Bashakishije inzira iruhije

HASHIZE hafi imyaka 550, amatsinda mato mato y’abantu biyitaga Abakristo babaga muri Prague, Chelčice, Vilémov, Klatovy, no mu yindi mijyi yo mu gihugu ubu cyitwa Repubulika ya Tchèque, bavuye mu ngo zabo. Bimukiye hafi y’umudugudu wa Kunwald, mu kibaya cyo mu majyaruguru y’uburasirazuba bwa Bohême, bahubaka utuzu duto, barahinga, basoma Bibiliya zabo, ndetse baniyita izina ry’Ubumwe bw’Abavandimwe, cyangwa Unitas Fratrum mu Kilatini.

Abo bimukira bari bagizwe n’abantu b’ingeri zose. Barimo abaturage basanzwe, abantu bavukaga mu miryango ikomeye, abanyeshuri bo muri za Kaminuza, abakire n’abakene, abagabo n’abagore, imfubyi n’abapfakazi, bose bakaba bari bafite icyifuzo kimwe. Baranditse bati “twahindukiriye Imana ubwayo mu isengesho, turayinginga kugira ngo iduhishurire umugambi wayo ukomeye mu bintu byose. Twashakaga kugendera mu nzira zayo.” Ni koko, abari bagize iryo dini ry’Ubumwe bw’Abavandimwe cyangwa Abavandimwe bo muri Repubulika ya Tchèque, nk’uko uwo muryango w’abizera nyuma waje kwitwa, bashakishije ‘inzira iruhije ijyana ku bugingo’ (Matayo 7:13, 14). Ubushakashatsi bwabo bwatumye bagera ku kuhe kuri ko muri Bibiliya? Imyizerere yabo yari itandukaniye he n’iy’abandi bantu bo muri icyo gihe, kandi se ni irihe somo dushobora kubavanaho?

Ntibemeraga urugomo kandi ntibemeraga guteshuka mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose

Mu kinyejana cya 15 rwagati, amadini atandukanye yagize uruhare mu gutuma havuka idini ry’Ubumwe bw’Abavandimwe. Rimwe muri ayo madini ryari iry’Abavoduwa, rikaba ryari ryarashinzwe mu kinyejana cya 12. Bagitangira, Abavoduwa bitandukanyije n’idini ry’Abagatolika b’i Roma, idini ryari ryemewe na leta mu bihugu byo mu Burayi bwo hagati. Icyakora, nyuma y’aho Abavoduwa baje gusubira ku nyigisho zimwe na zimwe z’Abagatolika. Irindi dini ryagize uruhare mu kuvuka kw’iryo dini rikomeye ryari iry’Abahusite, ari bo bigishwa ba Jan Hus. Abenshi mu baturage bo muri Repubulika ya Tchèque bari Abahusite, ariko na bo ntibari bunze ubumwe. Igice kimwe cyarwanyaga ikindi cyitwaje ko gishakira abaturage imibereho myiza, mu gihe ikindi gice cyifashishaga idini kugira ngo cyironkere inyungu za politiki. Abandi bagize ingaruka ku myizerere y’Abavandimwe ni amatsinda y’abantu bizeraga Ubutegetsi bwa Kristo bw’Imyaka Igihumbi, kimwe n’intiti za Bibiliya zo mu gihugu cy’iwabo n’izo mu bindi bihugu.

Peter Chelčický (1390-1460), intiti mu bya Bibiliya yo muri Repubulika ya Tchèque yaharaniraga ko ibintu byahinduka mu rwego rw’idini, yari azi neza inyigisho z’Abavoduwa n’iz’Abahusite. Yanze Abahusite kubera ko idini ryabo ryari ryaratangiye kugira urugomo, kandi yanga n’Abavoduwa kubera ko hari ibintu bimwe mu nyigisho zabo bateshutseho. Yarwanyije intambara kubera ko itari ihuje n’ubukristo. Yumvaga ko ‘itegeko rya Kristo’ ari ryo ryagombye kugenga Umukristo, uko inkurikizi zabyo zaba ziri kose (Abagalatiya 6:2; Matayo 22:37-39). Mu mwaka wa 1440, Chelčický yanditse inyigisho ze mu gitabo cyitwa Net of the Faith.

