Olivétan “umuhinduzi woroheje” wahinduye Bibiliya mu gifaransa

Ku itariki ya 13 Nzeri 1540, abapolisi binjiye mu nzu ya Collin Pellenc kugira ngo bayisake. Binjiye mu cyumba cyarimo inyandiko z’amabanga basangamo inyandiko batashize amakenga, muri zo hakaba harimo igitabo kinini. Ku ipaji ya kabiri y’icyo gitabo, hari amagambo agira ati “umuhinduzi woroheje witwa P. Robert Olivetanus.” Icyo gitabo cyari Bibiliya y’Abavoduwa. Icyo gihe Collin Pellenc yarafashwe, ahamywa icyaha cy’ubuhakanyi maze atwikwa ari muzima.

ICYO gihe, mu gihugu cy’u Bufaransa no mu bindi bihugu by’i Burayi, Kiliziya Gatolika yarimo ihiga bukware abaharaniraga Ivugurura, kugira ngo isibanganye inyigisho zabo yavugaga ko ziyobya abantu. Umwe muri abo bantu baharaniraga Ivugurura, ni umugabo warangwaga n’ishyaka witwaga Guillaume Farel. Yari yariyemeje gucengeza mu bihugu bivuga igifaransa inyigisho za Martin Luther, umwe mu bari ku isonga mu guharanira Ivugurura ry’Abaporotesitanti. Farel wakomokaga mu ntara ya Dauphiné iri mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba bw’u Bufaransa, yari azi ko inyandiko zigira uruhare rukomeye mu guhindura ibitekerezo by’abantu. Kugira ngo agere ku byo yari yariyemeje, yagombaga kwifashisha inyandiko hamwe na za Bibiliya. Ariko se amafaranga yari kuyakura he? Yafashe umwanzuro wo kwitabaza Abavoduwa, iryo rikaba ryari itsinda ryo mu rwego rw’idini ryari ryariyemeje kubwiriza inyigisho zo muri Bibiliya.

Sinodi yabereye i Chanforan

Kuva muri Nzeri rwagati mu mwaka wa 1532, abapasiteri b’Abavoduwa bakoze sinodi cyangwa inama, bayikorera mu mudugudu wa Chanforan, uri hafi y’umugi wa Turin wo mu Butaliyani. Abavoduwa bari bamaze igihe bashyikirana n’abari ku isonga mu Ivugurura. Kubera iyo mpamvu, Farel na bagenzi be batumiwe muri iyo sinodi. Abavoduwa bifuzaga kumenya niba inyigisho zabo zari zihuje n’iza Luther n’abayoboke be.a

Kuba Farel yari intyoza mu magambo byatumye yemeza abari bateraniye i Chanforan. Igihe abapasiteri b’Abavoduwa bamwerekaga Bibiliya zari zandikishije intoki zo mu rurimi rwabo kavukire, yabasabye gutanga amafaranga yo gucapa Bibiliya mu gifaransa kandi barabyemera. Iyo Bibiliya yari kuba itandukanye n’iyahinduwe na Lefèvre d’Étaples mu mwaka wa 1523, yahinduwe hakoreshejwe umwandiko w’ikilatini, kuko yo yari guhindurwa hifashishijwe umwandiko w’igiheburayo n’ikigiriki. Ariko se ni nde wari gusohoza iyo nshingano itoroshye?

Farel yari azi umuntu wari ubishoboye. Uwo muntu yitwaga Pierre Robert, wari uzwi ku izina rya Olivétan.b Pierre uwo, yari umwarimu wari ukiri muto wavukiye mu karere ko mu majyaruguru y’u Bufaransa kitwa Picardie. Olivétan wari mubyara wa Jean Calvin, yari umwe mu bantu ba mbere baharaniye Ivugurura, kandi yari umuntu wiringirwa. Nanone yamaze imyaka itari mike i Strasbourg, yiga indimi Bibiliya yanditswemo ashyizeho umwete.

Kimwe na Farel hamwe n’abandi bantu benshi, Olivétan yari yarahungiye mu Busuwisi. Incuti ze zamusabye kwemera uwo mushinga wo guhindura Bibiliya. Nubwo yabanje kwanga incuro nyinshi, amaherezo yaje kwemera gukora ako kazi ko guhindura Bibiliya y’igifaransa “ahereye ku ndimi z’igiheburayo n’ikigiriki.” Icyo gihe, Abavoduwa batanze ibiceri 500 bya zahabu, mu kayabo k’ibiceri 800 bya zahabu byari bikenewe mu mirimo yo gucapa iyo Bibiliya.

