Ese Bibiliya ivuga ibintu byose byabaye kuri Yesu?

MU MYAKA ya vuba aha, ibitekerezo nk’ibyo byakwiriye ahantu hose binyuriye muri za filimi zizwi n’abantu benshi, n’ibitabo. Uretse izo nkuru z’impimbano, hari n’ibindi bitabo ndetse n’inyandiko bishingiye ku nyandiko zitahumetswe zo mu kinyejana cya kabiri n’icya gatatu, zitwa ko zigaragaza ibintu byabaye kuri Yesu byakuwe mu Mavanjiri. Ese ibyo bavuga bifite ishingiro? Ese dushobora kwizera ko Bibiliya ivuga ibintu byose byabaye kuri Yesu?

Kugira ngo tubone ibisubizo by’ibyo bibazo, nimucyo dusuzume ibintu bitatu by’ingenzi. Icya mbere, dukeneye kumenya neza ibirebana n’abagabo banditse Amavanjiri ndetse n’igihe bayandikiye. Icya kabiri, tugomba kumenya uwakoze urutonde rw’ibitabo byemewe bya Bibiliya, ndetse n’uko rwakozwe. Icya gatatu, tugomba kumenya inkomoko z’inyandiko zitahumetswe, ndetse n’aho zitandukaniye n’inyandiko zemewe za Bibiliya.a

Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo byanditswe ryari kandi byanditswe na nde?

Hari bamwe bavuga ko Ivanjiri ya Matayo yanditswe hashize imyaka umunani Yesu apfuye, hakaba hari ahagana mu mwaka wa 41. Nanone hari abahanga bavuga ko ibitabo byose bigize Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo byanditswe mu kinyejana cya mbere.

Abantu biboneye imibereho ya Yesu, urupfu rwe n’umuzuko we bari bakiriho icyo gihe, ku buryo bashoboraga kugenzura neza inkuru zo mu Mavanjiri bakamenya neza ko ibyo zivuga ari ukuri. Nanone bashoboraga kunyomoza mu buryo bworoshye inkuru zitari zo. Porofeseri F. F. Bruce yaravuze ati “kimwe mu bintu bikomeye cyatumaga inyigisho z’intumwa zemerwa, ni icyizere babaga bafite cy’uko ibyo bavugaga byabaga bizwi n’ababaga babateze amatwi. Ntibavugaga gusa bati ‘turi abahamya babyo,’ ahubwo baranavugaga bati ‘nk’uko namwe ubwanyu mubizi’ (Ibyakozwe 2:22).”

Ni ba nde banditse Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo? Muri bo harimo zimwe mu ntumwa 12 za Yesu. Izo ntumwa hamwe n’abandi banditsi ba Bibiliya, urugero nka Yakobo, Yuda, wenda na Mariko, bari mu munsi mukuru wa Pentekote yo mu mwaka wa 33, ubwo itorero rya gikristo ryashingwaga. Abanditsi bose, harimo na Pawulo, bakoranaga bya bugufi n’inteko nyobozi y’itorero rya gikristo ryo mu kinyejana cya mbere, yari igizwe n’intumwa n’abasaza b’i Yerusalemu.—Ibyakozwe 15:2, 6, 12-14, 22; Abagalatiya 2:7-10.

Yesu yahaye abigishwa be inshingano yo gukomeza umurimo wo kubwiriza no kwigisha yari yatangiye (Matayo 28:19, 20). Yaranababwiye ati “ubateze amatwi, nanjye aba anteze amatwi” (Luka 10:16). Byongeye kandi, yabasezeranyije ko umwuka wera, cyangwa imbaraga Imana ikoresha, wari kubaha imbaraga bari gukenera kugira ngo basohoze uwo murimo. Ku bw’ibyo, iyo Abakristo bo mu kinyejana cya mbere babonaga inyandiko ziturutse ku ntumwa cyangwa abo bakoranaga, dore ko bari baragaragaje ko Imana ibaha umugisha binyuze ku mwuka wera, bemeraga ko ibyo bitabo byahumetswe.

Hari abanditsi ba Bibiliya bahamije ko ibyo bagenzi babo banditse byemewe kandi ko byahumetswe n’Imana. Urugero, igihe intumwa Petero yerekezaga ku nzandiko za Pawulo, yavuze ko zari zimwe mu ‘bindi Byanditswe byose’ (2 Petero 3:15, 16). Pawulo na we yemeraga ko intumwa n’abandi bahanuzi b’Abakristo bari barahumekewe n’Imana.—Abefeso 3:5.

Ku bw’ibyo, birakwiriye ko twiringira inkuru z’Amavanjiri kandi tukemera ko ibyo zivuga ari ukuri. Si imigani y’imihimbano cyangwa inkuru zitabayeho. Ni inkuru zanditswe mu buryo bwitondewe, zishingiye ku byavuzwe n’abantu babyiboneye kandi zanditswe n’abantu bari bahumekewe n’umwuka wera w’Imana.

