Ni ryari Yerusalemu ya kera yarimbuwe?​—Igice cya mbere

Impamvu kubimenya bifite akamaro; Icyo ibihamya bigaragaza

Iyi ni iya mbere mu ngingo ebyiri zikurikirana zizasohoka mu Munara w’Umurinzi, zibanda ku bibazo intiti zibaza ku birebana n’igihe umugi wa Yerusalemu wa kera warimburiwe. Izo ngingo zigizwe n’ibice bibiri zikubiyemo ubushakashatsi bwitondewe, n’ibisubizo bishingiye kuri Bibiliya by’ibibazo byateye urujijo bamwe mu basomyi.

“Dukurikije uko abahanga mu by’amateka ndetse n’abahanga mu bucukumbuzi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo babivuga, benshi bemeza ko Yerusalemu yarimbuwe mu mwaka wa 586 cyangwa 587 M.Y.a None kuki mwe Abahamya ba Yehova, muvuga ko hari mu mwaka wa 607 M.Y.? Mushingira ku ki mwemeza ko hari mu wa 607 M.Y.?”

NGICYO ikibazo cyabajijwe n’umwe mu basomyi bacu. Ariko se kuki dushaka kumenya itariki nyayo umwami w’Umunyababuloni Nebukadinezari wa II yarimburiyeho umugi wa Yerusalemu? Impamvu ya mbere, ni uko iyo ari itariki ikomeye cyane mu mateka y’ubwoko bw’Imana. Hari umuhanga mu by’amateka wavuze ko kuri iyo tariki ari bwo ubwoko bw’Imana bwagwiririwe n’“ibyago bikomeye cyane kuruta ikindi gihe cyose mu mateka yabwo.” Iyo tariki ni yo urusengero rwarimburiweho, urusengero rwari rumaze imyaka irenga 400 ari rwo shingiro ya gahunda yo gusenga Imana Ishoborabyose. Umwe mu banditsi ba zaburi yavuganye agahinda ati ‘Mana, bahumanije urusengero rwawe rwera, bashenye i Yerusalemu bahagize ibirundo.”—Zaburi 79:1, Bibiliya Yera.b

Impamvu ya kabiri, ni uko biri bugufashe kumenya itariki nyayo ibyo ‘byago bikomeye cyane’ byatangiriye. Nanone biri bugufashe gusobanukirwa ukuntu igihe i Yerusalemu bongeraga gusenga Imana mu buryo yemera, byashohoje ubuhanuzi bwari bwaravuzwe muri Bibiliya. Ibyo bizatuma urushaho kwiringira ibyo Ijambo ry’Imana rivuga. None se kuki Abahamya ba Yehova bagendera ku itariki inyuranyeho imyaka 20, n’igenderwaho n’abahanga benshi mu gukurikiranya amateka? Muri make, byatewe n’ibihamya Bibiliya ubwayo itanga.

“Imyaka mirongo irindwi” yahanuriwe ba nde?

Hasigaye imyaka myinshi ngo Yerusalemu irimburwe, umuhanuzi w’Umuyahudi witwaga Yeremiya yavuze ikintu cy’ingenzi cyane kigenderwaho mu ikurikiranyabihe ryo muri Bibiliya. Yaburiye abari ‘batuye i Yerusalemu bose’ ati “iki gihugu cyose kizaba umwirare n’igitangarirwa, kandi ayo mahanga azakorera umwami w’i Babuloni imyaka mirongo irindwi” (Yeremiya 25:1, 2, 11, Bibiliya Yera). Uwo muhanuzi nyuma yaje kongeraho ati “Yehova aravuga ati ‘nimurangiza imyaka mirongo irindwi i Babuloni, nzabitaho nsohoze ijambo ryiza nababwiye mbagarure aha hantu’” (Yeremiya 29:10). Iyo ‘myaka mirongo irindwi’ isobanura iki? Kandi se iyo myaka yadufasha ite kumenya igihe Yerusalemu yarimburiwe?

Bibiliya nyinshi usanga zivuga ngo “imyaka mirongo irindwi yahanuriwe i Babuloni” (Bibiliya Yera), aho kuvuga ngo “nimurangiza imyaka mirongo irindwi i Babuloni.” Hari abahanga mu by’amateka babiheraho bakavuga ko iyo myaka 70 yerekeza ku Bwami bwa Babuloni. Ikurikiranyabihe ritari iryo muri Bibiliya ryerekana ko Abanyababuloni bategetse icyahoze ari igihugu cy’u Buyuda ndetse na Yerusalemu mu gihe cy’imyaka igera kuri 70. Ubwo ni ukuva ahagana mu wa 609 M.Y. kugeza mu wa 539 M.Y., igihe umurwa mukuru wa Babuloni wafatwaga.