Undi muntu wabayeho mu gihe kimwe n’intiti Chelčický, ni umusore witwaga Grégoire de Prague, watwawe n’inyigisho za Chelčický ku buryo yavuye mu idini ry’Abahusite. Mu mwaka wa 1458, Grégoire yemeje amatsinda mato y’abahoze ari Abahusite kuva mu ngo zabo zari mu bice bitandukanye byo muri Repubulika ya Tchèque. Abo bari mu bamukurikiye bakajya mu mudugudu wa Kunwald, aho bashinze idini rishya. Nyuma y’aho, amatsinda y’Abavoduwa bo muri Repubulika ya Tchèque no mu Budage babasanzeyo.

Tumenye amateka yabo

Kuva mu mwaka wa 1464 kugeza mu wa 1467, iryo tsinda ry’abantu bake ariko bagendaga biyongera ryakoze za Sinodi nyinshi mu karere ka Kunwald maze rifata imyanzuro itandukanye yo kugenga idini ryabo rishya. Iyo myanzuro yose bayanditse babyitondeye mu bitabo byinshi bikurikirana ubu bizwi ku izina rya Acta Unitatis Fratrum (Ibyakozwe n’idini ry’Ubumwe bw’Abavandimwe), na n’ubu ibyo bitabo bikaba bigihari. Ibyo bitabo bidufasha kumenya amateka yabo kandi bituma tumenya neza neza ibyo Abavandimwe bizeraga. Ibyo bitabo bikubiyemo amabaruwa, inyandiko za disikuru ndetse n’ibisobanuro ku makimbirane yabo.

Ibyo bitabo bivuga ku myizerere y’Abavandimwe bigira biti “twiyemeje ko ibizagenga imyizerere yacu yose bigomba kuba bishingiye ku gusoma Bibiliya yonyine no gutekereza ku ngero Umwami wacu hamwe n’intumwa zera badusigiye, bigashingira ku kwicisha bugufi no kwihangana, gukunda abanzi bacu, kubakorera, kubifuriza ibyiza no kubasabira.” Izo nyandiko zigaragaza kandi ko Abavandimwe bagitangira bajyaga kubwiriza. Bagendaga ari babiri babiri kandi abagore bagiraga icyo bageraho mu murimo wo kubwiriza mu karere k’iwabo. Abavandimwe ntibajyaga mu nzego za politiki, ntibarahiraga, nta n’ubwo bajyaga mu gisirikare cyangwa ngo batware imbunda.

Uko ubumwe bwabo bwasenyutse

Nyuma y’igihe runaka ariko, idini ry’Ubumwe bw’Abavandimwe ntiryakomeje kunga ubumwe nk’uko izina ryabo ryabivugaga. Amakimbirane ashingiye ku kuntu bagombaga gushyira mu bikorwa imyizerere yabo yatumye bacikamo ibice. Mu mwaka wa 1494, Abavandimwe bacitsemo ibice bibiri; Igice Kinini cy’Abavandimwe n’Igice Gito cy’Abavandimwe. Mu gihe abari bagize Igice Kinini cy’Abavandimwe bagize ibyo bahindura mu nyigisho zabo za mbere, abari bagize Igice Gito cy’Abavandimwe bo bavugaga ko Abavandimwe bagombaga gukomeza gushikama ku gihagararo cyabo birinda politiki ndetse n’iyi si.—Reba agasanduku gafite umutwe uvuga ngo “Abari bagize Igice Kinini cy’Abavandimwe bo twabavugaho iki?”

Urugero, umwe mu bari bagize Igice Gito cy’Abavandimwe yaranditse ati “abantu bagendera mu nzira ebyiri nta cyizere cyinshi bafite cy’uko Imana izakomeza kuba mu ruhande rwabo, kubera ko bemera kwitanga no kumvira Imana mu tuntu duto cyane gusa, mu gihe mu bintu bikomeye bikorera ibyo bashatse. . . . Abantu bafite mu bwenge hazima n’umutimanama utabacira urubanza, bakurikira Umwami Kristo buri munsi mu nzira iruhije bikoreye umusaraba wabo, abo ni bo twifuza kubarirwamo.”

