Uko Bibiliya yarokotse

Kuba dufite Bibiliya kandi ubutumwa burimo butarahindutse, ni igitangaza rwose! Ubu imaze imyaka irenga 1.900 yanditswe. Yanditswe ku bintu bimeze nk’impapuro bikozwe mu mfunzo no ku mpu z’inyamaswa, kandi byashoboraga kwangirika. Ikindi kandi, indimi umwandiko w’umwimerere wanditswemo, zivugwa n’abantu bake muri iki gihe. Nanone abami b’abami, abayobozi b’amadini n’abandi bantu bakomeye bakoze uko bashoboye kugira ngo bayice burundu.

NI IKI cyatumye Bibiliya imara igihe kinini cyane irwanywa, ariko ntigire icyo iba, ubu akaba ari cyo gitabo kizwi kuruta ibindi byose? Reka turebe impamvu ebyiri.

Hakozwe kopi nyinshi z’umwandiko wayo

Abisirayeli bari bafite imizingo yanditseho umwandiko w’umwimerere wa Bibiliya, bayibitse neza kandi bakora kopi nyinshi zayo. Urugero, abami b’Abisirayeli bari barasabwe kwiyandikira ‘igitabo cy’amategeko bayakoporoye mu gitabo cyari gifitwe n’abatambyi b’Abalewi.’—Gutegeka kwa Kabiri 17:18.

Abisirayeli benshi bakundaga gusoma Ibyanditswe kuko bemeraga ko ari Ijambo ry’Imana. Ubwo rero Ibyanditswe byandukurwaga n’abanditsi babitojwe neza, bakabikora babyitondeye cyane. Umwe muri abo banditsi watinyaga Imana yitwaga Ezira, kandi Bibiliya ivuga ko yari “umwandukuzi w’umuhanga mu mategeko ya Mose, ayo Yehova Imana ya Isirayeli yatanze” (Ezira 7:6). Abayahudi b’intiti bandukuye Ibyanditswe by’Igiheburayo cyangwa “Isezerano rya Kera” hagati y’umwaka wa 500 n’uwa 900, bamwe bita Abamasoreti, banabaraga inyuguti zigize umwandiko kugira ngo birinde amakosa. Kuba barandukuye Ibyanditswe babyitondeye batyo, byatumye haboneka umwandiko uhuje n’ukuri kandi bituma Bibiliya irokoka, nubwo abanzi bayo bakomeje kuyirwanya bakoresheje imbaraga nyinshi, bashaka kuyica burundu.

Urugero, mu mwaka wa 168 Mbere ya Yesu, Umwami wa Siriya witwaga Antiochus wa IV yagerageje gutwika kopi zose z’Ibyanditswe by’Igiheburayo, zari hirya no hino muri Palesitina. Amateka y’Abayahudi avuga ko “umuzingo wose babonaga bawucagaguraga bakawutwika.” Hari igitabo cyavuze ko “abayobozi bari bahagarariye icyo gikorwa, babikoranye ubugome bwinshi. . . . Gutunga Ibyanditswe Byera . . . cyari icyaha gihanishwa urupfu.” (The Jewish Encyclopedia.) Ariko hari kopi z’Ibyanditswe zarokotse zari zifitwe n’Abayahudi bari muri Palesitina n’abari mu bindi bihugu.

Nyuma y’igihe gito Ibyanditswe by’Ikigiriki bya Gikristo cyangwa “Isezerano Rishya” birangije kwandikwa, kopi zabyo, urugero nk’amabaruwa, ubuhanuzi n’amateka, zakwirakwiriye hose. Urugero, Yohana yanditse Ivanjiri ye ari muri Efeso cyangwa hafi yaho. Icyakora igice k’iyo Vanjiri, abahanga bavuga ko cyandukuwe nyuma y’imyaka itageze kuri 50 iyo Vanjiri yanditswe, bagisanze kure cyane mu Misiri. Ibyo bigaragaza ko Abakristo bari mu bihugu bya kure, bari bafite kopi z’Ibyanditswe byari bimaze igihe gito bihumetswe.

Kuba Bibiliya yari yarakwirakwiriye hirya no hino byatumye imara imyaka myinshi ikiriho, nyuma y’urupfu rwa Kristo. Urugero, amateka avuga ko mu gitondo cyo ku itariki ya 23 z’ukwa kabiri mu mwaka wa 303, Umwami w’Abami w’Umuroma witwaga Dioclétien yari ahagarikiye abasirikare be, igihe bamenaguraga inzugi za kiriziya maze bagatwika kopi z’Ibyanditswe. Dioclétien yumvaga gutwika Ibyanditswe byera byari gutuma avanaho burundu idini ry’Abakristo. Ku munsi ukurikiyeho, yatanze itegeko ryavugaga ko kopi za Bibiliya zose zari mu bwami bwa Roma zigomba gutwikirwa mu ruhame. Ariko hari kopi zarokotse barongera barazandukura. Na n’ubu haracyari ibice bibiri binini bya kopi ebyiri za Bibiliya z’Ikigiriki, uko bigaragara zandukuwe nyuma gato y’uko Dioclétien atanze iryo tegeko. Kopi imwe iri i Roma, indi iri mu isomero ry’i Londres mu Bwongereza (British Library).

