Impamvu amadini y’isi azakurwaho

“Bwoko bwanjye, nimuwusohokemo, kugira ngo mwe gufatanya n’ibyaha byawo, mwe guhabwa no ku byago byawo.”​—IBYAHISHUWE 18:4.

1. (a) Ni mu buhe buryo Babuloni Ikomeye yaguye? (b) Ni gute ibyo byagize ingaruka ku Bahamya ba Yehova?

“BABULONI IKOMEYE iraguye!” Koko rero, ubutware bw’isi yose bw’idini ry’ikinyoma bwaraguye duhuje n’uko Yehova abibona. Ibyo byabaye kuva mu mwaka wa 1919, igihe abasigaye b’abavandimwe ba Kristo bavaga mu bubata bwa Kristendomu, kimwe mu bice bigize Babuloni y’amayobera gifite ubutware. Ibyo byatumye bagira umudendezo wo kwamagana idini ry’ikinyoma no gutangaza ubutegetsi bw’Imana bukiranuka buzategeka binyuriye ku Bwami bwa Kimesiya. Muri iki kinyejana, Abahamya ba Yehova b’indahemuka bagiye bashyira ahabona udutsiko tw’amadini dutegekwa na Satani, udutsiko yagiye ikoresha kugira ngo iyobye “abari mu isi bose.”​—Ibyahishuwe 12:9; 14:8; 18:2.

Ni Gute Babuloni Ikomeye Yaguye?

2. Amadini y’isi muri iki gihe ari mu yihe mimerere?

² Ariko kandi, hari uwabaza ati ‘ni gute wavuga ko Babuloni yaguye, mu gihe amadini asa n’aho agenda abona umusaruro utubutse mu bihugu byinshi?’ Abagatolika n’Abayisilamu bigamba bavuga ko buri dini muri ayo yombi rifite abayoboke bagera kuri miriyari. Abaporotesitanti baracyiyongera muri Amerika y’Epfo n’iya Ruguru, aho insengero nshyashya na za shapeli zigenda zubakwa ubudatuza. Hari abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni amagana n’amagana bakurikiza imigenzo y’idini ry’Ababuda n’iry’Abahindu. Ariko se, ni mu ruhe rugero ayo madini yose yihatira kugira ingaruka nziza ku myifatire y’abo bantu babarirwa muri za miriyari? Mbese, yaba yaratumye Abagatolika n’Abaporotesitanti bo muri Irilande y’Amajyaruguru baticana? Yaba se yarazaniye amahoro nyakuri Abayahudi n’Abayisilamu bo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati? Yaba yaratumye haba ubwumvikane hagati y’Abahindu n’Abayisilamu bo mu Buhinde? Kandi se, mu gihe cya vuba aha, yaba yarabujije Aborutodogisi b’Abaseribe, Abagatolika b’Abakorowate n’Abayisilamu bo muri Bosiniya, gukomeza ibikorwa byo “kweza amoko,” ubusahuzi, gufata abagore ku ngufu, no kwicana? Akenshi usanga idini ari nk’agakingirizo kabambitse ku kintu cyoroshye nk’ikimene cy’igi, gahita kajanjagurika iyo gatsikamiwe n’uburemere bw’ubusabusa.​—Abagalatiya 5:19-21; gereranya na Yakobo 2:10, 11.

3. Kuki amadini afitanye urubanza n’Imana?

³ Dukurikije uko Imana ibibona, inkunga rubanda nyamwinshi ruha amadini, nta cyo yahindura ku kintu kigomba kuba byanze bikunze​—cy’uko amadini yose afitanye urubanza n’Imana. Nk’uko byagaragajwe n’amateka yayo, Babuloni Ikomeye ikwiriye gucirwaho iteka, kubera ko “ibyaha byawo byarundanijwe bikagera mu ijuru, kandi Imana yibutse gukiranirwa kwawo” (Ibyahishuwe 18:5). Hoseya yanditse mu mvugo y’ubuhanuzi agira ati “babibye umuyaga, bazasarura serwakira.” Amadini y’ibinyoma yose ya Satani ku isi hose, azakanirwa uruyakwiriye, bitewe n’uko bagambaniye Imana, urukundo rwayo, izina ryayo, n’Umwana wayo.​—Hoseya 8:7; Abagalatiya 6:7; 1 Yohana 2:22, 23.