Abari bagize Igice Gito cy’Abavandimwe babonaga ko umwuka wera ari imbaraga Imana ikoresha, ko ari “urutoki” rwayo. Ku birebana n’igitambo cy’incungu cya Yesu, bumvaga ko Yesu wari umuntu utunganye yatanze ubuzima bwe bwa kimuntu kugira ngo yishyure ubwo Adamu yatakaje akora icyaha. Ntibasengaga Mariya nyina wa Yesu. Bagaruye inyigisho ivuga ko abizera bose ari abatambyi kandi ko atari ngombwa ko abo batambyi bahiga umuhigo w’ubuseribateri. Bashishikarizaga abagize amatorero yose kubwiriza ku mugaragaro kandi bacaga mu matorero abanyabyaha batihanaga. Ntibagiraga aho bahurira n’ibya gisirikare ndetse n’ibya politiki. (Reba agasanduku gafite umutwe uvuga ngo “Ibyo abari bagize Igice Gito cy’Abavandimwe bizeraga.”) Kubera ko abari bagize Igice Gito cy’Abavandimwe bagenderaga cyane ku myanzuro yari muri bya bitabo, bumvaga ko ari bo koko bari bagize rya dini rya mbere ry’Ubumwe bw’Abavandimwe.

Bavuze ukuri baratotezwa

Abari bagize Igice Gito cy’Abavandimwe banenze ku mugaragaro andi madini, harimo n’iry’Igice Kinini cy’Abavandimwe. Banditse kuri ayo madini bagira bati “mwigisha ko ari ngombwa kubatiza abana bato kandi batari bizera; muri ubwo buryo mukurikiza imigenzo ya musenyeri Diyoniziyo, washutswe n’abantu batagira ubwenge agashyigikira ibyo kubatiza impinja . . . Iyo nyigisho yemewe n’abigisha hafi ya bose n’abahanga mu bya tewolojiya bazwi cyane: Luther, Melanchthon, Bucerus, Korvín, Jiles, Bullinger, . . . n’abagize Igice Kinini cy’Abavandimwe, abo bose bakaba bayihuriyeho.”

Ntibitangaje rero kuba abari bagize Igice Gito cy’Abavandimwe baratotejwe. Mu mwaka wa 1524, umwe mu bayobozi babo witwaga Jan Kalenec, baramukubise hanyuma baramutwika. Nyuma y’aho, batatu mu bari bagize Igice Gito cy’Abavandimwe babatwikiye ku giti. Bisa n’aho nyuma y’urupfu rw’umuyobozi wabo wa nyuma, Igice Gito cy’Abavandimwe cyagiye gicika intege kugeza ubwo kizimangatanye ahagana mu mwaka wa 1550.

N’ubwo byari bimeze bityo ariko, abari bagize Igice Gito cy’Abavandimwe bagize ingaruka ku myumvire y’amadini yo mu Burayi bwo mu myaka yo hagati ya za 500 na 1500. Ni koko, kubera ko “ubwenge [nyakuri]” bwari butaragwira muri icyo gihe, abari bagize Igice Gito cy’Abavandimwe ntibabashije gukuraho umwijima w’icuraburindi wo mu buryo bw’umwuka wari umaze igihe kinini uriho (Daniyeli 12:4). Ibyo ari byo byose ariko, icyifuzo gikomeye bari bafite cyo gushakisha inzira iruhije no kuyigenderamo n’ubwo bari bahanganye n’ababarwanyaga, ni ikintu Abakristo bo muri iki gihe bakwiriye gutekerezaho.

[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 13]

Ibitabo 50 mu bitabo 60 by’Ababoheme (Tchèque) byacapwe kuva mu wa 1500 kugeza mu wa 1510, bavuga ko byaba byaranditswe n’abari bagize idini ry’Ubumwe bw’Abavandimwe

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 11]

Abari bagize Igice Kinini cy’Abavandimwe bo twabavugaho iki?

Byaje kugendekera bite abari bagize Igice Kinini cy’Abavandimwe? Abari bagize Igice Gito cy’Abavandimwe bamaze kuzimangatana, idini ry’abari bagize Igice Kinini cy’Abavandimwe ryakomeje kubaho, rikomeza kwitwa Ubumwe bw’Abavandimwe. Amaherezo, iryo dini ryaje guhindura imyizerere ryari rifite rigitangira. Mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 16, idini ry’Ubumwe bw’Abavandimwe ryishyize hamwe n’abitwaga Utarakisite bo muri Repubulika ya Tchèque,a bari biganjemo Abaluteriyani. Icyakora, Abavandimwe bakomeje akazi ko guhindura za Bibiliya no kuzisohora hamwe n’ibindi bitabo by’idini. Igishishikaje, ni uko ku rupapuro rwa mbere rw’ibitabo banditse bagitangira, hagaragaragaho inyuguti enye zizwi z’Igiheburayo zigize izina bwite ry’Imana.