Nubwo umwandiko wa Bibiliya w’umwimerere utaraboneka, muri iki gihe hari kopi zawo zibarirwa mu bihumbi zandikishijwe intoki, waba uwa Bibiliya yuzuye cyangwa ibice byayo. Zimwe muri zo ni iza kera cyane. Ese kuba umwandiko wa Bibiliya w’umwimerere baragiye bawandukura, byatumye ubutumwa burimo buhinduka? Ku birebana n’Ibyanditswe by’Igiheburayo, umuhanga mu bya Bibiliya witwa W. H. Green yaravuze ati: “Nta watinya kuvuga ko mu bitabo byose byandukuwe kera, nta cyandukuwe neza nka Bibiliya.” Ku birebana n’Ibyanditswe by’Ikigiriki bya Gikristo, umuhanga uzwi cyane mu bijyanye n’umwandiko wa Bibiliya witwa Sir Frederic Kenyon yaranditse ati: “Iyo urebye igihe umwandiko w’umwimerere wandikiwe, ukareba n’igihe kopi dufite za kera kuruta izindi zandukuriwe, ubona igihe kirimo hagati ari gito cyane, ku buryo utatekereza ko ubutumwa bwari mu mwandiko w’umwimerere bwahindutse. Kuba ibitabo bigize Isezerano Rishya birimo ubutumwa bw’ukuri kandi bikaba byuzuye, ntibikwiriye gushidikanywaho.” Nanone yaravuze ati: “Twakwemeza rwose ko umwandiko wa Bibiliya ari ukuri. . . . Ni yo yandukuranywe ubwitonzi kuruta ibindi bitabo byose byanditswe kera.”

Bibiliya yahinduwe mu zindi ndimi

Impamvu ya kabiri y’ingenzi ituma Bibiliya iba igitabo kizwi kurusha ibindi, ni uko yahinduwe mu ndimi nyinshi. Ibyo bihuje n’umugambi Imana yari ifite w’uko abantu bo mu mahanga yose n’indimi zose bayimenya, kandi bakayisenga “mu mwuka no mu kuri.”—Yohana 4:23, 24; Mika 4:2.

Ibyanditswe by’Igiheburayo bihindurwa mu rundi rurimi ku nshuro ya mbere, byahinduwe mu Kigiriki maze iyo Bibiliya yitwa Septante. Yari igenewe Abayahudi bavugaga Ikigiriki batabaga muri Palesitina kandi yarangije guhindurwa imyaka igera kuri 200 mbere y’uko Yesu atangira umurimo we. Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za magana yakurikiyeho, Bibiliya yose, hakubiyemo n’Ibyanditswe by’Ikigiriki bya Gikristo, yahinduwe mu ndimi nyinshi. Ikibabaje ni uko nyuma, abami ndetse n’abapadiri, bagombye kuba barakoze ibishoboka kugira ngo Bibiliya igere kuri rubanda, batabikoze. Abapadiri batumye abayoboke babo bahera mu mwijima wo mu buryo bw’umwuka, kuko batemeraga ko Ijambo ry’Imana rihindurwa mu ndimi zavugwaga na rubanda.

Abantu b’intwari bemeye guhara amagara bahindura Bibiliya mu ndimi zavugwaga na rubanda, nubwo kiriziya na leta batabishakaga. Urugero, mu mwaka wa 1530, Umwongereza witwaga William Tyndale wari warize muri Kaminuza ya Oxford, yahinduye mu Cyongereza ibitabo bitanu bibanza byo mu Byanditswe by’Igiheburayo. Nubwo yarwanyijwe cyane, ni we muntu wa mbere wahinduye Bibiliya, ayivana mu Giheburayo ayishyira mu Cyongereza. Ni na we muhinduzi wa mbere w’Umwongereza wakoresheje izina ry’Imana Yehova. Igihe umuhanga mu bya Bibiliya witwa Casiodoro de Reina yahinduraga imwe muri Bibiliya za mbere zahinduwe mu Kesipanyoli, Abagatolika baramuhigaga cyane bashaka kumwica. Kugira ngo ayirangize, yagiye ahungira mu Bwongereza, mu Budage, mu Bufaransa, mu Buholandi no mu Busuwisi.a

Muri iki gihe, Bibiliya ikomeje guhindurwa mu ndimi nyinshi cyane kurushaho kandi hasohoka kopi zayo zibarirwa muri za miriyoni. Kuba yararokotse, akaba ari cyo gitabo kizwi cyane kurusha ibindi, bigaragaza ko amagambo intumwa Petero yavuze ari ukuri. Yaravuze ati: “Ubwatsi buraraba, uburabyo bugahunguka, ariko ijambo rya Yehova ryo rihoraho iteka ryose.”—1 Petero 1:24, 25.

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NI IYIHE BIBILIYA NASOMA?