Icyakora, Bibiliya yo igaragaza ko iyo myaka 70 yagombaga kuba imyaka y’igihano gikomeye Imana yatanze. Icyo gihano cyari kigenewe abaturage b’u Buyuda n’i Yerusalemu bari baragiranye n’Imana isezerano ryo kuyumvira (Kuva 19:3-6). Igihe bangaga guhindukira ngo bareke ingeso zabo mbi, Imana yaravuze iti ‘ngiye kubateza Nebukadinezari umwami wa Babiloniya, mugabize iki gihugu n’abagituye, mugabize n’amahanga yose agikikije’ (Yeremiya 25:4, 5, 8, 9, Bibiliya Ijambo ry’Imana). Nubwo amahanga akikije u Buyuda na yo yagombaga kugerwaho n’umujinya w’Abanyababuloni, irimbuka rya Yerusalemu ndetse n’imyaka 70 bari kuzamara mu bunyage, Yeremiya yabyise “igihano cy’ubwoko bwanjye,” kuko Yerusalemu yari ‘yarakoze icyaha gikabije.’—Amaganya 1:8; 3:42; 4:6.

Dukurikije rero uko Bibiliya ibivuga, iyo myaka 70 yari igihe u Buyuda bwamaze bwarahawe igihano gikomeye, kandi Abanyababuloni ni bo Imana yakoresheje kugira itange icyo gihano gikaze. Ariko kandi, Imana yabwiye Abayahudi iti “nimumara imyaka mirongo irindwi muri Babiloniya, nzabagoboka . . . mbagarure iwanyu,” mu gihugu cy’i Buyuda n’i Yerusalemu.—Yeremiya 29:10, Bibiliya Ijambo ry’Imana.

Iyo ‘myaka mirongo irindwi’ yatangiye ryari?

Ezira, wari umuhanga mu by’amateka wahumekewe n’Imana, yabayeho nyuma y’isohozwa ry’ubuhanuzi bwa Yeremiya bw’imyaka 70. Yanditse iby’Umwami Nebukadinezari agira ati “abacitse ku icumu Nebukadinezari abajyana ho iminyago i Babiloni, abagira inkoreragahato zimukorera we n’abamukomokagaho kugeza ku ngoma y’Abaperesi. Bityo ijambo ry’Uhoraho ryavuzwe n’umuhanuzi Yeremiya rirashyika ari ryo iri ‘igihugu kizaba umusaka imyaka mirongo irindwi, kugeza igihe bazaba bamaze kuriha amasabato atubahirijwe.’”—2 Amateka 36:20, 21, Bibiliya Ijambo ry’Imana.

Nk’uko tubibonye, imyaka 70 yagombaga kuba igihe igihugu cy’u Buyuda na Yerusalemu byagombaga “kuriha amasabato atubahirijwe.” Ibyo bisobanura ko icyo gihugu kitari kuzahingwa; nticyari kuzabibwamo cyangwa ngo imizabibu yacyo ikorerwe (Abalewi 25:1-5, Bibiliya Ijambo ry’Imana). Kubera ko ubwoko bw’Imana bwayigometseho, kandi mu byaha bakoraga hakaba harimo no kutaziririza Amasabato yose y’imyaka, igihano Imana yabahanishije ni uko igihugu cyabo cyagombaga kumara imyaka 70 kidahingwa kandi kidatuwe.—Abalewi 26:27, 32-35, 42, 43.

Ni ryari igihugu cy’i Buyuda cyabaye umusaka kandi kikamara igihe kidahingwa? Mu by’ukuri, Abanyababuloni bayobowe na Nebukadinezari bateye Yerusalemu incuro ebyiri, mu bihe bitandukanye. None se ubwo imyaka 70 yatangiye ryari? Birumvikana ko atari igihe Nebukadinezari yagotaga Yerusalemu ku ncuro ya mbere. Kuki tuvuze dutyo? Nubwo icyo gihe Nebukadinezari yavanye abantu benshi muri Yerusalemu akabajyana mu bunyage i Babuloni, hari abandi yasize muri icyo gihugu. Icyo gihe n’umugi ubwawo ntiyawurimbuye. Abo bantu basigaye mu Buyuda bari “abaturage boroheje,” bagumye mu gihugu cyabo bahamara imyaka myinshi (2 Abami 24:8-17). Ariko nyuma yaho ibintu byaje guhinduka cyane.

