Abavoduwa bavuye ku nyigisho zinyuranye n’iza kiliziya bagera ku buporotesitanti

Hari mu mwaka wa 1545 mu karere keza ka Lubéron mu ntara ya Provence, mu majyepfo y’u Bufaransa. Abasirikare bari bakoranye kugira ngo bagabe igitero giteye ubwoba cyateguwe biturutse ku kutoroherana mu by’idini. Hakurikiyeho icyumweru cyo kumena amaraso.

IMIDUGUDU yahinduwe umusaka, kandi abaturage bayo barafunzwe cyangwa baricwa. Ibyo bikorwa by’agahomamunwa byakozwe n’abasirikare b’abagome; ubwo bwicanyi bukaba bwarahungabanyije umugabane w’u Burayi. Abagabo bagera ku 2.700 barishwe, abagera kuri 600 bajyanwa kuvugama mu mato y’abasirikare, tutiriwe tuvuga imibabaro abagore n’abana bahuye na yo. Umukuru w’abasirikare wayoboye icyo gitero cyamennye amaraso atagira ingano, yashimagijwe n’umwami w’u Bufaransa hamwe na papa.

Ikibazo cy’abantu bashakaga ko ibintu bihinduka cyari cyarayogoje u Budage igihe umwami w’Umugatolika w’u Bufaransa witwaga François wa I yakoraga iperereza kugira ngo amenye iby’abantu bitwaga ko bazanye inyigisho zinyuranya na Kiliziya mu bwami bwe, akaba yarabikoze abitewe n’uko yari ahangayikishijwe n’uko Ubuporotesitanti bwagendaga bukwirakwira. Aho kugira ngo abategetsi bo mu ntara ya Provence babone abantu bake bake bafite inyigisho zinyuranya na kiliziya, basanze hari imidugudu yose uko yakabaye ituwe n’abanyamadini b’ibigande. Iteka ryo guhanaguraho ubwo buhakanyi ryaremejwe, maze amaherezo risohozwa mu bwicanyi bwo mu mwaka wa 1545.

Abo bantu bari bafite inyigisho zinyuranya na kiliziya bari bantu ki? Kandi se, kuki bibasiwe n’urugomo rushingiye ku kutoroherana mu by’idini?

Bavuye ku Bukire Baba Abatindi

Abantu bishwe muri ubwo bwicanyi bari mu idini ryatangiye mu kinyejana cya 12 kandi bari batuye mu karere kanini k’u Burayi. Ukuntu ryakwirakwiriye n’ukuntu ryakomeje kubaho mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi, bituma riba idini ryihariye mu mateka y’amadini yose yitwa ko yari ibigande. Abahanga mu by’amateka hafi ya bose bemeranya ko iryo dini ryatangiye ahagana mu mwaka wa 1170. Mu mujyi wo mu Bufaransa wa Lyon, hari umucuruzi w’umukungu witwaga Vaudès washishikajwe cyane no kumenya uko yashimisha Imana. Vaudès yageneye umuryango we icyari kuzawutunga, maze areka ubutunzi bwe bwari busigaye kugira ngo ajye kubwiriza Ivanjiri, uko bigaragara akaba yarabitewe no gukurikiza inama Yesu Kristo yagiriye umuntu w’umukire, y’uko yagombaga kugurisha ibyo atunze akabiha abakene (Matayo 19:16-22). Bidatinze yagize abayoboke nyuma y’aho baje kwitwa Abavoduwa.a

Ubukene, kubwiriza na Bibiliya, ni byo Vaudès yimirizaga imbere mu mibereho ye. Nta bwo bwari ubwa mbere hagira abantu barwanya ko abayobozi ba kiliziya baba mu bukire bw’akataraboneka. Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, abayobozi ba kiliziya babaga batavuga rumwe n’abandi bagiye bamagana ibikorwa by’akahebwe byakorerwaga muri kiliziya n’ukuntu yakoreshaga nabi ububasha bwayo. Ariko kandi, Vaudès we ntiyari umwe mu bayobozi ba kiliziya, kimwe n’abayoboke be hafi ya bose. Nta gushidikanya ko ibyo ari byo bisobanura impamvu yumvaga ari ngombwa ko bagira Bibiliya mu rurimi rukoreshwa na rubanda rwa giseseka. Kubera ko ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya bw’Ikilatini bwari bufitwe n’abayobozi ba kiliziya gusa, Vaudès yashyizeho akanama kagombaga kuzahindura Amavanjiri hamwe n’ibindi bitabo bya Bibiliya mu Gifaransa cyo mu ntara ya Provence, ururimi abaturage basanzwe bo mu burasirazuba bwo hagati bw’u Bufaransa bumvaga.b Kugira ngo Abakene b’i Lyon bubahirize itegeko rya Yesu ryo kubwiriza, batangazaga ubutumwa bwabo mu ruhame mu mihanda (Matayo 28:19, 20). Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Gabriel Audisio yasobanuye ko kuba Abavoduwa baratsimbararaga ku murimo wo kubwiriza mu ruhame, ari byo byari ipfundo ry’ikibazo kiliziya yari ifitanye na bo.

