Umwanditsi wa kera wateje imbere Bibiliya

KWANDIKISHA intoki ibitabo n’imizingo, byatangiye kera mu myaka ibarirwa mu bihumbi ishize, ariko gucapa ibitabo byo bitangiye vuba aha. Ibitabo bya mbere byacapiwe mu Bushinwa mu mwaka wa 868, hakoreshejwe ibice by’imbaho babaga baharatuyeho inyuguti, kugira ngo zandikwe ku mpapuro. Ahagana mu mwaka wa 1455, Umudage witwa Johannes Gutenberg yakoze imashini ikoresha inyuguti z’icyuma, maze acapa Bibiliya ya mbere yo mu rurimi rw’Ikilatini.

Icyakora nyuma y’imyaka runaka, igihe gucapa ibitabo byari bimaze gutera imbere, ni bwo mu by’ukuri umurimo wo gukwirakwiza Bibiliya n’ibindi bitabo watangiye. Mu mugi wa Nuremberg wo mu Budage ni ho bacapiraga ibitabo byo muri icyo gihugu. Uwitwa Anton Koberger wakomokaga muri uwo mugi, ashobora kuba ari we muntu wa mbere wacapye Bibiliya akanazisohora mu rugero rwagutse, kandi akabikora mu rwego mpuzamahanga.

Abantu bo mu moko yose bishimira ibyagezweho n’abo bantu ba kera, hakubiyemo na Anton Koberger, igihe bacapaga Bibiliya kandi bakazisohora.

“Yibandaga kuri Bibiliya”

Koberger yatangije icapiro rya mbere ryo muri Nuremberg mu mwaka wa 1470. Iryo capiro ryakoreshaga imashini 24 zikorera icyarimwe rifite abakozi 100, harimo abacapa, abanyabugeni n’abandi bakozi bakoreraga i Basel, Strasbourg, Lyon, no mu yindi migi yo mu Burayi. Koberger yacapye inyandiko zo mu rurimi rw’Ikilatini zanditswe hagati y’ikinyejana cya gatanu n’icya cumi na gatanu, acapa n’ibyinshi mu bitabo byo mu rwego rwa siyansi byariho muri icyo gihe. Muri ako kazi ke, yacapye ibindi bitabo bitandukanye bigera kuri 236. Bimwe muri ibyo bitabo byari bifite amapaji agera ku ijana, kandi bacapaga kimwe kimwe bakoresheje imashini zicapa zakoreshwaga n’intoki.

Kuba yarakoreshaga uburyo bwo gucapa bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru, byatumye ibitabo bye byamamara cyane, kubera ko byari byiza kandi bisomeka. Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Alfred Börckel, yagize ati “buri gihe Koberger yakundaga gukoresha inyuguti z’utwuma nziza, zigaragara kandi zikiri nshya. Nta na rimwe yajyaga akoresha inyuguti zishaje.” Nanone kandi, ibyinshi mu bitabo na za Bibiliya Koberger yacapye, byabaga birimo amashusho bacapaga bifashishije ibice by’imbaho babaga bayaharatuyeho.

Umwanditsi witwa Oscar Hase, yavuze ko kuva Koberger yatangira gucapa, kugeza ashoje umurimo we, “yibandaga kuri Bibiliya.” Koberger na bagenzi be bakoze uko bashoboye kose, kugira ngo haboneke imyandiko ya Bibiliya ihuje n’ukuri. Uwo murimo ugomba kuba utari woroshye, kubera ko inyandiko nyinshi zo mu mpu zandikishije intoki, zari zikomeweho n’amazu amwe n’amwe y’abihaye Imana, ku buryo batapfaga kuzitiza uwo ari wese kugira ngo azandukure, banazimutiza bakazimuha igihe gito cyane.

Bibiliya zo mu Kilatini no mu Kidage

Koberger yacapye Bibiliya yo mu rurimi rw’Ikilatini (Biblia Latina) incuro 15 zitandukanye, akaba yarayicapye ku ncuro ya mbere mu mwaka wa 1475. Hari Bibiliya yacapye zarimo amashusho agaragaza inkuge ya Nowa, Amategeko Icumi n’urusengero rwa Salomo. Mu mwaka wa 1483 Koberger yacapye Bibiliya yo mu rurimi rw’Ikidage (Biblia Germanica), isohoka ari kopi zigera ku 1.500, icyo gihe ukaba wari umubare munini. Iyo Bibiliya yarimo amashusho arenga 100, yatumaga abasomyi barushaho gushishikazwa no kuyisoma, bakayisobanukirwa bitabagoye kandi agatuma abantu batashoboraga gusoma, bibuka zimwe mu nkuru zayo zizwi cyane. Amashusho yo muri iyo Bibiliya yagiye yifashishwa n’abandi bantu bashyiraga amashusho muri Bibiliya babayeho nyuma yaho, cyane cyane izo mu rurimi rw’Ikidage.

Bibiliya yo mu rurimi rw’Ikidage Koberger yacapye mu mwaka wa 1483, yabanje kwamamara ariko nyuma biza guhinduka. Iyo Bibiliya ni yo yonyine yo muri urwo rurimi Koberger yasohoye. Nubwo abanditse iyo Bibiliya bagize icyo bahindura ku magambo yakoreshejwe, kugira ngo ihuzwe na Bibiliya y’Ikilatini kiliziya yemeraga ya Vulgate, Koberger yari yarayihinduye ashingiye kuri Bibiliya y’Abavoduwa yo mu kinyejana cya 14 yari yaraciwe.a Mu mwaka wakurikiyeho, Papa Innocent wa VIII yatangiye gutsemba imiryango y’Abavoduwa. Nyuma yaho, kiliziya yarushijeho kurwanya Bibiliya zabonekaga mu ndimi zakoreshwaga na rubanda. Kuwa 22 Werurwe 1485, Musenyeri Berthold wo mu mugi wa Mainz mu Budage, yasohoye itegeko ryamaganaga umurimo wo guhindura Bibiliya mu rurimi rw’Ikidage. Hanyuma kuwa 4 Mutarama mu mwaka wakurikiyeho, Berthold yongeye gushimangira iryo tegeko. Kubera uko kuntu barwanyaga imirimo yo guhindura Bibiliya, Koberger ntiyigeze yongera kugerageza gucapa Bibiliya mu rurimi rw’Ikidage.

Nubwo byari bimeze bityo, Anton Koberger ntiyaruhiye ubusa. Yafashe iya mbere akoresha uburyo bushya bwo gucapa bwari bumaze kuvumburwa, kugira ngo akwirakwize ibitabo bitandukanye mu Burayi, kandi buri wese ashobore kubibona. Bityo rero, ibyo Koberger yakoze byatumye abantu bo muri rubanda babona Bibiliya.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 26]

Uvuye ibumoso ujya iburyo: ishusho ya daniyeli ari mu rwobo rw’intare; inyuguti ibanza yacuzwe muri zahabu ikomekwa ku mwandiko; inyuguti zigaragara neza

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 26]

Koberger

[Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 26]

Ibindi bintu byabonekaga muri bibiliya y’ikilatini n’iy’ikidage zacapwe na koberger. aha turabona amashusho atatse arabagirana, n’amagambo agize umurongo wo mu Itangiriro 1:1

[Aho amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 26 yavuye]

All Bible photos: Courtesy American Bible Society Library; Koberger: Mit freundlicher Genehmigung der Linotype GmbH