya mu ijuru.

Icyakora Wessel yahamyaga akomeje ko Kiliziya Gatolika ndetse na papa ubwe, nta bushobozi bafite bwo kubabarira abantu ibyaha. Wessel yavugaga ku mugaragaro ko iyo gahunda yo kugurisha indulugensiya ari “ikinyoma n’amakosa.” Nta nubwo yemeraga ko kwicuza imbere y’abapadiri bituma umuntu ababarirwa ibyaha.

Ikindi kintu Wessel atemeraga ni igitekerezo cy’uko papa ari umuntu udashobora kwibeshya. Yavugaga ko abantu baramutse basabwa buri gihe kwizera abapapa, icyo gihe kiliziya nta ho yaba ishingiye kubera ko n’abapapa ubwabo bakora amakosa. Wessel yaranditse ati “niba abayobozi ba kiliziya batagendera ku mategeko y’Imana, ahubwo bagahatira abandi gukurikiza amategeko babashyiriraho,  . . . ibyo bakora n’amategeko batanga nta cyo bimaze.”

Wessel yaharuriye inzira abatangije Ivugurura

Wessel yapfuye mu mwaka wa 1489. Nubwo yari yararwanyije amakosa amwe n’amwe ya kiliziya, yakomeje kuba umugatolika. Ariko kandi, Kiliziya ntiyigeze imushinja ubuhakanyi. Icyakora nyuma y’urupfu rwe, abihaye Imana bari bakomeye cyane kuri Kiliziya Gatolika, bagerageje guca inyandiko ze kuko bumvaga ko zidahuje neza n’inyigisho za Kiliziya. Mu gihe cya Luther, izina rya Wessel ryasaga n’aho ryari ryaribagiranye. Mu bitabo bye nta na kimwe cyari cyarigeze gicapwa, kandi mu nyandiko yandikishije intoki, izari zikiriho zari nke cyane. Amaherezo, igitabo cya mbere cya Wessel cyaje gucapwa hagati y’umwaka wa 1520 n’uwa 1522. Icyo gitabo cyarimo n’ibaruwa Luther ubwe yanditse ashishikariza abantu gusoma inyandiko za Wessel.

Nubwo Wessel atari umwe mu baharaniye Ivugurura nka Luther, yamaganye ku mugaragaro amwe mu makosa yatumye habaho Ivugurura. Kandi koko, hari igitabo cyanditswe na McClintock na Strong, cyavuze ko Wessel ari “umwe mu bantu b’ingenzi kuruta abandi bakomokaga mu Budage, bafashije mu guharura inzira igana ku Ivugurura.”—Cyclopedia.

Luther yabonaga ko ibitekerezo bye byari bihuje n’ibya Wessel. Umwanditsi witwa C. Augustijn yaranditse ati “Luther agereranya igihe yarimo n’igihe cya Eliya. Kimwe n’uko uwo muhanuzi yatekerezaga ko yari asigaye wenyine mu rugamba rwo kurwanirira Imana, Luther na we yumvaga ko yari wenyine mu rugamba rwo kurwanya kiliziya. Ariko Luther amaze gusoma inyandiko za Wessel, yabonye ko Umwami yarokoye ‘abasigaye ba Isirayeli.’” “Ndetse Luther yageze naho avuga ati ‘iyo nza kuba narasomye inyandiko ze mbere, abanzi banjye bashoboraga gutekereza ko ibyo jye Luther nakoze byose nabyigishijwe na Wessel, kubera ko imitekerereze ye yari ihuje neza n’iyanjye.’”b

“Muzabona”

Igihe Ivugurura ryatangiraga, si ibintu byabayeho bidafite intandaro. Ibitekerezo byaje byisukiranya byatumye habaho Ivugurura, byari bimaze igihe bivugwa. Wessel yabonye ko imyifatire mibi ya ba papa amaherezo yari kuzatuma habaho icyifuzo cyo kuvugurura ibintu. Igihe kimwe, Wessel yigeze kubwira umunyeshuri we ati “mwana w’umunyamwete mu kwiga, mu mibereho yawe hari igihe kizagera ukabona inyigisho . . . z’abahanga mu bya tewolojiya bakunze kujya impaka cyane, zivuguruzwa n’Abakristo b’ukuri b’intiti bose.”

Nubwo Wessel yatahuye amwe mu makosa n’imyifatire y’akahebwe yo mu gihe cye, ntiyabashije gutahura ukuri nyako ko muri Bibiliya. Ariko kandi, yabonaga ko Bibiliya ari igitabo yagombaga gusoma kandi akacyiga. Hari igitabo cyavuze ko Wessel “yumvaga ko kubera ko Bibiliya yahumetswe binyuze ku Mwuka Wera, ari yo yonyine ituyobora mu birebana n’idini.” (History of Christianity). Muri iki gihe, Abakristo b’ukuri bizera ko Bibiliya ari Ijambo ry’Imana ryahumetswe (2 Timoteyo 3:16). Icyakora, gusobanukirwa cyangwa gutahura ukuri ko muri Bibiliya ntibikigoye. Muri iki gihe, kurusha ikindi gihe cyose, iri hame ryo muri Bibiliya ryagaragaye ko ari iry’ukuri: “mushake muzabona.”—Matayo 7:7; Imigani 2:1-6.

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WESSEL N’IZINA RY’IMANA

Mu nyandiko za Wessel, izina ry’Imana ryagiye rihindurwamo “Johavah.” Icyakora Wessel yakoresheje izina “Yehova” nibura ahantu habiri. Umwanditsi witwa H. A. Oberman yagize icyo avuga ku bitekerezo bya Wessel. Yavuze ko Wessel yatekerezaga ko iyo Thomas d’Aquin n’abandi baza kumenya Igiheburayo, “bagombye kuba baratahuye ko izina ry’Imana Mose yahishuriwe ridasobanura ngo ‘ndi uwo ndi we,’ ahubwo ko risobanura ngo ‘nzaba uwo nzaba we.’”c Bibiliya yitwa New World Translation isobanura neza ko iryo zina risobanura ngo “nzaba icyo nzaba cyo.”​—Kuva 3:13, 14.

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Inyandiko y’intoki: Universiteitsbibliotheek, Utrecht

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Wessel yarwanyije ibyo kugurisha indulugensiya byari bishyigikiwe na Papa Sixte IV