Igikona n’inyombya

Mu ntangiriro z’umwaka wa 1534, Olivétan yagiye kwibera mu misozi miremire yo mu Burayi, maze atangira akazi ke akikijwe n’ibitabo bye twagereranya n’abarimu bamwigishaga bicecekeye. Yari afite ibitabo byinshi by’ingenzi, ku buryo intiti iyo ari yo yose yo muri iki gihe yakwifuza kubitunga. Yari afite Bibiliya zo mu rurimi rw’igisiriya, ikigiriki n’ikilatini, afite inyandiko za ba rabi, ibitabo by’ikibonezamvugo cy’ururimi rw’igikaludaya n’ibindi byinshi. Yari afite kandi igitabo cy’ingenzi kurushaho, ari yo Bibiliya y’Abavenesiyani yo mu giheburayo cy’umwimerere.

Olivétan yahinduye icyo bakunze kwita Isezerano Rishya yifashishije umwandiko w’igifaransa wa Lefèvre d’Étaples, nubwo akenshi yagiye yifashisha n’umwandiko w’ikigiriki w’intiti y’Umuholandi yitwaga Erasme. Olivétan yakunze gukoresha amagambo agaragaza ko adashyigikiye Abagatolika. Urugero, yakoresheje ijambo “umugenzuzi” aho gukoresha “musenyeri,” akoresha “ibanga” aho gukoresha “iyobera,” kandi akoresha “itorero” aho gukoresha “kiliziya.”

Icyakora, igihe Olivétan yahinduraga icyo bakunze kwita Isezerano rya Kera arivanye mu mwandiko w’igiheburayo, yari yariyemeje guhindura ijambo ku ijambo. Yigeze gutera urwenya avuga ko guhindura igiheburayo mu gifaransa byari “nko kwigisha inyombya kuririmba nk’igikona.”

Mu mwandiko w’igiheburayo, Olivétan yabonyemo izina ry’Imana incuro zibarirwa mu bihumbi, ryanditse mu nyuguti enye z’igiheburayo. Yagiye arihinduramo “Uwiteka,” iryo zina rikaba ryaraje gukoreshwa cyane muri Bibiliya z’Abaporotesitanti z’igifaransa. Icyakora, hari aho yarihinduyemo “Yehova,” urugero nko mu Kuva 6:3.

Igitangaje ni uko ku itariki ya 12 Gashyantare 1535, hashize nk’umwaka umwe gusa, uwo muhinduzi yatangaje ko arangije guhindura iyo Bibiliya. Kubera ko na we yiyemereye ko “hari hashize igihe atangiye kwikorera uwo mutwaro [wo guhindura] wenyine,” nta gushidikanya ko hagati y’umwaka wa 1534 na 1535, ari bwo yashoje ako kazi katoroshye yari yaratangiye mbere yaho. Uwo muhinduzi yavuze yicishije bugufi ati “nakoze ibyo nshoboye.” Icyari gisigaye ni ugucapa Bibiliya ya mbere y’igifaransa yahinduwe hitawe ku ndimi z’umwimerere.

Ijyanwa mu icapiro rya Pirot

Pierre de Wingle, bakunda kwita Pirot Picard, wari incuti ya Farel kandi akaba yaracapiraga abaharaniraga Ivugurura, ni we wakoze akazi kari gakurikiyeho. Abonye ko Kiliziya Gatolika imushakisha uruhindu, yavuye i Lyon ahungira i Neuchâtel mu Busuwisi, mu mwaka wa 1533. Amafaranga Abavoduwa bamuhaye yayakoresheje acapa inyandiko nyinshi yumvaga ko zirwanya Kiliziya. Urugero, ni we wacapye inyandiko zamaganaga Misa, zimwe muri zo zikaba zarageze ku mwami w’u Bufaransa w’Umugatolika witwaga François wa I.

Wingle yongeye gukoresha icapiro rye, icyo gihe akaba yari agamije gucapa Bibiliya. Kugira ngo yihutishe ako kazi, yakoresheje imashini ebyiri zicapa, imwe akayishyiraho abakozi bane cyangwa batanu. Babanzaga gukora udupande tw’icyuma turiho inyuguti, hanyuma bakabona gucapa. Amaherezo ku “itariki ya 4 Kamena 1535,” Wingle yashyize umukono ku ijambo ry’ibanze ry’uwacapye Bibiliya ya Olivétan. Mu iriburiro, uwo muhinduzi yavuze ko iyo Bibiliya ayituye abizera bo muri rubanda rwa giseseka “bashenjaguwe kandi batsikamiwe” n’“imigenzo itagira akamaro.”