Ugomba Guhitamo

4, 5. (a) Ni iyihe mimerere turimo muri iki gihe? (b) Ni ibihe bibazo tugomba gusubiza?

⁴ Ubu turi mu gice cya nyuma cy’ ‘iminsi y’imperuka,’ kandi kubera ko turi Abakristo b’ukuri, turimo turahatanira kuzarokoka ibi ‘bihe birushya’ (2 Timoteyo 3:1-5). Abakristo b’ukuri ni abashyitsi muri iyi si ya Satani, isi irangwa na kamere ye yanduye, yo kuba ari umwicanyi, umunyabinyoma, n’ubeshyera abandi (Yohana 8:44; 1 Petero 2:11, 12; Ibyahishuwe 12:10). Dukikijwe n’urugomo, gushoberwa, forode, ruswa, n’ubwiyandarike bw’agahomamunwa. Amahame mbwirizamuco arirengagizwa. Kwiruka inyuma y’ibinezeza hamwe n’ibikorwa birangwa n’ubwikunde, birogeye. Kandi rero, incuro nyinshi usanga abayobozi b’amadini bihanganira ubwiyandarike, binyuriye mu kugoreka amagambo yumvikana neza ya Bibiliya aciraho iteka ubutinganyi, ubusambanyi n’ubuhehesi. Bityo rero, ikibazo ni iki: mbese, wowe ushyigikira kandi ukihanganira ugusenga kw’ikinyoma, cyangwa se wifatanya mu gusenga k’ukuri ugaragaza ibikorwa?​—Abalewi 18:22; 20:13; Abaroma 1:26, 27; 1 Abakorinto 6:9-11.

⁵ Iki ni igihe cy’irobanura. Bityo rero, dufite impamvu nziza zo gutandukanya ugusenga kw’ikinyoma n’ugusenga k’ukuri. Ni iki kindi amadini ya Kristendomu yakoze gituma akemangwa cyane?​—Malaki 3:18; Yohana 4:23, 24.

Idini ry’Ikinyoma Rirashinjwa

6. Ni gute Kristendomu yagambaniye Ubwami bw’Imana?

⁶ N’ubwo buri gihe abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni bo muri Kristendomu bavuga Isengesho ry’Umwami, muri ryo bakaba basenga basaba ko Ubwami bw’Imana buza, bagiye bashyigikira politiki z’uburyo bwose babigiranye umwete, uretse ubutegetsi bwa gitewokarasi. Mu binyejana byinshi byashize, “ibikomangoma” bya Kiliziya Gatolika, urugero nka Karidinali Richelieu, Mazarin, na Wolsey, na bo bagiye bakora umurimo wa gipolitiki, bameze nk’abakozi ba Leta.

7. Ni gute Abahamya ba Yehova bagiye bashyira ahabona abayobozi ba Kristendomu mu myaka isaga 50 yashize?

⁷ Mbere y’imyaka isaga 50 ishize, mu gatabo kari gafite umutwe uvuga ngo La religion moissonne la tempête, Abahamya ba Yehova bagaragaje ukuntu Kristendomu yivanga muri politiki.a Amagambo nk’aya akurikira yavuzwe icyo gihe, no muri iki gihe aracyafite ireme: “isuzuma ry’ukuri ryakorwa ku byerekeye imyifatire y’abakuru b’amadini y’ingeri zose, ryagaragaza ko abayobozi b’amadini yose ya ‘Kristendomu’ bifatanya muri politiki z’iyi ‘si mbi ya none’ bashishikaye cyane, kandi bakanivanga mu by’isi.” Icyo gihe, Abahamya bamaganye cyane Papa Piyo wa XII ku bihereranye n’amasezerano yagiranye n’ishyaka rya Nazi rya Hitileri (1933) n’ishyaka ry’Igitugu rya Franco (1941), kimwe n’amasezerano papa yagiranye n’igihugu cy’Ubuyapani cyari gashozantambara, muri Werurwe 1942, yo guhererekanya abahagarariye ibihugu byombi, amezi make nyuma y’igitero kizwi cyane cyagabwe i Pearl Harbor. Nta bwo papa yumviye umuburo wa Yakobo ugira uti “yemwe basambanyi, namwe basambanyikazi, ntimuzi yuko ubucuti bw’iby’isi butera kwangwa n’Imana? Nuko rero umuntu wese ushaka kuba incuti y’iby’isi, aba yihinduye umwanzi w’Imana.”​—⁠Yakobo 4:⁠4.