Abayahudi barigometse bituma Abanyababuloni bongera kubagabaho igitero i Yerusalemu (2 Abami 24:20; 25:8-10). Icyo gihe bashenye burundu uwo mugi, basenya urusengero rwawo rwera, kandi abenshi mu baturage bawo babajyana mu bunyage i Babuloni. Mu mezi abiri, ‘abantu bose [abari barasigaye], aboroheje n’abakomeye n’abatware b’ingabo, barahagurutse bajya [muri] Egiputa kuko batinye Abakaludaya’ (2 Abami 25:25, 26, Bibiliya Yera). Icyo gihe noneho, mu kwezi kwa karindwi k’uwo mwaka kuri kalendari y’Abayahudi, ari ko Tishiri (Nzeri/Ukwakira), ni bwo twavuga ko icyo gihugu cyari kimaze guhinduka umusaka kandi kitagikorerwa, cyatangiye kuruhuka Amasabato yacyo. Abayahudi bari bahungiye muri Egiputa, Imana yababwiye binyuze kuri Yeremiya iti “mwabonye ibyago byose nateje i Yerusalemu n’imidugudu yose y’u Buyuda, kandi dore ubu ni amatongo nta wuyituyemo” (Yeremiya 44:1, 2, Bibiliya Yera). Uko bigaragara, icyo ni cyo gihe ya myaka 70 yatangiriye. Ibyo byabaye mu wuhe mwaka? Kugira ngo tubone igisubizo, reka tubanze tumenye igihe iyo myaka 70 yarangiriye.

Iyo ‘myaka mirongo irindwi’ yarangiye ryari?

Umuhanuzi Daniyeli, wabayeho kugeza “ku ngoma z’abami b’i Buperesi,” yari i Babuloni kandi yarabaze amenya igihe iyo myaka 70 yagombaga kurangirira. Yaranditse ati “jyewe Daniyeli nasomye ibitabo binsobanurira umubare w’imyaka i Yerusalemu hazamara hashenywe ko ari imyaka mirongo irindwi, byavuzwe n’ijambo ry’Uwiteka mu kanwa k’umuhanuzi Yeremiya.”—Daniyeli 9:1, 2, Bibiliya Yera.

Ezira yasuzumye ubuhanuzi bwa Yeremiya, maze yerekana ko iyo ‘myaka mirongo irindwi’ yarangiye igihe ‘Uwiteka yatereye umwete umutima wa Kuro umwami w’u Buperesi, agategeka ko bamamaza itegeko mu gihugu’ (2 Ngoma 36:21, 22, Bibiliya Yera). Iryo tegeko ryo kuva mu buhungiro ryatanzwe “mu mwaka wa mbere w’ingoma ya Kuro umwami w’u Buperesi.” (Reba agasanduku gafite umutwe uvuga ngo “Itariki fatizo mu mateka.”) Ni yo mpamvu ku muhindo wo mu mwaka wa 537 M.Y., Abayahudi basubiye i Yerusalemu bagasubizaho gahunda yo kuyoboka Imana mu buryo yemera.—Ezira 1:1-5; 2:1; 3:1-5.

Ubwo rero, nk’uko ikurikiranyabihe ryo muri Bibiliya ribigaragaza, iyo myaka 70 ni igihe cyabayeho cyarangiye mu mwaka wa 537 M.Y. Tubaze dusubira inyuma ho imyaka 70, ubwo icyo gihe cyaba cyaratangiye mu mwaka wa 607 M.Y.

None se niba ibihamya bishingiye kuri Bibiliya byerekana neza ko Yerusalemu yarimbuwe mu mwaka wa 607 M.Y., kuki abahanga benshi bo bemeza ko ari mu mwaka wa 587 M.Y.? Uwo mwaka ushingiye ku bintu bibiri bakoreyemo ubushakashatsi: mu nyandiko z’abahanga mu by’amateka ba kera b’Abagiriki n’Abaroma, ndetse n’urutonde rw’abami rwakozwe na Ptolémée. Ese izo nyandiko umuntu yaziringira kurusha Bibiliya? Reka tubisuzume.