Iyo Bibiliya yahinduye, yari ihuje n’ibyo abantu bari bayitezeho. Mu bintu byiza byari bigize uwo mwandiko w’igifaransa, harimo kuba warakoreshaga imvugo yoroheje kandi yumvikana, ukaba warasomekaga kandi uhuje n’imyandikire y’Abagoti. Kuri buri paji, umwandiko wabaga ugabanyijemo inkingi ebyiri, kandi ugabanyijemo ibice na paragarafu. Ibisobanuro biboneka mu mikika, bigaragaza ko uwo muhinduzi yari intiti. Ikindi kintu gituma iyo Bibiliya irushaho kuba nziza, ni uko ibonekamo ijambo ry’ibanze, imigereka, imbonerahamwe n’ibisigo. Mu mpera z’iyo Bibiliya, hari umukarago mugufi w’igisigo unogeye amatwi, ugaragaza ko “Abavoduwa bamamaza Ivanjiri, ari bo bagejeje ubwo butunzi kuri rubanda.”

Yari ihinduranywe ubuhanga . . . ariko ntiyakunzwe cyane

Nubwo iyo Bibiliya ya Olivétan yabanje gusuzugurwa, muri iki igihe abantu bemeranya ko yahinduranywe ubuhanga buhanitse. Uretse n’ibyo, umwandiko we ni wo wakomeje kwifashishwa mu guhindura Bibiliya z’Abaporotesitanti mu gihe cy’ibinyejana bitatu.

Nubwo hacapwe Bibiliya za Olivétan zigera ku gihumbi, ntizagurishijwe neza. Ibyo byatewe n’uko nta gahunda ifatika yari ihari yo kuzikwirakwiza, kandi icyo gihe ururimi rw’igifaransa rukaba rwarimo ruhindagurika. Uretse n’ibyo kandi, Bibiliya imeze ityo yapimaga ibiro bitanu, si yo yari ikenewe n’ababwiriza bahoraga bimuka cyangwa abantu bayisomaga rwihishwa.

Nubwo iyo Bibiliya ya Olivétan yageze no kwa Collin Pellenc mu Bufaransa nk’uko twabivuze tugitangira, ntiyabonye abaguzi. Mu mwaka wa 1670, nyuma y’ikinyejana kimwe n’igice inzu y’ibitabo y’i Genève yari igifite Bibiliya igomba kugurisha.

Umugabo “utagira izina ntagire n’inkomoko”

Olivétan amaze gusohora iyo Bibiliya, ntiyongeye kuvugwa. Yasubiyemo Isezerano Rishya n’ibindi bitabo by’Isezerano rya Kera, ariko yiyita andi mazina. Nanone yongeye gukora akazi yakundaga cyane ko kwigisha. Kubera ko yari umwarimu w’umuhanga, yasubiyemo igitabo yari yaranditse cyitwa Inyigisho zagenewe abana (Instruction des enfants), igitabo cyarimo amasomo ajyanye n’umuco. Icyo gitabo ni cyo cyari icya mbere mu bitabo byo gusoma by’igifaransa birimo inkuru zo mu Byanditswe gusa. Rimwe mu mazina yiyise ni Belisem de Belimakom, risobanurwa ngo “Utagira izina ntagire n’inkomoko.”

Olivétan yapfuye mu mwaka wa 1538 ari mu kigero cy’imyaka 30, akaba ashobora kuba yarapfiriye i Roma. Muri iki gihe, abantu bazi uruhare rukomeye uwo musore w’intiti wakomokaga i Picardie yagize mu gukwirakwiza Bibiliya y’igifaransa, ni bake cyane. Izina rye ntirikunze kuboneka mu nkoranyamagambo. Birashoboka ko iyo ari yo mpamvu hari abumva ko Olivétan, ari we Louys Robert, akwiriye kwitwa “umuhinduzi woroheje.”

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 18 yavuye]

Archives de la Ville de Neuchâtel, Suisse/​Photo: Stefano Iori

[Aho amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 19 yavuye]

Ifoto y’ibumoso: Alain Leprince - La Piscine-musée, Roubaix/​Courtesy of the former Bouchard Museum, Paris

Hagati n’iburyo: Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Français, Paris

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 20 yavuye]

Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Français, Paris