Mu ndimi nyinshi, usanga hari ubuhinduzi bwa Bibiliya butandukanye. Muri Bibiliya zimwe, abahinduzi bakoresheje imvugo ya kera, igoye kumva. Mu zindi ho, aho guhindura umwandiko uko uri, bagiye bahindura uko bashaka bakavanamo ibitekerezo bimwe na bimwe, bashaka korohereza umusomyi. Hari n’abagiye bahindura ijambo ku rindi.

Bibiliya yo mu Cyongereza yitwa Ubuhinduzi bw’isi nshya y’Abahamya ba Yehova, yahinduwe n’abantu batavuzwe amazina, bahereye ku ndimi z’umwimerere. Umwandiko w’iyo Bibiliya abandi bahinduzi baje kuwushingiraho, bayihindura mu ndimi zigera kuri 60. Ariko bihatiraga kuwugereranya n’uwo mu rurimi rw’umwimerere. Muri iyo Bibiliya y’Ubuhinduzi bw’isi nshya, abahinduzi bagiye bahindura ijambo ku ijambo, igihe cyose bitahinduraga ubutumwa bwo mu mwandiko w’umwimerere. Baba bifuza ko abayisoma muri iki gihe bayumva neza, nk’uko abasomyi ba kera basomaga umwandiko w’umwimerere bawumvaga.

Hari abahanga mu by’indimi bagenzuye Bibiliya zahinduwe muri iki gihe, harimo n’iy’Ubuhinduzi bw’isi nshya, kugira ngo barebe aho abahinduzi bagiye bahindura nabi n’aho bashyizemo ibitekerezo byabo. Umwe muri bo ni Jason David BeDuhn, wigisha iby’Iyobokamana muri kaminuza yo muri Arizona muri Amerika. Mu mwaka wa 2003 yasohoye igitabo cy’amapaji 200 cy’ubushakashatsi yakoze kuri Bibiliya ikenda, muri “Bibiliya zizwi cyane mu bantu bavuga Icyongereza.”b Mu bushakashatsi yakoze, yagiye agenzura imirongo y’Ibyanditswe abahanga mu bya Bibiliya batemeranywaho, kuko mu mirongo nk’iyo ari ho ubonera “umuhinduzi washyizemo ibitekerezo bye.” Yarebaga uko buri Bibiliya yahinduye uwo murongo, akabigereranya n’uko uvugwa mu mwandiko w’Ikigiriki, hanyuma akareba uko abahinduzi bagiye bahindura icyo usobanura, bagashyiramo ibitekerezo byabo. Ni uwuhe mwanzuro yagezeho?

BeDuhn yavuze ko abantu muri rusange n’abahanga mu bya Bibiliya benshi, batekereza ko aho Bibiliya y’Ubuhinduzi bw’isi nshya itandukaniye n’izindi Bibiliya, ari aho abahinduzi bagiye bashyiramo ibitekerezo byabo bashingiye ku myemerere yabo. Ariko we yemera ko “ibintu byinshi Bibiliya y’Ubuhinduzi bw’isi nshya itandukaniyeho n’izindi, ari uko yo ihindura ibitekerezo uko biri, amagambo yo mu mwandiko w’umwimerere agahindurwa ijambo ku ijambo kandi yitondewe.” Nubwo hari ahantu hamwe na hamwe BeDuhn atemeranywa n’Ubuhinduzi bw’isi nshya, yavuze ko iyo Bibiliya ari yo “yahinduye ibitekerezo uko biri kurusha izindi zose.” Yavuze ko iyo Bibiliya “ihinduye neza rwose!”

Dogiteri Benjamin Kedar, umuhanga mu Giheburayo wo muri Isirayeli, na we yavuze amagambo nk’ayo. Mu mwaka wa 1989 yaravuze ati: “Iyi Bibiliya igaragaza ko abayihinduye bakoze uko bashoboye kose kugira ngo basobanukirwe umwandiko uko uri. Nta kintu na kimwe nabonye muri iyi Bibiliya y’Ubuhinduzi bw’isi nshya kigaragaza ko abayihinduye, bahinduye umwandiko kugira ngo bashyiremo imyemerere yabo.”

Jya wibaza uti: “Iyo nsoma Bibiliya mba mfite iyihe ntego? Ese mba nifuza gusoma Bibiliya yoroshye kumva, ariko itavuga ukuri? Cyangwa mba nifuza gusoma Bibiliya irimo umwandiko usa n’uw’umwimerere aho bishoboka hose” (2 Petero 1:20, 21)? Intego ufite ni yo izagufasha guhitamo Bibiliya uzasoma.

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Bibiliya y’“Ubuhinduzi bw’isi nshya iboneka mu ndimi nyinshi”

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Umwandiko wandukuwe n’Abamasoreti

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Igice cy’umwandiko wa Bibiliya kiriho amagambo yo muri Luka 12:7 agira ati: “. . . Ntimutinye kuko murusha ibishwi byinshi agaciro”

[Aho amafoto yavuye]

Foreground page: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg; second and third: Bibelmuseum, Münster; background: © The Trustees of the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin