Ibyabaye “ku ngoma y’umwami Herode”

HERODE Mukuru umwami wa Yudaya, yagize atya yohereza abantu kwica abana bose b’abahungu b’i Betelehemu, ariko agamije kwica umwana Yesu. Amateka avuga ibintu byinshi byabayeho “ku ngoma y’umwami Herode,” kandi ibyo bintu bitwereka uko byari byifashe igihe Yesu yazaga ku isi kuhakorera umurimo we.—Matayo 2:1-16.

Ni iki cyatumye Herode ashaka kwica Yesu? Kuki Abayahudi bategekwaga n’umwami igihe Yesu yavukaga, nyamara igihe Yesu yapfaga bakaba barategekwaga na guverineri w’Umuroma Pontiyo Pilato? Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe neza uruhare Herode yagize mu mateka, kandi dusobanukirwe impamvu ari iby’ingenzi ko abasomyi ba Bibiliya bamumenya, reka dusubire inyuma turebe uko byari byifashe mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo yabanjirije ivuka rya Yesu.

Intambara zo kurwanira ubutegetsi zabereye i Yudaya

Mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya kabiri Mbere ya Yesu, Yudaya yayoborwaga n’Abanyasiriya b’Abaseluside, bari bagize bumwe mu bwami bune bwavutse igihe ubwami bwa Alexandre Le Grand bwari bumaze kwicamo ibice. Icyakora ahagana mu mwaka wa 168 Mbere ya Yesu, ubwo umwami w’Umuseluside yageragezaga gutuma Abayahudi bareka gusenga Yehova ahubwo bakajya basengera Zewu mu rusengero rw’i Yerusalemu, Abayahudi bayobowe n’umuryango w’Abamakabe bahise bigomeka. Abamakabe cyangwa Abahasimonayo, bategetse Yudaya kuva mu mwaka wa 142 kugeza mu mwaka wa 63 Mbere ya Yesu.

Mu mwaka wa 66 Mbere ya Yesu, ibikomangoma bibiri by’Abahasimonayo, ari byo Hyrcan wa II n’umuvandimwe we Aristobule, byarwaniye ubutegetsi, buri wese ashaka kwima. Ibyo byatumye havuka imyivumbagatanyo y’abaturage, maze bombi bajya gushakira ubufasha ku musirikare mukuru w’Umuroma witwaga Pompée, icyo gihe wari muri Siriya. Ibyo byatumye Pompée abona uko yivanga muri iyo myivumbagatanyo.

Icyo gihe Abaroma barimo bagura imbibi z’ubutegetsi bwabo kugira ngo zigere mu bihugu by’iburasirazuba, kandi bategekaga igice kinini cyo muri Aziya Ntoya. Icyakora, kuba Siriya yari imaze igihe itegekwa n’abayobozi badafashije, byari byaratumye ako gace karangwa n’akaduruvayo, ibyo bikaba byarashoboraga guhungabanya amahoro mu Burasirazuba, kandi Abaroma bari bafite intego yo kuyimakaza. Ku bw’ibyo, Pompée yinjiye muri icyo kibazo kugira ngo abone uko yigarurira akarere ka Siriya.

Kugira ngo Pompée akemure amakimbirane y’Abahasimonayo, yashyigikiye Hyrcan, maze mu mwaka wa 63 Mbere ya Yesu, Abaroma batera Yerusalemu hanyuma bimika Hyrcan. Icyakora, Hyrcan ntiyari kuba umwami wigenga. Icyo gihe Abaroma bari barashinze ibirindiro i Yerusalemu, kandi ntibateganyaga kuhava. Hyrcan yabaye umutegetsi utegekera Abaroma, akaba yarashoboraga gukomeza gutegeka ari uko gusa Abaroma bamushyigikiye. Nanone kandi, yashoboraga gukemura ibibazo by’imbere mu gihugu uko ashaka. Icyakora yagombaga gukurikiza politiki y’Abaroma mu gihe yabaga akemura ibibazo bifitanye isano n’ububanyi n’amahanga.