8. Ni gute Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma yivanga mu bya politiki muri iki gihe?

⁸ Muri iki gihe se bwo, bimeze bite? Na n’ubu papa aracyivanga mu bya politiki, binyuriye ku bamuhagarariye baturutse mu bakuru b’idini no mu bayoboke be. Abapapa bo mu bihe bya vuba aha, bagiye berekana ko bashyigikiye Umuryango w’Abibumbye binyuriye mu kugirana imishyikirano n’icyo gikoresho cyashyizweho n’abantu cyitwa ko ngo ari icyo kubumbatira amahoro ku isi. Inomero imwe ya vuba aha y’ikinyamakuru cyitwa L’Osservatore Romano, ikinyamakuru cya Leta ya Vatikani, yatangaje ko hari abandi bantu barindwi bashyashya bahagarariye ibihugu byabo, ni ukuvuga “ba ambasaderi ku Cyicaro Gikuru Cyera,” bahaye “Umubyeyi Wera” impapuro zibahesha uburenganzira bwo guhagararira ibihugu byabo. Mbese, hari ubwo igitekerezo cyatuzamo cyo kwiyumvisha uko byaba bimeze nk’igihe Yesu na Petero baba barimo bivanga mu gikorwa nk’icyo cya gipolitiki cyo guhererekanya ababahagarariye? Yesu yanze kwimikwa n’Abayahudi kugira ngo abe umwami, maze avuga ko Ubwami bwe butari ubw’iyi si.​—Yohana 6:15; 18:36.

9. Kuki twavuga ko amadini ya Giporotesitanti adafite icyo yaba arusha irya Gatolika?

⁹ Mbese, hari icyo abayobozi b’Abaporotesitanti baba barusha bagenzi babo b’Abagatolika? Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika, amadini menshi ya Giporotesitanti atsimbarara ku bya kera, kimwe n’Abamorumo, azwiho kuba agendera ku bitekerezo runaka bya gipolitiki. Umuryango wa Gikristo w’Abahuzamugambi, wivanga cyane muri politiki ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika. Abandi bayobozi b’Abaporotesitanti bo, bifatanya mu buryo bugaragara mu nzego zinyuranye za gipolitiki. Rimwe na rimwe, abantu bajya bibagirwa ko muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika, abanyapolitiki bamwe, urugero nka Pat Robertson na Jesse Jackson, bari cyangwa baracyari ba “Reverends” (izina ry’icyubahiro ry’abakuru b’amadini ya Giporotesitanti), nk’umwe mu bagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’Ubwongereza, ari we Ian Paisley wo muri Irilande y’Amajyaruguru. Ni gute abo bantu bashobora kugaragaza ko icyo gihagararo cyabo cyaba gifite ishingiro?​—Ibyakozwe 10:34, 35; Abagalatiya 2:6.

10. Ni ayahe magambo yumvikana neza yavuzwe mu wa 1944?

¹⁰ Nk’uko agatabo kitwa La religion moissone la tempête kabazaga mu wa 1944, ni na ko natwe muri iki gihe twibaza tugira tuti “mbese, umuteguro uwo ari wo wose ugirana amasezerano n’ubutegetsi bw’isi, kandi ukivanga mu bikorwa bya gipolitiki by’iyi si ushishikaye, ugashakira indonke n’uburinzi muri iyi si . . . hari ukuntu waba itorero ry’Imana cyangwa ukaba uhagarariye Kristo Yesu hano ku isi? . . . Uko bigaragara, abayoboke b’amadini bavuga rumwe n’ubwami bw’iyi si, nta kuntu bashobora kuba bahagarariye ubwami bw’Imana buyobowe na Kristo Yesu.”