Abahanga mu by’amateka ba kera b’Abagiriki n’Abaroma

Abahanga mu by’amateka babayeho mu myaka yegereye uwo Yerusalemu yarimbuwemo, ibyo bavuga ku bami b’Abanyababuloni, biravuguruzanya.c (Reba agasanduku gafite umutwe uvuga ngo “Abami b’Abanyababuloni.”) Uko bavuga igihe ibintu byabereye n’uko byagiye bikurikirana, bitandukanye n’uko Bibiliya ibivuga. Ariko se izo nyandiko zabo umuntu yazizera mu rugero rungana iki?

Umwe mu bahanga mu by’amateka wabayeho mu myaka yegera iy’ingoma y’Abanyababuloni ni Bérose; wari Umunyababuloni akaba n’“umutambyi [w’ikigirwamana cyitwa] Bel.” Inyandiko z’umwimerere yanditse (Babyloniaca) ahagana mu wa 281 M.Y. zarazimiye. Icyakora tumwe mu duce twazo ni two abandi bahanga mu by’amateka bagiye bagenderaho bandika. Bérose yavuze ko yifashishije “inyandiko zari i Babuloni zari zarabitswe mu buryo bwitondewe cyane.”¹ Ese koko Bérose yari umuhanga mu by’amateka uvugisha ukuri? Reka dufate urugero rumwe.

Bérose yanditse ko Senakeribu umwami wa Ashuri yimye asimbuye “umuvandimwe [we] ku ngoma,” kandi yakurikiwe n’umuhungu we [Esari-Hadoni] wamaze imyaka 8 ku ngoma, na we agakurikirwa na Sammuges [Shamash-shuma-ukin] wamaze imyaka 21 ku ngoma” (III, 2.1, 4). Nyamara, inyandiko zivuga iby’amateka y’Abanyababuloni zanditswe mbere cyane y’uko Bérose abaho, zivuga ko Senakeribu yimye ingoma asimbuye se Sarigoni wa II, aho kuba umuvandimwe we; Esari-Hadoni yamaze imyaka 12 ku ngoma aho kuba 8, kandi Shamash-shuma-ukin we yamaze imyaka 20 ku ngoma aho kuba 21. Nubwo intiti yitwa R. J. van der Spek yemera ko Bérose yasomye inyandiko zivuga iby’amateka y’Abanyababuloni, yaranditse iti “ibyo ntibyamubujije kwiyongereramo ibye no kubivuga uko abyumva.”²

Izindi ntiti zo zivuga iki kuri Bérose? Uwitwa S. M. Burstein, wakoze ubushakashatsi buhagije ku nyandiko za Bérose, yaravuze ati “mu bihe bya kera, muri rusange Bérose yafatwaga nk’umuhanga mu by’amateka.” Ariko yongeyeho ati “icyakora ibyo yanditse ntibikwiriye umuhanga mu by’amateka. Nubwo dufite uduce duto gusa tw’inyandiko ze (Babyloniaca), biratangaje kubona na two twuzuyemo amakosa menshi ku bintu ubundi bidashidikanywaho. . . . Ubusanzwe ntibikwiriye na gato ko umuhanga mu by’amateka akora amakosa nk’ayo. Ubona icyo Bérose yari agamije atari ugucukumbura amateka no kuyandika.”³

Ese uhereye kuri ibyo tumaze kubona, urabitekerezaho iki? Ese koko twakwiringira ko uburyo Bérose yabaze imyaka buhuje n’ukuri? Bite se ku bandi bahanga mu by’amateka ba kera b’Abagiriki n’Abaroma, bashingiye cyane ku nyandiko za Bérose igihe bandikaga uko amateka yagiye akurikirana? Ese ibyo banditse ku mateka byo twabyiringira?

Urutonde rw’abami rwa Ptolémée

Urutonde rw’abami rwanditswe na Claude Ptolémée, umuhanga mu by’ubumenyi bw’ikirere wabayeho mu kinyejana cya kabiri Mbere ya Yesu, na rwo rujya rwifashishwa mu gushyigikira wa mwaka wa 587 M.Y. Urutonde rw’abami Ptolémée yanditse, benshi barufata nk’ishingiro ry’ikurikiranyabihe ry’amateka ya kera, harimo n’ingoma z’abami b’Abanyababuloni.