Bavuye mu Bagatolika Maze Bigisha Inyigisho Zinyuranye n’Iza Kiliziya

Muri iyo minsi, abakuru ba kiliziya ni bo bonyine bari bemerewe kubwiriza, kandi kiliziya ni yo yari ifite uburenganzira bwo gutanga ububasha bwo kubwiriza. Abayobozi ba kiliziya babonaga ko Abavoduwa bari injiji zitize, ariko mu mwaka wa 1179, Vaudès yagiye kwa Papa Alexandre wa III gushaka uruhushya rwemewe n’amategeko rwo gukora umurimo wo kubwiriza. Uruhushya rwo yararuhawe, ariko akaba yaragombaga kubwiriza ari uko abapadiri bo muri ako karere babyemeye. Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwaga Malcolm Lambert avuga ko ibyo “byasaga n’aho ari ukumwima uruhushya burundu.” Koko rero, Umwepisikopi mukuru wa Lyon witwaga Jean Bellesmains yabuzanyije ku mugaragaro ko nta muntu utari umwe mu bakuru ba kiliziya wagombaga kubwiriza. Vaudès yabyitabiriye asubiramo amagambo yanditswe mu Byakozwe 5:29, amagambo agira ati “ibikwiriye ni ukumvira Imana kuruta abantu.” Kubera ko Vaudès atubahirije itegeko ryamubuzaga kubwiriza, yaciwe muri kiliziya mu mwaka wa 1184.

Nubwo Abavoduwa bari baraciwe muri za diyosezi za Lyon kandi bakirukanwa mu mujyi, mu rugero runaka bisa n’aho igihe babaciragaho iteka bwa mbere byari mu magambo gusa. Abantu benshi bo muri rubanda bakundaga Abavoduwa bitewe n’uko bari abantu batarangwa n’uburyarya kandi bakabakundira imibereho yabo; ndetse n’abepisikopi bakomeje kujya baganira na bo.

Dukurikije uko umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Euan Cameron abivuga, bisa n’aho ababwiriza b’Abavoduwa “batarwanyaga Kiliziya y’i Roma ubwayo.” Bo icyo “bifuzaga kwari ukubwiriza no kwigisha abantu” gusa. Abahanga mu by’amateka bavuga ko mu by’ukuri icyatumye iryo dini rigira inyigisho zinyuranya n’iza kiliziya, ari amateka yikurikiranya baciriweho, akagenda arushaho kubaha akato burundu mu muryango. Amateka kiliziya yaciriyeho Abavoduwa yageze ku ndunduro mu mwaka wa 1215 ubwo Konsili ya Kane ya Latran yacaga iteka ribuzanya ibikorwa byabo byose. Ni gute iryo teka ryagize ingaruka ku murimo wabo wo kubwiriza?

Batangira Gukorera mu Bwihisho

Vaudès yapfuye mu mwaka wa 1217, maze ibitotezo bituma abayoboke batatanira mu karere kari munsi y’imisozi miremire yo mu Bufaransa ya Alpes, mu Budage, mu majyaruguru y’u Butaliyani no mu Burayi bwo Hagati n’i Burasirazuba. Nanone kandi, iryo totezwa ryatumye Abavoduwa bajya gutura mu turere tw’igiturage, kandi ibyo byatumye ibikorwa byabo byo kubwiriza bihura n’imbogamizi mu turere twinshi.

