Umutware w’Umwibone Atakaza Ubwami

UMUHANUZI Daniyeli yanditse agira ati “umwami Belushazari ararika abatware be bakuru igihumbi, ngo baze mu birori, abatunganiriza ibyokurya n’ibyokunywa; muri ibyo birori umwami na we anywera vino imbere y’abo batware igihumbi.” Ariko kandi mu gihe ibyo birori byari bigikomeza, “mu maso [h’umwami] hahindu[tse] ukundi, gutekereza kwe kumuhagarika umutima; ingingo z’amatako ye zicika intege, kandi amavi ye arakomangana.” Mbere y’uko bucya, “Belushazari umwami w’u Bukaludaya aricwa. Ubwo bwami buhabwa Dariyo w’Umumedi.”​—Daniyeli 5:1, 6, 30; 6:1 [5:31 muri Biblia Yera.]

Belushazari yari muntu ki? Ni gute yaje kwitwa “umwami w’u Bukaludaya”? Mu by’ukuri se, ni uwuhe mwanya yari afite mu Bwami bwa Babuloni? Ni gute yaje gutakaza ubwo bwami?

Mbese, Yari Umutware Uhagarariye Umwami Cyangwa Yari Umwami?

Daniyeli yerekeza kuri Nebukadinezari avuga ko yari se wa Belushazari (Daniyeli 5:2, 11, 18, 22). Ariko kandi, iyo sano si yo neza neza. Igitabo Nabonidus and Belshazzar, cyanditswe na Raymond P. Dougherty, kivuga ko wenda Nebukadinezari yaba yari sekuru ubyara nyina Nitocris. Nanone kandi, kubera ko Nebukadinezari ari we wabanje kuba umwami, birashoboka ko yaba yari “se” wa Belushazari mu birebana n’intebe y’ubwami gusa. (Gereranya n’Itangiriro 28:10, 13.) Uko byaba bimeze kose, inyandiko nyinshi zigizwe n’inyuguti zimeze nk’udusumari ziri ku bibumbano byiburungushuye byavumbuwe mu majyepfo ya Iraq mu kinyejana cya 19, zivuga ko Belushazari ari we wari mukuru mu bahungu ba Nabonide, umwami w’i Babuloni.

Kubera ko inkuru yo muri Daniyeli igice cya 5 yibanda ku bintu byabaye mu ijoro Babuloni yaguyemo mu mwaka wa 539 M.I.C., ntivuga neza ukuntu Belushazari yaje guhabwa ubutware bwa cyami. Icyakora ibihamya bishingiye ku bucukumbuzi bw’ibyo mu matongo, bitanga igitekerezo runaka ku birebana n’isano yari hagati ya Nabonide na Belushazari. Uwitwa Alan Millard, umuhanga mu bucukumbuzi bw’ibyo mu matongo, akaba n’impuguke mu byerekeye indimi za kera zavugwaga mu karere k’i Burasirazuba, yagize ati “inyandiko z’Abanyababuloni, zigaragaza ko Nabonide yari umutegetsi udasanzwe.” Millard yongeyeho ati “n’ubwo atirengagizaga imana z’i Babuloni, . . . yitaga cyane ku mana y’ukwezi yasengerwaga mu yindi midugudu ibiri, Uri na Harani. Ndetse no mu myaka myinshi Nabonide yamaze ku ngoma, nta bwo yigeze aba i Babuloni; ahubwo yigumiye mu karere ka Teima [cyangwa Tema] kari mu butayu, mu majyaruguru y’Arabiya.” Uko bigaragara, Nabonide yamaze igihe kinini cy’ubutegetsi bwe aba hanze y’umurwa mukuru, ari wo Babuloni. Mu gihe yabaga adahari, Belushazari ni we wasigaranaga ubutegetsi.

Mu gutanga ibisobanuro by’inyongera ku birebana n’umwanya nyakuri Belushazari yari afite, inyandiko igizwe na za nyuguti zimeze nk’udusumari ivugwaho kuba ari “Inkuru y’Igisigo cya Nabonide,” yagize iti “[Nabonide] yashinze ‘Urwego’ rw’ingabo (umuhungu) we mukuru, umwana we w’imfura, amushinga (kuyobora) ingabo zo mu mpande zose z’igihugu. Yamweguriye (byose), amushinga ubwami.” Ku bw’ibyo rero, Belushazari yari umutware w’umwami.