Ni nde washyizeho urutonde rw’ibitabo byemewe bya Bibiliya?

Hari abanditsi bavuze ko urutonde rw’ibitabo byemewe by’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo, rwashyizweho nyuma y’ibinyejana byinshi, rwemejwe n’idini ryari rifite imbaraga riyobowe n’Umwami w’abami Konsitantino. Ariko kandi, hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko ibyo atari ko bimeze.

Urugero, Umwarimu muri kaminuza wigisha Amateka ya Kiliziya witwa Oskar Skarsaune yagize ati “ibyo kumenya ibitabo byari gushyirwa mu Isezerano Rishya n’ibitari kujyamo, ntibyigeze bikorwa na konsili iyo ari yo yose ya kiliziya cyangwa undi muntu wese . . . Ibyakurikijwe byari ibintu bigaragara kandi byumvikana: inyandiko zo mu kinyejana cya mbere zari zaranditswe n’intumwa cyangwa abakoranaga na zo, zaremerwaga. Ariko izindi nyandiko, amabaruwa cyangwa ‘amavanjiri’ byanditswe nyuma yaho, byo ntibyemerwaga . . . Ahanini icyo gikorwa cyarangiye mbere cyane y’ubutegetsi bwa Konsitantine na mbere cyane yuko kiliziya igira imbaraga. Ibitabo bigize Isezerano Rishya byemejwe n’Abakristo batotejwe bazira ukwizera kwabo, ntibyemejwe na kiliziya yabayeho nyuma yaho ikoresheje imbaraga yari ifite.”

Ken Berding akaba ari umwarimu wungirije wize ibirebana n’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo, yagize icyo avuga ku birebana n’uko urwo rutonde rwakozwe agira ati “kiliziya ntiyigeze ihitamo ibitabo bigomba kujya kuri urwo rutonde. Ahubwo umuntu yavuga ko kiliziya yemeye ibitabo n’ubusanzwe Abakristo babonaga ko ari Ijambo ryaturutse ku Mana.”

Ariko se ubwo twavuga ko abo Bakristo bo mu kinyejana cya mbere bari boroheje, ari bo bakoze urutonde rw’ibitabo byemewe byo muri Bibiliya? Bibiliya igaragaza ko hari ikindi kintu cy’ingenzi kandi gikomeye cyabigizemo uruhare.

Bibiliya igaragaza ko imwe mu mpano z’umwuka zo gukora ibitangaza zahabwaga abari bagize itorero rya gikristo ryo mu kinyejana cya mbere, harimo “ubushishozi bwo kumenya amagambo yahumetswe” (1 Abakorinto 12:4, 10). Bamwe muri abo Bakristo bari barahawe ubushobozi ndengakamere bwo kumenya gutandukanya amagambo yahumetswe n’Imana n’andi atarahumetswe. Ubwo rero, Abakristo muri iki gihe bashobora kwizera ko Ibyanditswe biri muri Bibiliya byahumetswe.

Nk’uko bigaragara, urutonde rw’ibitabo byemewe bya Bibiliya rwakozwe kera cyane, kandi abarukoze bari bayobowe n’umwuka wera. Guhera mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya kabiri, hari abanditsi bagize icyo bavuga kuri urwo rutonde. Icyakora abo banditsi si bo bashyizeho urwo rutonde rw’ibitabo byemewe. Bo batanze gihamya y’ibintu Imana yari yaramaze kwemera binyuriye ku bayihagarariye babaga bayobowe n’umwuka wayo.

Nanone inyandiko za kera zandikishijwe intoki zitanga gihamya ikomeye ishyigikira urutonde rw’ibitabo bya Bibiliya byemewe muri iki gihe. Hari inyandiko z’Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo zandikishijwe intoki zo mu rurimi rw’umwimerere zirenga 5.000, zimwe muri zo akaba ari izo mu kinyejana cya kabiri n’icya gatatu. Aho kuba za nyandiko zitahumetswe, izo nyandiko ni zo zari zemewe mu binyejana bya mbere, bityo zirandukurwa kandi zirakwirakwizwa.

Icyakora gihamya y’ibyo bitabo byemewe ni yo y’ingenzi kurusha izindi. Izo nyandiko zahumetswe zihuje neza n’“icyitegererezo cy’amagambo mazima” dusanga mu bindi bitabo bya Bibiliya (2 Timoteyo 1:13). Ibyo bitabo bitera abasomyi inkunga yo gukunda Yehova, kumusenga no kumukorera, kandi bigatanga umuburo wo kwirinda imiziririzo, ubupfumu no gusenga ibyaremwe. Inkuru zikubiyemo zihuza n’amateka kandi birimo ubuhanuzi bw’ukuri. Nanone kandi, ibyo bitabo bitera ababisoma inkunga yo gukunda bagenzi babo. Ibitabo bigize Ibyanditswe bya Kigiriki bya Gikristo zirimo ibyo bintu byihariye. Ese ibyo ni na ko bimeze ku birebana n’inyandiko zitahumetswe?