Umwuka wa Kayini w’Idini ry’Ikinyoma

11. Ni gute idini ry’ikinyoma ryakurikije urugero rwa Kayini?

¹¹ Mu mateka yose, idini ry’ikinyoma ryagiye rirangwa n’umwuka w’ubwicanyi wa Kayini, we wishe umuvandimwe we Abeli. “Icyo ni cyo kimenyekanisha abana b’Imana n’abana ba Satani. Umuntu wese udakiranuka cyangwa udakunda mwene Se si uw’Imana. Ubwo ni bwo butumwa mwumvise uhereye mbere na mbere, ngo dukundane; tutamera nka Kayini wari uw’Umubi, akica murumuna we. Mbese icyatumye amwica ni iki? Ni uko ingeso ze zari mbi, naho iza murumuna we zikaba nziza.” Kubera ko Kayini atashoboye kwihanganira ibikorwa by’umuvandimwe we byo kuyoboka Imana mu buryo butanduye kandi bwemewe, yitabaje urugomo​—uburyo bwa nyuma bukoreshwa n’abadakemura ibibazo mu buryo buhuje n’ubwenge.​—1 Yohana 3:10-12.

12. Ni iki kigaragaza ko idini ryagiye rigira uruhare mu ntambara no mu bushyamirane?

¹² Mbese, haba hari ibihamya bigaragaza ko ibyo birego bigerekwa ku idini ry’ikinyoma bifite ishingiro? Mu gitabo cyitwa Preachers Present Arms, umwanditsi wacyo yagize ati “mu mateka y’iterambere, . . . hari imbaraga ebyiri zagiye zifatanya mu isezerano ry’uburyo bubiri. Izo mbaraga, ni intambara n’idini. Ikindi kandi, mu madini akomeye yose y’iyi si, . . . nta ryirundumuriye mu [ntambara] cyane nka [Kristendomu].” Mu myaka runaka ishize, ikinyamakuru cyitwa The Sun cy’i Vancouver, ho muri Kanada, cyagize kiti “birashoboka ko intege nke zo kuba idini rikurikira ibendera, zaba ziboneka ku madini yose afite gahunda ihamye . . . Ni iyihe ntambara yigeze irwanwa itarimo abigamba bavuga ko Imana ibashyigikiye, kandi ibyo bikavugwa ku mpande zombi z’abashyamiranye?” Wenda ushobora kuba wariboneye ibintu nk’ibyo mu madini y’iwanyu. Akenshi kandi, usanga amabendera y’ibihugu atatse kuri z’alitari. None se, utekereza ko Yesu yagenderaga ku rihe bendera? Aya magambo ye yagiye yumvikana kenshi ngo “ubwami bwanjye si ubw’iyi si”!​—Yohana 18:36.

13. (a) Ni gute idini ry’ikinyoma ryananiwe kugira icyo rigeraho muri Afurika? (b) Ni ikihe kimenyetso kiranga Ubukristo cyatanzwe na Yesu?

¹³ Amadini ya Kristendomu ntiyigishije imikumbi yayo ukuri ku byerekeye urukundo nyarukundo rwa kivandimwe. Ibiri amambu, barareka itandukaniro rishingiye ku bihugu, imiryango, n’amoko, rikazana amacakubiri muri yo. Raporo zigaragaza ko abakuru b’idini ry’Abagatolika n’iry’Abangilikani bagize uruhare mu macakubiri yatumye habaho itsembabwoko mu Rwanda. Ikinyamakuru cyitwa The New York Times cyanditse kigira kiti “ubwicanyi bwo mu Rwanda bwatumye abayoboke benshi ba kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma b’aho bumva ko bagambaniwe n’abakuru bayo. Incuro nyinshi, kiliziya yagiye yicamo ibice bishingiye ku moko, hagati y’Abahutu n’Abatutsi.” Icyo kinyamakuru cyasubiye mu magambo yavuzwe n’umupadiri witwa Maryknoll kigira kiti “kiliziya yananiwe kugira icyo igeraho mu buryo bubabaje cyane mu Rwanda mu wa 1994. Abanyarwanda benshi begutse kuri kiliziya. Nta cyizere na gito igifitiwe.” Mbega ukuntu ibyo binyuranye n’amagambo ya Yesu agira ati “ibyo ni byo bose bazabamenyeraho ko muri abigishwa banjye, nimukundana.”​—Yohana 13:35.