Mu mwaka wa 1229, Kiliziya Gatolika yarangije intambara y’abanyamisaraba yarwanaga n’abayoboke b’agatsiko k’idini bitwaga Abakatari cyangwa Albigeois, bo mu majyepfo y’u Bufaransa.c Noneho yari igiye kwibasira Abavoduwa. Bidatinze, Urukiko rwa Kiliziya rwaciraga imanza abataravugaga rumwe na yo rwatangiye gukandamiza abarwanyaga Kiliziya bose mu buryo butarangwa n’impuhwe. Abavoduwa bagize ubwoba bituma bakorera mu bwihisho. Mu mwaka wa 1230, ntibari bakibwiriza ku mugaragaro. Audisio abisobanura agira ati “aho kugira ngo bajye gushaka izindi ntama . . . , bihatiye kwita ku bayoboke babo, bakabafasha kuguma mu idini ryabo nubwo bari bahanganye n’ibigeragezo n’ibitotezo.” Yongeyeho ko “umurimo wo kubwiriza wakomeje kuba uw’ingenzi cyane, ariko ko uburyo wakorwagamo bwari bwarahindutse.”

Imyizerere n’Ibikorwa Byabo

Aho kureka ngo abagabo n’abagore bose bifatanye mu bikorwa byo kubwiriza, byageze mu kinyejana cya 14 Abavoduwa barashyizeho itandukaniro hagati y’ababwiriza n’abizera. Icyo gihe, abagabo batojwe neza ni bo bonyine bifatanyaga mu murimo wo kuragira intama. Abo bakozi bahoraga bagenda nyuma yaho baje kwitwa barbes (ba marume).

Ba barbes, bagendaga basura imiryango y’Abavoduwa mu ngo zabo, bihatiraga gutuma iryo dini rikomeza kubaho, aho kugira ngo barikwirakwize hose. Ba barbes bose babaga bazi gusoma no kwandika, kandi imyitozo bahabwaga, yamaraga imyaka igera kuri itandatu, yabaga ishingiye kuri Bibiliya. Kubera ko bakoreshaga Bibiliya yo mu rurimi rwa rubanda, byabafashaga kuyisobanurira abayoboke babo. Ndetse n’ababarwanyaga biyemereraga ko Abavoduwa, hakubiyemo n’abana babo, babaga barigishijwe Bibiliya mu buryo bukomeye kandi ko bashoboraga kuvuga mu mutwe ibice byinshi byo mu Byanditswe.

Bimwe mu bintu Abavoduwa ba mbere batemeraga, harimo kubeshya, purugatori, Misa z’abapfuye, imbabazi za papa, indulugensiya, no gusenga Mariya n’“abatagatifu.” Nanone kandi, bizihizaga Ifunguro ry’Umwami rya Nimugoroba, cyangwa Ifunguro rya Nyuma rya Nimugoroba. Dukurikije uko Lambert abivuga, idini ryabo “mu by’ukuri ryari idini rya rubanda rusanzwe.”

“Imibereho y’Amaharakubiri”

Abavoduwa barakundanaga cyane. Abantu bashakanaga n’abo muri iryo dini gusa, kandi mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi, ibyo byatumye Abavoduwa bahabwa izina ry’irihimbano bari bahuriyeho bose. Ariko kandi, mu rugamba Abavoduwa barwanaga kugira ngo batazimangatana, bageragezaga guhisha ibitekerezo byabo. Kuba imyizerere y’idini ryabo n’imigenzo yabo byari mu ibanga, byatumye abanzi babo babona urwaho rwo kubashinja ibirego bikomeye, urugero nko kuvuga ko basengaga Diyabule.d

Uburyo bumwe Abavoduwa bitabiriyemo ibyo birego, ni uko bateshukaga ku mahame yabo kandi bagakora ibyo umuhanga mu by’amateka witwaga Cameron yita ko ari “uguhuza mu bintu bike bishoboka” na Kiliziya Gatolika. Abavoduwa benshi bajyaga mu ntebe ya penetensiya ku bapadiri b’Abagatolika, bakajya mu Misa, bagakoresha amazi yahawe umugisha ndetse bakajya no gusura ahantu hatagatifu. Lambert agira ati “mu bintu byinshi, bakoraga nk’ibyo abaturanyi babo b’Abagatolika bakoraga.” Audisio yabivuze mu buryo bweruye ko nyuma y’igihe runaka, Abavoduwa “bagize imibereho y’amaharakubiri.” Yongeyeho ko “ku ruhande rumwe, bitwaraga mu buryo bugaragaza rwose ko ari Abagatolika kugira ngo birinde kuba babura agahenge bari bafite, ku rundi ruhande bagakomeza kugira imigenzo itari mike n’ibikorwa bakoraga bonyine ubwabo kugira ngo idini ryabo rikomeze kubaho.”