Mu mwaka wa 1620, ubwami bwo muri Repubulika ya Tchèque bwahatiwe ku ngufu kongera kuyoborwa na Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma. Ibyo byatumye Abavandimwe benshi bo mu Gice Kinini bava muri icyo gihugu bajya gukomereza imirimo yabo mu mahanga. Bageze muri ibyo bihugu, nyuma y’aho iryo dini ryaje kwitwa Kiliziya ya Moravie (Moravie yari imwe mu ntara zo muri Repubulika ya Tchèque), na n’ubu rikaba rikiriho.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 12]

Ibyo abari bagize Igice Gito cy’Abavandimwe bizeraga

Aya magambo akurikira yakuwe mu bitabo byitwa Acta Unitatis Fratrum byo hagati y’ikinyejana cya 15 n’icya 16, agaragaza imwe mu myizerere y’abari bagize Igice Gito cy’Abavandimwe. Aya magambo yanditswe n’abayobozi b’Igice Gito cy’Abavandimwe, yari agenewe mbere na mbere abari bagize Igice Kinini cy’Abavandimwe.

Ubutatu: “Muramutse mugenzuye muri Bibiliya yose, nta ho mwasanga ko Imana igabanyijemo ikintu mwita Ubutatu, cyangwa abantu batatu bafite amazina atandukanye nk’uko abantu babitekereza.”

Umwuka wera: “Umwuka wera ni urutoki rw’Imana, ukaba n’impano y’Imana, cyangwa umuhumuriza, cyangwa Imbaraga z’Imana Data aha abizera ashingiye ku byo Kristo yakoze. Mu Byanditswe Byera nta ho dusanga ko umwuka wera ushobora kwitwa Imana cyangwa Umuntu; nta n’aho biboneka mu nyigisho z’intumwa.”

Ubupadiri: “Barabashuka bakabita ‘abapadiri’; uwareka umusatsi wanyu ukamera akanabambura ayo mavuta mubeshya ko mukirisha abantu, nta ho mwaba mutaniye n’umuturage uyu usanzwe. Mutagatifu Petero ahamagarira Abakristo bose kuba abatambyi muri aya magambo: muri abatambyi bera batamba ibitambo byo mu buryo bw’umwuka (1 Petero 2).”

Umubatizo: “Umwami Kristo yabwiye intumwa ze ngo: mujye mu bihugu byose, mwigishe abaremwe bose Ivanjiri, mwigishe abazizera (Mariko, igice cya 16). Kandi nibamara gukurikiza ayo magambo maze bakabatizwa, bazakizwa. None mwigisha kubatiza abana bato badafite ukwizera.”

Kutabogama: “Ibyo abavandimwe banyu bababanjirije babonaga ko ari bibi kandi ko byanduye, kujya mu gisirikare no kwica cyangwa kugenda mu nzira umuntu yitwaje imbunda, ibyo byose mubona ko ari byiza . . . Ni yo mpamvu twumva ko mwebwe hamwe n’abandi bigisha, amagambo y’ubuhanuzi avuga ko azavunagura imbaraga z’umuheto, iz’ingabo, iz’inkota n’iz’intambara, mutayasobanukirwa yose (Zaburi ya 75). Mu kindi gice cya Bibiliya hagira hati ‘ntibizaryana kandi ntibizonona ku musozi wanjye wera, kuko isi y’Umwami izakwirwa no kumenya Imana; n’ibindi bikurikiraho’ (Yesaya, igice cya 11).”

Kubwiriza: “Tuzi neza ko mbere bigitangira, abagore batumye abantu benshi bihana kurusha uko abantu babwirijwe n’abapadiri na musenyeri bihannye. None ubu Abapadiri bigumiye aho, badamararira aho mu mazu bahawe. Mbega amahano! Nimujye ku isi hose. Mubwirize . . . ibyaremwe byose.”

[Amakarita yo ku ipaji ya 10]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

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[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 10 n’iya 11]

Ibumoso: Peter Chelčický; hasi: urupapuro rwo muri cya gitabo cyitwa “Net of the Faith”

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 11]

Grégoire de Prague

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 13 yavuye]

Amashusho yose yatanzwe na S laskavým svolením knihovny Národního muzea v Praze, C̆esko