Ptolémée yakoze urwo rutonde nyuma y’imyaka igera kuri 600 ingoma y’umwami wa nyuma w’Umunyababuloni irangiye. None se yabwiwe n’iki igihe umwami wa mbere yashyize kuri urwo rutonde yagiriye ku ngoma? Ptolémée yasobanuye ko yifashishije imibare yakoze ashingiye ku bumenyi bw’ikirere n’igihe ubwirakabiri bwagiye bubera, ‘akabara akamenya igihe Nabonasari yimiye ingoma,’ uwo akaba ari na we mwami wa mbere kuri rwa rutonde rwe.⁴ Ni yo mpamvu Christopher Walker, ukora mu nzu ndangamurage yo mu Bwongereza (British Museum), yavuze ko urwo rutonde rwa Ptolémée “ari igikoresho [Ptolémée] yakoze kugira ngo afashe abahanga mu by’ubumenyi bw’ikirere kugira urutonde rw’ikurikiranyabihe rudahindagurika.” Christopher yongeyeho ko Ptolémée “atari agamije guha abahanga mu by’amateka urutonde ruhuje n’ukuri rw’igihe abami bimiye ingoma n’igihe bapfiriye.”⁵

Porofeseri Leo Depuydt, umwe mu bashyigikira cyane Ptolémée, yaranditse ati “hashize igihe kinini cyane bizwi ko urwo rutonde rwiringirwa n’abahanga mu by’ubumenyi bw’ikirere, ariko ibyo ntibishatse kuvuga ko byanze bikunze n’abahanga mu by’amateka bakwiriye kurugenderaho.” Ku birebana n’urwo rutonde rw’abami, uwo mugabo yongeyeho ati “ku birebana n’abami babayeho mbere [hakubiyemo n’abami b’Abanyababuloni], rwagombye kugereranywa n’inyandiko za kera zikoresha ibimenyetso bimeze nk’udusumari, ukagenda ugereranya ingoma imwe imwe.”⁶

Izo “nyandiko za kera zikoresha ibimenyetso bimeze nk’udusumari” ni zo zadufasha kumenya niba ibyo urutonde rw’abami rwa Ptolémée ruvuga ku mateka bihuje n’ukuri. Izo nyandiko se zo ni bwoko ki? Zikubiyemo amateka y’Abanyababuloni, urutonde rw’abami n’utubumbano tuvuga iby’ubucuruzi. Zose ni inyandiko zanditswe n’abanditsi babayeho ku ngoma z’abami b’Abanyababuloni cyangwa ahagana muri icyo gihe.⁷

Iyo ugereranyije urutonde rwa Ptolémée n’izo nyandiko zikoresha ibimenyetso bimeze nk’udusumari, ubona iki? Agasanduku gafite umutwe uvuga ngo “Urutonde rw’abami rwa Ptolémée rutandukaniye he n’ibyanditse ku tubumbano twa kera?” (kari ahagana hasi), kagaragaza agace k’urwo rutonde kakarugereranya n’inyandiko ya kera ikoresha ibimenyetso bimeze nk’udusumari. Urabona ko ku rutonde rwa Ptolémée rw’abami b’Abanyababuloni, hagati y’ingoma ya Kandalanu n’iya Nabonide harimo abami bane gusa. Nyamara ku rutonde rw’abami rwabonetse ahitwa Ouruk, ruri ku gace k’inyandiko ya kera ikoresha ibimenyetso bimeze nk’udusumari, hagaragaza ko abami barindwi ari bo bategetse hagati y’izo ngoma zombi. Ese aho wenda abo bami ntibaba baramaze igihe gito cyane ku ngoma ku buryo twabirengagiza? Ku tubumbano tuvuga iby’ubucuruzi turiho izo nyandiko zikoresha ibimenyetso bimeze nk’udusumari, tugaragaza ko umwe muri abo bami yamaze imyaka irindwi ku ngoma.⁸

Nanone izo nyandiko zikoresha ibimenyetso bimeze nk’udusumari, zitanga gihamya ifatika y’uko mbere y’ingoma ya Nabopolosari (uwa mbere mu bami b’Abanyababuloni), hari undi mwami (Ashur-etel-ilani) wamaze imyaka ine ku ngoma i Babuloni. Nanone hari igihe higeze gushira igihe kirenga umwaka icyo gihugu kitagira umwami.⁹ Nyamara ibyo byose urutonde rwa Ptolémée ntirubivuga.