Inyandiko zitahumetswe zitandukaniye he n’izindi?

Inyandiko zitahumetswe zitandukanye n’izindi nyandiko ziri ku rutonde rwemewe. Ibyo bitabo bitahumetswe byanditswe uhereye mu kinyejana cya kabiri rwagati, akaba ari nyuma cyane yuko inyandiko zahumetswe zirangirijwe kwandikwa. Ibyo zivuga ku birebana na Yesu ndetse n’Ubukristo ntibihuza n’Ibyanditswe byahumetswe.

Urugero, Ivanjiri ya Tomasi itarahumetswe, ivuga ibintu Yesu yavuze umuntu wese yumva bidashoboka, urugero nko kuvuga ko yari guhindura Mariya umugabo kugira ngo ashobore kwinjira mu Bwami bw’ijuru. Ivanjiri ya Tomasi ivuga ko Yesu akiri muto yari umwana mubi wishe undi mwana mugenzi we kandi yabigambiriye. Igitabo kitahumetswe cy’Ibyakozwe na Pawulo n’icy’Ibyakozwe na Petero bivuga bikomeje ko abantu bagomba kwirinda gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina, kandi bikerekana ko intumwa zasabaga abagore gutandukana n’abagabo babo. Ivanjiri ya Yuda igaragaza ko Yesu yasetse abigishwa be kubera ko basengaga bagiye kurya. Izo nyigisho zitandukanye cyane n’iziboneka mu bitabo biri ku rutonde rwemewe.—Mariko 14:22; 1 Abakorinto 7:3-5; Abagalatiya 3:28; Abaheburayo 7:26.

Inyinshi mu nyandiko zitahumetswe zivuga iby’imyizerere y’Abagunositiki bumvaga ko Yehova Umuremyi, atari Imana nziza. Nanone bizeraga ko umuzuko uvugwa ari ikigereranyo, ko ibintu byose umuntu ashobora kubona cyangwa gukoraho ari bibi, kandi ko Satani ari we watangije ishyingirwa no kubyara.

Bimwe muri bya bitabo bitahumetswe byitirirwa abantu bavugwa muri Bibiliya, ariko ibyo si byo. Ese haba hari abantu bagambanye maze bagakura ibyo bitabo ku rutonde rw’ibitabo byemewe bya Bibiliya? Hari umuhanga mu birebana n’izo nyandiko zitahumetswe witwa M. R. James wavuze ati “nta wagombye kwirirwa yibaza niba hari umuntu wakuye ibyo bitabo ku rutonde rw’ibitabo bigize Isezerano Rishya; ni byo byivanyemo.”

Abanditsi ba Bibiliya batanze umuburo w’uko hari kwaduka abahakanyi

Ibitabo byemewe bya Bibiliya birimo imiburo yo kwirinda ubuhakanyi bwari kwangiza itorero rya gikristo. Ubwo buhakanyi bwari bwaratangiye mu kinyejana cya mbere, ariko intumwa zituma budakwirakwira (Ibyakozwe 20:30; 2 Abatesalonike 2:3, 6, 7; 1 Timoteyo 4:1-3; 2 Petero 2:1; 1 Yohana 2:18, 19; 4:1-3). Imiburo nk’iyo idufasha gusobanukirwa iby’inyandiko zatangiye kwaduka nyuma y’urupfu rw’intumwa zavuguruzaga inyigisho za Yesu.

Ni iby’ukuri ko izo nyandiko zishobora gusa n’aho ari iza kera kandi zemerwa n’intiti zimwe na zimwe hamwe n’abahanga mu by’amateka. Tekereza gato: byagenda bite abahanga baramutse bakorakoranyije inyandiko zitiringirwa zandikwa muri iki gihe, wenda bazikuye mu binyamakuru bivuga iby’inkuru z’ibihuha no mu bitabo by’udutsiko tw’amadini y’intagondwa maze bakazishyira mu bubiko bwihariye? Ese izo nyandiko zishobora kugera ubwo zemerwa ko ari ukuri kandi ko ari izo kwiringirwa, bitewe n’uko gusa hashize igihe kinini zibayeho? Ese nyuma y’imyaka 1.700 ibinyoma bikubiye muri izo nyandiko hamwe n’ibindi bintu bidahuje n’ubwenge birimo, byageraho bikaba ukuri bitewe n’uko gusa izo nyandiko zanditswe kera?

Birumvikana ko ibyo bitashoboka. Ibyo ni na ko bimeze ku nkuru zivuga ko Yesu yashakanye na Mariya Magadalena, hamwe n’izindi nkuru zififitse ziboneka mu bitabo bitahumetswe. Ubundi se ni iki cyatuma twizera izo nyandiko zitari ukuri kandi izivuga ukuri zihari? Ikintu cyose Imana yashatse ko tumenya ku birebana n’Umwana wayo yagishyize muri Bibiliya, icyo akaba ari igitabo umuntu ashobora kwiringira.