14. Ni iki cyavugwa ku myifatire yagiye iranga amadini akomeye atari aya Gikristo?

¹⁴ Andi madini y’ibigugu ya Babuloni Ikomeye, na yo ntiyigeze atanga urugero rwiza. Ubwicanyi buteye ubwoba bwabaye mu wa 1947, igihe Ubuhindi bwigabanyagamo kabiri, bwerekanye ko amadini akomeye yo muri icyo gihugu atigeze yera imbuto y’ubworoherane. Urugomo rwagiye rukomeza kuboneka mu Buhindi muri rusange, rugaragaza ko abenshi mu bantu bo muri icyo gihugu batigeze bahinduka. Ntibitangaje rero kuba ikinyamakuru cyitwa India Today cyarageze ku mwanzuro ugira uti “idini ryagiye riba igikoresho cyagiye gikorerwamo ubwicanyi bw’agahomamunwa kurusha ubundi bwose. . . . Ni ryo nyirabayazana w’urugomo ruteye ubwoba, kandi ni imbaraga ya kirimbuzi rwose.”

“Ikintu Gitangaje Cyane Kidasanzwe”

15. Ni iyihe mimerere idini ririmo mu burengerazuba bw’isi?

¹⁵ Ndetse n’abantu bo hanze bakunze kuvuga ibintu n’ibindi, babonye ko idini ryananiwe kwemeza no gucengeza amahame mbwirizamuco, no gukumira icengera ry’umwuka wo kutitabira iby’idini. Mu gitabo cye cyitwa Out of Control, uwitwa Zbigniew Brzezinski wahoze ari umujyanama mu byerekeye umutekano w’igihugu cya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika, yanditse agira ati “ni ikintu gitangaje cyane kidasanzwe kubona ugutsinda gukomeye cyane kw’igitekerezo cy’uko ‘Imana yapfuye’ kutarabonetse mu bihugu byiganjemo amatwara ya Kimarigisisiti . . . ahubwo kukaboneka mu miryango y’i Burengerazuba yiganjemo amatwara ya kidemokarasi yo kwishyira ukizana, aho umuco wagiye ucengezwamo ingeso yo kutagira icyo umuntu yitaho. Muri iyo miryango ivuzwe nyuma, birazwi ko idini itakiri imbaraga y’ingenzi iyobora abantu.” Yakomeje agira ati “imbaraga z’idini mu muco w’i Bulayi, zarakendereye, kandi Ubulayi muri iki gihe​—ndetse kurusha Amerika​—ahanini bugizwe n’abaturage batitabira ibintu by’idini.”

16, 17. (a) Ni iyihe nama yatanzwe na Yesu ku bihereranye n’abakuru b’idini bo mu gihe cye? (b) Ni irihe hame ryiza ryavuzwe na Yesu ku byerekeye imbuto?

¹⁶ Ni iki Yesu yavuze ku byerekeye abakuru b’idini rya Kiyahudi bo mu gihe cye? Yagize ati “abanditsi n’Abafarisayo bicaye ku ntebe ya Mose [kugira ngo bigishe Torah, ni ukuvuga Amategeko]. Nuko rero ibyo bababwira byose mubikore mubiziririze, ariko imigenzo yabo mwe kuyikurikiza: kuko ibyo bavuga atari byo bakora.” Koko rero, uburyarya bwa kidini si ubwa none.​—⁠Matayo 23:2, 3.

¹⁷ Imbuto z’idini ry’ikinyoma, ziriciraho iteka. Iri tegeko ryatanzwe na Yesu, rirakwiriye cyane: “igiti cyiza cyose cyera imbuto nziza, ariko igiti kibi cyera imbuto mbi. Igiti cyiza ntikibasha kwera imbuto mbi, kandi n’igiti kibi ntikibasha kwera imbuto nziza. Igiti cyose kitera imbuto nziza kiracibwa kikajugunywa mu muriro. Nuko muzabamenyera ku mbuto zabo.”​—Matayo 7:17-20.