Kuki se hari abami bamwe Ptolémée atavuze? Ashobora kuba yarumvaga ko mu by’ukuri batari abami b’i Babuloni.¹⁰ Urugero, ntiyavuze Labashi-Mardouk, umwe mu bami b’Abanyababuloni. Ariko dukurikije za nyandiko zikoresha ibimenyetso bimeze nk’udusumari, abami Ptolémé yanze kuvuga, mu by’ukuri bategetse i Babuloni.

Muri rusange, urutonde rwa Ptolémée rwemerwa ko ruhuje n’ukuri. Ariko se koko dukurikije ibibura muri urwo rutonde, ubwo ni rwo rwashingirwaho mu gutanga gihamya idakuka y’uburyo amateka yagiye akurikirana?

Umwanzuro ushingiye kuri ibyo bihamya

Muri make, Bibiliya yerekana neza ko Abayahudi bajyanywe mu bunyage bakahamara imyaka 70. Nk’uko n’abenshi mu ntiti babyemeza, hari ibihamya bifatika byerekana ko Abayahudi bari barajyanywe mu bunyage bagarutse mu gihugu cyabo mu mwaka wa 537 M.Y. Duhereye kuri uwo mwaka tukabara dusubira inyuma, twabona ko Yerusalemu yarimbuwe mu mwaka wa 607 M.Y. Nubwo abahanga mu by’amateka ba kera b’Abagiriki n’Abaroma batemeranya n’ibyanditse ku rutonde rwa Ptolémée kuri uwo mwaka, hari impamvu zifatika zo gushidikanya ku kuri kw’ibyo abo bahanga banditse. Mu by’ukuri, izo nyandiko zombi nta mpamvu zifatika zitanga yatuma dushidikanya ku ikurikiranyabihe ryo muri Bibiliya.

Icyakora hari ibindi bibazo bitarabonerwa ibisubizo. Ese koko nta bihamya bishingiye ku mateka bishyigikira ko Yerusalemu yarimbutse mu wa 607 M.Y., nk’uko Bibiliya ibivuga? Hari inyandiko zikoresha ibimenyetso bimeze nk’udusumari umuntu ashobora no kumenya igihe zandikiwe, kandi inyinshi muri zo ni iz’abanditsi ba kera banditse ibyo biboneye. Ese zo nta bihamya zitanga? Ibyo bibazo byose bizasuzumwa mu nomero yacu itaha.

[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]

[Agasanduku/​Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 28]

ITARIKI FATIZO MU MATEKA

Umwaka wa 539 M.Y. igihe Kuro wa II yigaruriraga Babuloni, ubarwa hifashishijwe:

▪ Inyandiko za kera zivuga iby’amateka n’inyandiko za kera zikoresha ibimenyetso bimeze nk’udusumari zanditse ku tubumbano: Umwanditsi witwa Diodore de Sicile (ah. 80-20 M.Y.) yanditse ko Kuro yabaye umwami w’u Buperesi mu “ntangiriro z’umwaka imikino ya olempiki yabayeho ku ncuro ya mirongo itanu n’eshanu” (Historical Library, Book IX, 21). Hari mu mwaka wa 560 M.Y. Umuhanga mu by’amateka w’Umugiriki witwa Hérodote (ah. 485-425 M.Y.) yavuze ko Kuro yishwe “amaze imyaka makumyabiri n’icyenda ku ngoma,” bishatse kuvuga ko yishwe mu mwaka wa 30 w’ingoma ye, ari wo mwaka wa 530 M.Y. (Histories, Book I, Clio, 214). Za nyandiko zikoresha ibimenyetso bimeze nk’udusumari zigaragaza ko mbere y’uko Kuro apfa, yamaze imyaka icyenda ku ngoma i Babuloni. Bityo rero, duhereye igihe yapfiriye mu mwaka wa 530 M.Y. tukabara dusubira inyuma, turabona ko Kuro yigaruriye Babuloni mu mwaka wa 539 M.Y.