Bavuye ku Nyigisho Zinyuranye n’Iza Kiliziya Bagera ku Buporotesitanti

Mu kinyejana cya 16, Ivugurura ryabaye ryatumye mu Burayi hose imyifatire mu by’idini ihinduka mu buryo bugaragara. Abantu bari barakandamijwe biturutse ku kutoroherana kw’idini bashoboraga gusaba ubuzima gatozi mu gihugu cyabo, cyangwa se bakimukira mu kindi gihugu bashakisha imimerere yashoboraga kubagwa neza kurushaho. Igitekerezo cyo kugira inyigisho zinyuranya na kiliziya na cyo nticyakomeje guhabwa agaciro cyane, kubera ko hari abantu benshi cyane bari baratangiye kudashira amakenga idini ryari ryemewe.

Ahagana mu ntangiriro z’umwaka wa 1523, umuntu uzwi cyane ko yaharaniraga ko ibintu bivugururwa witwaga Martin Luther, yavuze iby’Abavoduwa. Mu mwaka wa 1526, umwe muri ba barbes bo mu Bavoduwa yagarutse mu karere k’imisozi miremire ya Alpes azanye inkuru y’ibyari byarabaye mu Burayi mu rwego rw’idini. Ibyo byakurikiwe n’igihe cyaranzwe n’ubufatanye, aho Abaporotesitanti bunguranaga ibitekerezo n’Abavoduwa. Abaporotesitanti bateye Abavoduwa inkunga yo gutanga amafaranga yo gukora ubuhinduzi bwa mbere bwa Bibiliya bayikuye mu ndimi z’umwimerere bakayishyira mu Gifaransa. Bibiliya yacapwe mu mwaka wa 1535, maze nyuma y’aho iza kwitwa Bibiliya ya Olivétan. Ariko kandi, igitangaje ni uko Abavoduwa hafi ya bose batumvaga Igifaransa.

Kubera ko Kiliziya Gatolika yari igikomeza kubatoteza, byatumye umubare munini w’Abavoduwa batura mu karere k’intara ya Provence karimo umutekano mu majyepfo y’u Bufaransa, nk’uko n’Abaporotesitanti b’abimukira na bo bari baragiye guturayo. Bidatinze, abategetsi bahise bamenya ko hari abantu barimo bimuka. Nubwo hari haravuzwe ibintu byinshi bishimagiza imibereho y’Abavoduwa n’imico myiza bari bafite, hari abantu bamwe na bamwe batabashiraga amakenga, maze baza kubarega ko bahungabanyaga umutekano w’abaturage. Iteka rya Mérindol ryaraciwe, bituma habaho bya bikorwa by’agahomamunwa byo kumena amaraso twavuze dutangira iyi ngingo.

Imishyikirano hagati y’Abagatolika n’Abavoduwa yakomeje kuzamba. Mu gihe Abavoduwa bagiraga icyo bakora ku bitero bagabwagaho, bashinze umutwe w’ingabo wo kubarengera. Ubwo bushyamirane bwatumye bifatanya n’Abaporotesitanti. Nguko uko Abavoduwa biyunze n’idini ry’Abaporotesitanti bari biganje.

Mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi, insengero z’Abavoduwa zari zarashinzwe mu bihugu bya kure y’u Bufaransa, urugero nko muri Uruguay no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika. Ariko kandi, abahanga mu by’amateka hafi ya bose bemeranya na Audisio wavuze ko “idini ry’Abavoduwa ryarangiye mu gihe cy’Ivugurura,” ubwo “ryamirwaga” n’Ubuporotesitanti. Mu by’ukuri, idini ry’Abavoduwa ryari rimaze ibinyejana runaka ryaradohotse ku mwete ryatangiranye mbere y’aho. Ibyo byabayeho igihe abayoboke baryo bagiraga ubwoba bakareka umurimo wabo wari ushingiye kuri Bibiliya wo kubwiriza no kwigisha.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Ikarita/Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 23]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

Uturere Abavoduwa bagezemo

U BUFARANSA

Lyon

PROVENCE

Lubéron

Strasbourg

Milan

Roma

Berlin

Prague

Vienne

[Ifoto]

Abavoduwa batanze amafaranga yo gukora ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya ya Olivétan, bwasohotse mu mwaka wa 1535

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Bibiliya: © Cliché Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 20 n’iya 21]

VAUDÈS

Batwika abakecuru babiri b’Abavoduwa

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Ipaji ya 20 n’iya 21: © Landesbildstelle Baden, Karlsruhe