Ariko se, umutware w’umwami ashobora kwitwa umwami? Ishusho ibajwe y’umutegetsi wa kera yabonetse mu majyaruguru ya Siriya mu myaka ya za 70, igaragaza ko kuba umutware yakwitwa umwami bitari ibintu by’inzaduka, mu gihe koko yabaga amwungirije. Iyo shusho yari iy’umutegetsi wa Gozan, kandi yari iriho inyandiko yo mu rurimi rw’Icyashuri n’iyo mu rurimi rw’Icyarameyi. Iyo nyandiko y’Icyashuri yitaga uwo mugabo umutware wa Gozan, naho inyandiko y’Icyarameyi byari bibangikanye ikamwita umwami. Bityo rero, kuba mu nyandiko za cyami z’i Babuloni Belushazari yitwa igikomangoma, naho mu nyandiko za Daniyeli zo mu rurimi ry’Icyarameyi akitwa umwami, si ibintu by’inzaduka.

Ubwo buryo bwo gusangira ubutegetsi hagati ya Nabonide na Belushazari bwarakomeje, bugeza mu minsi ya nyuma y’Ubwami bwa Babuloni. Ni yo mpamvu mu ijoro Babuloni yaguyemo, Belushazari yashatse kugira Daniyeli umutware wa gatatu muri ubwo bwami, ntamugire uwa kabiri.​—Daniyeli 5:16.

Umutware Wari Ufite Icyizere Gikabije n’Ubwibone

Ibintu byabaye mu minsi ya nyuma y’ubwami bwa Belushazari, bigaragaza ko icyo gikomangoma cyakabyaga kugira icyizere n’ubwibone. Ku iherezo ry’ubutegetsi bwe, ku itariki ya 5 Ukwakira 539 M.I.C., Nabonide yari yarahungiye muri Borsippa, amaze gutsindwa n’ingabo z’Abamedi n’Abaperesi. Babuloni na yo ubwayo yari yagoswe. Ariko kandi, Belushazari yumvaga arinzwe cyane muri uwo mujyi wari ukikijwe n’inkuta nini, ku buryo muri iryo joro nyir’izina yari ‘yararitse abatware be bakuru igihumbi, ngo baze mu birori, akabatunganiriza ibyokurya n’ibyokunywa.’ Uwitwa Herodotus, akaba yari Umugiriki w’umuhanga mu by’amateka wo mu kinyejana cya gatanu M.I.C., yavuze ko muri uwo mujyi, “icyo gihe [abantu] barimo babyina kandi bishimisha.”

Icyakora inyuma y’inkuta za Babuloni ho, ingabo z’Abamedi n’Abaperesi zari zubikiriye. Ziyobowe na Kuro, zari zarayobeje amazi y’Uruzi rwa Ufurate, rwanyuraga mu mujyi rwagati. Ingabo ze zari ziteguye kwirasa mu ruzi zikambuka, igihe rwari kuba rukimara gukama mu rugero ruhagije. Zari kurira inkombe maze zikinjira mu mujyi zinyuze mu miryango ikinguye y’ibyugi by’imiringa, yari ku rukuta rwari rwubatse ku nkombe.

Iyo Belushazari aza kwita ku byaberaga hanze y’umujyi, aba yarakinze ibyo byugi by’imiringa, akongera ingabo ze zikomeye ku nkuta zari zigiye zubatse ku nkombe z’uruzi, maze akivuna umwanzi. Ariko aho kugira ngo uwo mwirasi Belushazari abigenze atyo, ahubwo yohejwe n’inzoga, maze atumiza ibikoresho byo mu rusengero rwa Yehova ngo babimuzanire. Hanyuma, ari we, ari abatumirwa be, ari abagore be hamwe n’inshoreke ze babinyweramo babigiranye ubwirasi, ari nako bahimbaza imana z’Abanyababuloni. Ako kanya, habonetse ukuboko mu buryo bw’igitangaza maze gutangira kwandika ku rukuta rw’ingoro y’umwami. Belushazari yagize ubwoba, maze atumiza abanyabwenge be kugira ngo bamusobanurire ayo magambo. Ariko kandi, ‘bananiwe gusoma iyo nyandiko cyangwa kumenyesha umwami uko isobanurwa.’ Amaherezo, ‘bazanye Daniyeli imbere y’umwami.’ Yehova yahumekeye uwo muhanuzi we w’intwari maze ahishura icyo ubwo butumwa bw’igitangaza bwasobanuraga, ahanura ko Babuloni yari kugwa mu maboko y’Abamedi n’Abaperesi.​—Daniyeli 5:2-28.

Abamedi n’Abaperesi bafashe uwo mujyi mu buryo bworoshye, kandi muri iryo joro Belushazari ntiyarusimbutse. Amaze gupfa, hanyuma uko bigaragara Nabonide na we akagamburura imbere ya Kuro, Ubwami bwa Babuloni bwarangiriye aho.

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 8]

Daniyeli asobanura ubutumwa bwaciragaho iteka Ubwami bwa Babuloni