Igihamya cyatanzwe n’inyandiko za kera zikoresha ibimenyetso bimeze nk’udusumari zanditse ku tubumbano: Inyandiko ya kera yanditswe ku ibumba (BM 33066) y’abahanga mu bumenyi bw’ikirere b’Abanyababuloni, yemeza ko Kuro yapfuye mu mwaka wa 530 M.Y. Nubwo iyo nyandiko irimo amakosa mu birebana n’umwanya imibumbe n’inyenyeri byo mu kirere biba birimo, ivuga ubwirakabiri bubiri bwaba bwarabayeho mu mwaka wa karindwi w’ingoma ya Cambyse wa II, wari umuhungu wa Kuro akaba ari na we wamusimbuye ku ngoma. Bivugwa ko ubwo bwirakabiri ari ubwagaragaye i Babuloni ku itariki ya 16 Nyakanga 523 M.Y no ku ya 10 Mutarama 522 M.Y. Ni ukuvuga ko hari mu ntangiriro z’umwaka wa 523 M.Y., ari na wo mwaka ingoma ya Cambyse yari itangiye umwaka wayo wa karindwi. Ubwo rero Cambyse yagiye ku ngoma mu mwaka wa 529 M.Y. Bityo, umwaka wa nyuma w’ingoma ya Kuro wari uwa 530 M.Y., bivuga ko yatangiye gutegeka i Babuloni mu mwaka wa 539 M.Y.

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Tablet: © The Trustees of the British Museum

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 31]

MURI MAKE

▪ Ubusanzwe abahanga mu by’amateka bavuga ko Yerusalemu yarimbuwe mu mwaka wa 587 M.Y.

▪ Ikurikiranyabihe ryo muri Bibiliya ritanga ibihamya bigaragaza ko yarimbuwe mu mwaka wa 607 M.Y.

▪ Ibyo abahanga mu by’amateka bavuga ahanini babishingira ku nyandiko z’abahanga mu by’amateka ba kera b’Abagiriki n’Abaroma, no ku rutonde rw’abami rwa Ptolémée.

▪ Inyandiko z’abahanga mu by’amateka ba kera b’Abagiriki n’Abaroma zirimo amakosa akomeye, kandi si ko buri gihe zihuza n’inyandiko za kera zanditse ku tubumbano.

[Agasanduku ko ku ipaji ya 31]

Aho byavuye

1. Babyloniaca, Book One, 1.1.

2. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern World View and Society, ku ipaji ya 295.

3. The Babyloniaca of Berossus, ku ipaji ya 8.

4. Almagest, III, 7, translated by G. J. Toomer, in Ptolemy’s Almagest, published 1998, ku ipaji ya 166. Ptolémée yari azi ko abahanga mu by’ubumenyi bw’ikirere b’Abanyababuloni bifashishaga imibare, kugira ngo babare igihe ubwirakabiri bwagiye bubera n’igihe bwari kuzongera kubera. Bari baravumbuye ko buri myaka 18 habaga ubwirakabiri bumeze neza neza nk’ubwabaye mbere. —Almagest, IV, 2.

5. Mesopotamia and Iran in the Persian Period, ku ipaji ya 17-18.

6. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Volume 47, 1995, ku ipaji ya 106-107.

7. Inyandiko zikoresha ibimenyetso bimeze nk’udusumari ni uburyo bwo kwandika bwakoreshwaga kera cyane. Umwanditsi yafataga ikaramu yabigenewe ifite umusyi usongoye, akagenda ashyira ibimenyetso bitandukanye bifite inguni ku kibumbano kitaruma.

8. Sin-sharra-ishkun yamaze imyaka irindwi ku ngoma, kandi hari utubumbano 57 tuvuga iby’ubucuruzi bw’uwo mwami, twagiye twandikwa buri mwaka kuva yajya ku ngoma kugeza mu mwaka wa karindwi w’ingoma ye. Reba Brinkman and Kennedy, JCS Volume 35, 1983, ku ipaji ya 54-59.

9. Akabumbano kavuga iby’ubucuruzi (C.B.M. 2152) ni ako mu mwaka wa kane w’ingoma ya Ashur-etel-ilani. (Legal and Commercial Transactions Dated in the Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods—Chiefly From Nippur, by A.T. Clay, 1908, ku ipaji ya 74.) Nanone Inyandiko z’i Harani zivuga ibya Nabonide (H1B, I, line 30), zigaragaza ko yabayeho mbere ya Nabopolasari (Anatolian Studies, Vol. VIII (1958), ku ipaji ya 35, 47). Ku birebana n’igihe cyashize nta bami bategeka, reba Chronicle 2, line 14, of Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, ku ipaji ya 87-88.