18. Ni gute Kristendomu yari gutuma abayoboke bayo bakomeza kutarangwaho umwanda?

¹⁸ Byagenda bite amadini ya Kristendomu aramutse ashishikariye gushyira mu bikorwa itegeko rya Gikristo ryo gutanga igihano cyo guca, cyangwa kwirukana abagaragaweho ibikorwa by’ubwicamategeko bikorwa n’abavuga ko ari abayoboke bayo? Byagendekera bite abantu batihana bose b’abanyabinyoma, abasambanyi, abahehesi, abagabo bendana, abariganya, abagizi ba nabi, abacuruza ibiyobyabwenge n’abasabitswe na byo, kimwe n’abagize imitwe y’abagizi ba nabi ba kabuhariwe? Nta gushidikanya, imbuto ziboze za Kristendomu zituma nta kindi kiyikwiriye uretse kurimburwa n’Imana.​—1 Abakorinto 5:9-13; 2 Yohana 10, 11.

19. Ni iki cyemejwe ku bihereranye n’abayobozi b’amadini?

¹⁹ Inteko nkuru y’Itorero ry’Abaperisebiteriyani bo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika yemeje ibi bikurikira: “ibintu biratuzambanye mu buryo buteye ubwoba, byaba ari mu rugero bikorwamo cyangwa ibikorwa ubwabyo. . . . Hagati ya 10 na 23 ku ijana by’abakuru b’idini mu gihugu hose, bagiye bishora mu busambanyi cyangwa se bagasambana n’abayoboke ba za paruwasi, abakiriya, abakozi, n’abandi n’abandi.” Umucuruzi umwe wo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika yavuze neza iby’icyo kibazo mu magambo ahinnye agira ati “imiryango ya kidini yananiwe gucengeza amahame mbwirizamuco yayo, kandi incuro nyinshi, yagiye igira uruhare muri icyo kibazo.”

20, 21. (a) Ni gute Yesu na Pawulo bashyize ahabona uburyarya? (b) Ni ibihe bibazo bigikeneye ibisubizo?

²⁰ Amagambo yavuzwe na Yesu yamagana uburyarya bwa kidini, aracyafite ukuri kwayo muri iki gihe nk’uko yari agufite mu gihe cye. Yagize ati “mwa ndyarya mwe, Yesaya yahanuye ibyanyu neza ati ‘ubu bwoko bunshimisha iminwa, ariko imitima yabo imba kure. Bansengera ubusa, kuko inyigisho bigisha ari amategeko y’abantu’ ” (Matayo 15:7-9). Amagambo Pawulo yabwiye Tito, na yo yumvikanisha imimerere iriho muri iki gihe. Yaravuze ati “bavuga yuko bazi Imana, ariko bayihakanisha ibyo bakora; bene abo ni abo kwangwa urunuka, ni abatumvira Imana, no ku mirimo myiza yose nta cyo bamaze.”​—Tito 1:16.

²¹ Yesu yavuze ko iyo impumyi irandase indi, zombi zigwa mu mwobo (Matayo 15:14). Mbese, waba wifuza kuzarimburanwa na Babuloni Ikomeye? Cyangwa se, wifuza kugendera mu nzira zigororotse ufite amaso ahumutse kandi wishimira imigisha ya Yehova? Noneho rero, ibibazo duhanganye na byo ni ibi bikurikira: ni irihe dini, niba rinariho, ryaba ryera imbuto z’Imana? Ni gute twamenya ugusenga k’ukuri kwemerwa n’Imana?​—Zaburi 119:105.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

Mbese, Uribuka?

◻ Ni ikihe gihagararo Babuloni Ikomeye ifite imbere y’Imana muri iki gihe?

◻ Ibirego bigerekwa ku idini ry’ikinyoma bishingiye ku ki?

◻ Ni gute idini ry’ikinyoma ryagaragaje umwuka wa Kayini?

◻ Ni irihe hame ryavuzwe na Yesu ku bihereranye no gucira urubanza idini iryo ari ryo ryose?

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 5]

Mu mateka yose, abayobozi b’amadini bagiye bivanga muri politiki

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 6]

Abo bakuru b’idini na bo bari bafite ububasha mu nzego z’ubutegetsi

Karidinali Mazarin

Karidinali Richelieu

Karidinali Wolsey

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Cardinal Mazarin and Cardinal Richelieu: From the book Ridpath’s History of the World (Vol.VI and Vol. V respectively). Cardinal Wolsey: From the book The History of Protestantism (Vol. 1).