Uko Herode yagiye ku butegetsi

Nubwo Hyrcan atari umutegetsi ukomeye, yari ashyigikiwe na Antipater wo muri Idumaya, wari se wa Herode Mukuru. Urebye, Antipater ni we wategekaga. Ntiyigeze yemerera udutsiko tw’Abayahudi bari barigometse gufata ubutegetsi, kandi bidatinze yatangiye gutegeka Yudaya. Antipater yafashije Jules César kurwanya abanzi be mu Misiri, maze ibyo bituma Abaroma bamugororera bamugira umutware ubakorera. Antipater na we yahise ashyiraho abahungu be, aha Phasael gutegeka Yerusalemu na Herode amuha gutegeka Galilaya.

Antipater yumvishije abahungu be ko nta cyo bari kugeraho Abaroma batabyemeye. Herode ntiyigeze yibagirwa iryo somo. Mu gihe cyose yamaze ategeka, mbere yo gufata umwanzuro yabanzaga kugereranya ibyo Abaroma bari baramushyize ku buyobozi bashakaga n’ibyo Abayahudi yategekaga bamusabaga. Ibyo byose yabifashwagamo no kuba yari umuyobozi n’umutware w’abasirikare w’umuhanga. Herode wari ufite imyaka 25 akimara kuba guverineri, yahise yigarurira imitima y’Abayahudi n’Abaroma kubera ko yatsembyeho udutsiko tw’amabandi twabaga mu gace yayoboraga.

Mu mwaka wa 43 Mbere ya Yesu, igihe abantu barwanyaga Antipater bamurogaga, Herode ni we wasigaye ari umuntu ukomeye kuruta abandi bose muri Yudaya. Icyakora, yari afite abanzi. Abantu b’ibikomerezwa bo muri Yerusalemu bamubonaga nk’umuntu wari warihaye ubutegetsi, maze bagashaka uko bakwemeza Abaroma kugira ngo bamuvane ku butegetsi. Icyakora nta cyo bagezeho. Abaroma bari bacyubashye Antipater, kandi bemeraga ko abahungu be bari bafite ubushobozi bwo gutegeka.

Uko yagizwe umwami w’i Yudaya

Uburyo Pompée yakoresheje kugira ngo ahagarike imyivumbagatanyo y’Abahasimonayo mu myaka igera kuri 20 mbere yaho, bwari bwaratumye abantu benshi baba abarakare. Abantu bigometse bari bashyigikiye Aristobulus, bagerageje kenshi kwisubiza ubutegetsi, maze mu mwaka wa 40 Mbere ya Yesu, babigeraho babifashijwemo n’Abapariti bari abanzi ba Roma. Kubera ko i Roma hari imyivumbagatanyo y’abaturage, babibye umugono maze batera Siriya bavanaho Hyrcan, hanyuma bashyiraho umuntu wo mu muryango w’Abahasimonayo, utaravugaga rumwe n’Abaroma.

Herode yahungiye i Roma aho yakiranywe urugwiro. Abaroma bashakaga kwirukana Abapariti i Yudaya, kugira ngo bongere kwigarurira ako gace, kandi bashyireho umutegetsi bashaka. Bifuzaga gukorana n’umuntu bizeye, kandi babonaga ko Herode ari umuntu wabakorera ibyo bashaka. Ku bw’ibyo, Sena y’Abaroma yimitse Herode, aba umwami w’u Buyuda. Kugira ngo Herode agaragaze ko hari ibintu byinshi yari yiteguye guhara kugira ngo agume ku butegetsi, yayoboye umutambagiro w’abantu, bava aho Sena yakoreraga berekeza ku rusengero rwa Jupiteri, maze ahatambira ibitambo imana z’abapagani.

Herode yatsinze abanzi be bo muri Yudaya abifashijwemo n’ingabo z’Abaroma, maze yongera kuba umwami. Icyakora yihimuye ku bantu bose bari baramurwanyije abigiranye ubugome bukabije. Yatsembyeho Abahasimonayo n’ibikomerezwa by’Abayahudi byari byarabashyigikiye, atsembaho n’abandi bantu bose bumvaga badashaka gutegekwa n’umuntu ufitanye ubucuti n’Abaroma.

Herode akomeza ubutegetsi bwe

Mu mwaka wa 31 ubwo Octavius yabaga umutegetsi wa Roma amaze kuneshereza Marc Antoine ahitwa Actium, Herode yahise abona ko ubucuti bw’igihe kirekire yari afitanye na Marc Antoine bwari gutuma Octavius amukeka amababa. Bityo, Herode yihutiye kwizeza Octavius ko amushyigikiye. Uwo mutegetsi mushya wa Roma na we yahise yemeza ko Herode akomeza kuba umwami wa Yudaya, kandi yagura imbago z’ubwami bwe.

Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, Herode yakomeje ubwami bwe kandi abuteza imbere, ibyo abikora ahindura Yerusalemu ihuriro ry’umuco w’Abagiriki. Yatangije imishinga ikomeye y’ubwubatsi, muri yo hakaba harimo kubaka ingoro z’ibwami, umugi wa Kayisariya uri ku cyambu, n’izindi nyubako nini z’urusengero rwa Yerusalemu. Muri icyo gihe cyose yashishikazwaga no kugirana ubucuti n’ubutegetsi bwa Roma, kubera ko ari bwo yakeshaga imbaraga yari afite.

Herode yategekaga Yudaya yose nta wumukoma mu nkokora. Nanone, Herode yagenzuraga imirimo y’umutambyi mukuru, ku buryo yashyiragaho uwo ashatse.

Ishyari ryamuteye kwica

Herode ntiyari abanye neza n’abo mu muryango we. Mu bagore icumi yari afite, hafi buri wese muri bo yifuzaga ko umwe mu bahungu be yaba ari we usimbura se. Ubugambanyi bwaberaga ibwami, bwatumye Herode arushaho kugira urwikekwe, kandi butuma arushaho kuba umugome. Herode, abitewe n’ishyari, yicishije umugore we yakundaga cyane witwaga Mariamne, kandi nyuma yaho gato yicisha abana be babiri kubera ko ngo bashakaga kumugambanira. Ibi biratwereka ko inkuru ya Matayo ivuga iby’ubwicanyi bwabereye i Betelehemu ihuje neza n’ukuntu Herode yari ateye, kandi ko yari yariyemeje gutsembaho abantu bose bashoboraga kumurwanya.

Hari abantu bavuga ko kubera ko Herode yari azi neza ko abantu batamukundaga, yari yariyemeje gukora uko ashoboye kugira ngo napfa abaturage bo mu gihugu cyose bazajye mu cyunamo aho kwishima. Kugira ngo abigereho, yafashe abantu bakomeye bo muri Yudaya arabafunga, maze ategeka ko napfa na bo bari kwicwa. Icyakora iryo tegeko ntiryigeze ryubahirizwa.

Umurage Herode Mukuru yasize

Herode amaze gupfa, Abaroma bategetse ko Arikelayo asimbura se akaba umutegetsi wa Yudaya, naho abandi bahungu be babiri bakaba ibikomangoma byigenga mu turere biyobora; Antipa agategeka Galilaya na Pereya, naho Filipo we agategeka Ituraya na Tarakoniti. Icyakora, Arikelayo ntiyakunzwe n’abo yayoboraga ndetse n’abamutegekaga. Nyuma y’imyaka icumi yamaze ategeka nabi, Abaroma bamukuyeho maze bishyiriraho umuguverineri wabo, waje gusimburwa na Ponsiyo Pilato. Hagati aho, Antipa uwo Luka yita Herode, na Filipo bakomeje gutegeka intara zabo. Nguko uko byari byifashe igihe Yesu yatangiraga umurimo we.—Luka 3:1.

Herode Mukuru yari umunyapolitiki w’umunyamayeri, akaba n’umwicanyi ruharwa. Birashoboka ko ikintu kibi cyane yakoze, ari ukugerageza kwica umwana Yesu. Gusuzuma uruhare Herode yagize mu mateka, bifitiye akamaro abasomyi ba Bibiliya. Bibafasha kumenya ibintu by’ingenzi byabaye muri icyo gihe, bikabafasha gusobanukirwa uko Abaroma baje gutegeka Abayahudi, kandi bikabereka uko ibintu byari byifashe igihe Yesu yakoraga umurimo we.

[Ikarita yo ku ipaji ya 15]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

Palesitina n’uturere twari tuyikikije ku ngoma ya Herode

SIRIYA

ITURAYA

GALILAYA

TARAKONITI

Inyanja ya Galilaya

Uruzi rwa Yorodani

Kayisariya

SAMARIYA

PEREYA

Yerusalemu

Betelehemu

YUDAYA

Inyanja y’Umunyu

IDUMAYA

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 13]

Herode ni umwe mu bategetsi benshi bategetse Yudaya mu gihe cy’ibinyejana bibiri byabanjirije umurimo wa Yesu