10. Kuba hari abami Ptolémée atashyize ku rutonde yakoze hari intiti zimwe zibishyigikira, ngo kubera ko buri wese muri abo bami yiswe “Umwami wa Ashuri.” Urwo rutonde rwa Ptolémée rwitwa ko ruriho gusa abami b’i Babuloni. Ariko nk’uko wabyirebera mu gasanduku kari ku ipaji ya 30, muri urwo rutonde rw’abami rwakozwe na Ptolémée harimo abami benshi bagiye bitwa “Umwami wa Ashuri.” Utubumbano tuvuga iby’ubucuruzi, inyandiko zimeze nk’udusumari ndetse n’izindi nyandiko, zerekana neza ko aba bami bakurikira bategetse i Babuloni: Ashur-etel-ilani, Sin-shumu-lishir na Sin-sharra-ishkun.

[Imbonerahamwe/​Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 29]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

ABAMI B’ABANYABABULONI

Niba ibyo aba bahanga mu by’amateka bavuga ari ukuri, kuki bavuguruzanya?

Abami

Nabopolasari

BÉROSE ah. 350-270 M.Y. (21)

POLYHISTOR 105-? M.Y. (20)

JOSÈPHE 37-?100 N.Y. (—)

PTOLÉMÉE ah. 100-170 N.Y. (21)

Nebukadinezari wa II

BÉROSE ah. 350-270 M.Y. (43)

POLYHISTOR 105-? M.Y. (43)

JOSÈPHE 37-?100 N.Y. (43)

PTOLÉMÉE ah. 100-170 N.Y. (43)

Amel-Mardouk

BÉROSE ah. 350-270 M.Y. (2)

POLYHISTOR 105-? M.Y. (12)

JOSÈPHE 37-?100 N.Y. (18)

PTOLÉMÉE ah. 100-170 N.Y. (2)

Nériglissor

BÉROSE ah. 350-270 M.Y. (4)

POLYHISTOR 105-? M.Y. (4)

JOSÈPHE 37-?100 N.Y. (40)

PTOLÉMÉE ah. 100-170 N.Y. (4)

Labashi-Mardouk

BÉROSE ah. 350-270 M.Y. (amezi 9)

POLYHISTOR 105-? M.Y. (—)

JOSÈPHE 37-?100 N.Y. (amezi 9)

PTOLÉMÉE ah. 100-170 N.Y. (—)

Nabonide

BÉROSE ah. 350-270 M.Y. (17)

POLYHISTOR 105-? M.Y. (17)

JOSÈPHE 37-?100 N.Y. (17)

PTOLÉMÉE ah. 100-170 N.Y. (17)

(#) = Imyaka abami bamaze ku ngoma yabazwe hakurikijwe ibyavuzwe n’abahanga mu by’amateka ba kera b’Abagiriki n’Abaroma

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum

[Imbonerahamwe/​Amafoto yo ku ipaji ya 30]

(Niba wifuza kureba uko bimeze, reba mu Munara w’Umurinzi)

URUTONDE RW’ABAMI RWA PTOLÉMÉE RUTANDUKANIYE HE N’IBYANDITSE KU TUBUMBANO TWA KERA?

Mu rutonde Ptolémée yakoze, hari abami atashyizeho. Kubera iki?

URUTONDE RW’ABAMI RWA PTOLÉMÉE

Nabonasari

Nabu-nadin-zeri (Nadinu)

Mukin-zeri na Pul

Ululayu (Salumanaseri wa V) “Umwami wa Ashuri”

Merodaki-Baladani

Sarigoni wa II “Umwami wa Ashuri”

Igihe cyashize bwa mbere nta mwami utegeka

Bel-ibni

Ashur-nadin-shumi

Nergal-ushezib

Mushezib-Mardouk

Igihe cyashize bwa kabiri nta mwami utegeka

Esari-Hadoni “Umwami wa Ashuri”

Shamash-shuma-ukin

Kandalanu

Nabopolasari

Nebukadinezari

Amel-Mardouk

Nériglissor

Labashi-Mardouk

Nabonide

Kuro

Cambyse

URUTONDE RW’ABAMI RW’AHITWA OURUK RURI KU TUBUMBANO TWA KERA

Kandalanu

Sin-shumu-lishir

Sin-sharra-ishkun

Nabopolasari

Nebukadinezari

Amel-Mardouk

Nériglissor

Labashi-Mardouk

Nabonide

[Ifoto]

Inyandiko zivuga iby’amateka y’Abanyababuloni ni zimwe mu nyandiko za kera zikoresha ibimenyetso bimeze nk’udusumari, zituma tumenya neza niba urutonde rw’abami rwanditswe na Ptolémée ari ukuri

[Aho ifoto yavuye]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum

[Aho ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 31 yavuye]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum