Kukhunganya Anthu Toera Kutawira “Cipfundziso Ca Yahova”

“Nyakutonga miseru . . . atawira cikristu, thangwi iye adzumatirwa kakamwe na cipfundziso ca Yahova.”​—MACH. 13:12, Tradução do Novo Mundo.

MUNAKWANISA KUTAWIRA?

Kodi anyakupfundza a Yezu aphindula tani na Pax Romana, peno Ntendere Waciroma?

Kodi kuthambaruka kwa pyombo pyakufamba napyo na kumwazika kwa cilongero ca Cigerego pyaphedza tani Akristu akutoma?

Kodi Akristu akutoma aphindula tani na ntemo Waciroma na kumwazika kwa Ayuda?

1-3. Anyakupfundza a Yezu athimbana na mipingizo ipi m’basa yakumwaza mphangwa zadidi ‘kwa anthu a mitundu yonsene’?

YEZU kristu apasa atowereri ace basa yakufunika kakamwe. Iye aapanga: ‘Ndokoni kapfundzisa anthu a mitundu yonsene.’ Mu kucita kwawo basa ineyi, mwapang’ono pang’ono ‘mphangwa zadidi za Umambo mbazidamwazwa kwa anthu onsene pa dziko yapantsi toera kupereka umboni kwa anthu a mitundu yonsene.’​—Mat. 24:14; 28:18.

² Anyakupfundza akhafuna Yezu, pontho akhafunambo mphangwa zadidi. Mbwenye iwo mbadakwanisa kudzudzumika kuti mbadakwanirisa tani basa idapaswa iwo. Kusiyapo pyenepi, iwo akhali akucepa. Yezu akhadziwisa iwo kuti ndi Mwana wa Mulungu akhadaphiwa. Anyakupfundzace akhaoniwa ninga anthu akuti nee akhadapfundziswa pya “mabukhu na pya xikola.” (Mach. 4:13) Mbwenye iwo akhafunika kumwaza mphangwa zakuti zikhaphonyana na pipfundziso pya a atsogoleri akubvekera a mauphemberi akuti akhadziwa kakamwe pya mitemo yakale. Nakuti anyakupfundza a Yezu nee akhalemedzwa mu Israele, panango mbadasaka kudziwa kuti mbani akhafuna kuabvesera mu dziko ya Utongi wamphambvu Waciroma.

³ Kusiyapo pyenepi, Yezu akhadacenjeza anyakupfundzace kuti iwo mbadatcingwa na kutowererwa, pontho anango mwa iwo mbadaphiwa. (Luka 21:16, 17) Iwo mbadathimbana na kusandukirwa, aprofeta apezi, na kuthimizirika kwa uipi. (Mat. 24:10-12) Ngakhale kuti mphangwa zawo mbazidatambirwa mwadidi konsene kwene, kodi mbadakwanisa tani kumwaza mphangwa zenezi mpaka ku “nkhomo ya madziko onsene”? (Mach. 1:8) Pinentso pyenepi pikhaoneka ninga pyakugopesa kakamwe!

4. Kodi anyakupfundza a pyaka dzana yakutoma apembera tani m’basa yakumwaza mphangwa?

⁴ Mwakukhonda tsalakana cinthu consene cakuti anyakupfundza mbadadzudzumika naco, iwo amwaza mphangwa zadidi ku Yerusalemu, ku Samariya, kuphatanizambo pisa pya madziko anango. Ngakhale anyakupfundza athimbana na pinentso, mudapita pyaka 30, mphangwa zadidi ‘zikhadamwazwa kwa pyonsene pidacitwa pantsi pa thambo,’ pontho ‘zikhabala misapo, anthu mbathimizirika pa dziko yonsene.’ (Akol. 1:6, 23) Mwacitsandzo: Thangwi ya pidalonga mpostolo Paulu na pidacita iye pa ntsuwa ya Chipre, nyakutonga miseru Waciroma Serjio Paulu “atawira cikristu, thangwi iye adzumatirwa kakamwe na cipfundziso ca Yahova.”​—Lerini Machitiro 13:6-12, NM.

5. (a) Ndi cinyindiro cipi cidapereka Yezu kuna anyakupfundzace? (b) Thangwi ya makhaliro a pyaka dzana yakutoma, kodi anango afika pakudzindikiranji?

⁵ Anyakupfundza a Yezu akhadziwa kuti nee mbadakwanisa kucita basa yakumwaza mphangwa basi ene na mphambvu zawo. Yezu alonga kuti mbadakhala na iwo, pontho nzimu wakucena mbudaaphedza. (Mat. 28:20) Makhaliro anango akuti akhalipo pa dziko yapantsi mu ndzidzi uneule mbadaphedza basa yakumwaza Umambo. Mwandimomwene bukhu inango yafokotoza kuti mu pyaka dzana yakutoma pisaoneka kuti ukhali ndzidzi wadidi kakamwe toera Akristu atome kumwaza mphangwa, pontho mukupita kwa ndzidzi Akristu anewa adzindikira kuti Mulungu akhadafungula njira kwa iwo.

6. (a) Ninji pinafuna kudinga ife mu nsolo uno? (b) Ninji pinafuna kudinga ife mu nsolo unatowerera?

⁶ Khala Yahova acinja makhaliro a dziko toera kuphedzera basa yakumwaza mphangwa mu pyaka dzana yakutoma, Bhibhlya nee isalonga pyenepi. Mbwenye pinadziwa ife ndi pyakuti: Yahova akhafuna kuti mphangwa zadidi zimwazwe, mbwenye Sathani nee akhafuna pyenepi. Mu nsolo uno, tinadzadinga makhaliro mangasi adacitisa kuti kumwaza mphangwa kukhale kwakukhonda nentsa kakamwe mu pyaka dzana yakutoma kupiringana ndzidzi unango onsene m’mbiri ya anthu. Mu nsolo unatowerera, tinadzadinga kuthambaruka kungasi kwakuti kusatiphedza toera kumwaza mphangwa zadidi pa dziko yonsene yapantsi.

KODI NTENDERE WACIROMA WAPHEDZERA TANI?

7. Kodi Ntendere Waciroma ninji, thangwi yanji ndzidzi unoyu ukhali wakusiyana kakamwe na midzidzi inango?

⁷ Munjira zinango, ntendere wa dziko ya Roma mu pyaka dzana yakutoma, waphedza kakamwe Akristu. Mwacitsandzo, ukhalipo ntemo ukhacemerwa Pax Romana, peno Ntendere Waciroma. Mu ndzidzi unoyu, Utongi ukulu Waciroma ukhadakhazikisa upfuliki kwa anthu onsene a dziko yawo. Ndimomwene kuti kukhali “nkhondo na mabvabva a nkhondo” ninga pikhadalonga Yezu. (Mat. 24:6) Anyankhondo Aciroma afudza Yerusalemu mu pyaka 70 N.W., pontho kukhacitika nkhondo zinango zing’ono m’migano ya utongi Waciroma. Mbwenye mu pyaka 200 kubulukira mu ndzidzi wa Yezu, m’madziko onsene akhatongwa na Roma akhali mu ntendere. Thangwi ya ndzidzi unoyu, bukhu inango isalonga kuti: “Cipo m’mbiri ya anthu kwaoneka upfuliki mu ndzidzi uzinji, pontho cipo kwakhazikiswa ntendere pakati pa anthu azinji.”

8. Kodi makhaliro antendere aphedza tani Akristu a pyaka dzana yakutoma?

⁸ Mudapita pyaka 300 nyakudziwisa pya Bhibhlya akhacemerwa Origen alemba: “Mbidakhala pa dziko yapantsi pakhali na mautongi mazinji, mbapidapingiza kumwazika kwa cipfundziso ca Yezu . . . thangwi amuna a madziko onsene mbadakulumizwa toera kucita basa ya unyankhondo na kumenya nkhondo toera kutsidzikiza madziko awo. . . . Mphapo, cipfundziso ceneci cakuti cikhamwaza ntendere pontho nee cikhatawirisa anthu kucita pyakuipa anyamalwa awo mbacidathambaruka tani khala makhaliro a dziko yonsene nee akhali mu ntendere kubulukira mu ndzidzi wa Yezu?” Maseze anyakupfundza a Yezu akhatowererwa mu dziko ya Roma, iwo akhali anthu antendere, pontho pisaoneka kuti iwo aphindula na ntendere na upfuliki wa m’midzidzi ineyi.​—Lerini Aroma 12:18-21.

KUTHAMBARUKA KWA PYOMBO PYAKUFAMBA NAPYO

9, 10. Thangwi yanji pikhali pyakukhonda nentsa kwa anyakupfundza kucita ulendo mu Utongi Waciroma?

⁹ Akristu aphatisira mwadidi miseu ya dziko ya Roma. Toera kutsidzikiza na kuonera anthu ace, utongi wa Roma ukhali na anyankhondo amphambvu na aluso. Toera anyankhondo afambe mwakucimbiza, kukhafunika miseu yadidi. Nakuti Aroma akhali na maluso akufunika, iwo asasanya miseu yakulapha yakuti ikhali na makilometru akukwana 80.000 mbiphataniza pigawo pyonsene pya dziko ya Roma. Miseu ineyi ikhapita na m’misitu, ikhagwanda na m’mathando, mbipita na padzulu pa mapiri.

¹⁰ Kusiyapo miseu yadidi, Aroma akhacitambo ulendo na maxitima a m’madzi, iwo akhakwanisa kucita ulendo wa makilometru 27.000 kuzungulira dziko yawo yonsene. Aroma akhaphatisira njira za m’madzi zakukwana 900 zakuti zikhaphataniza mbuto zizinji. Natenepa, Akristu mbadakwanisa kufika m’mbuto zizinji zikhatongwa na dziko ya Roma. Maseze kukhali pinentso, mpostolo Paulu na andzace akhakwanisa kucita ulendo wakuenda m’mbuto zonsene zikhatongwa na Roma mwakukhonda phatisira phaso ya pasaporti. Anthu akhaenda m’madziko akhatongwa na Roma mbakhonda kusecwa. Anthu akhacalira kuba peno kuswa miyambo, thangwi akhagopa kutcinyuswa na Aroma, natenepa miseu ikhali yakutsidzikizika. Kucita ulendo na maxitima kukhali kwakutsidzikizika thangwi mambava akhagopa maxitima a anyankhondo akhaonera njira za maxitima a m’madzi. Ngakhale Paulu alobzweka kazinji kene pontho mu nyandza mukhali ngozwi, Bhibhlya nee isapangiza kuti m’maulendo ace athimbana na mambava anaba maxitima.​—2 Akor. 11:25, 26.

CILONGERO CA CIGEREGO

11. Thangwi yanji atowereri a Kristu aphatisira cilongero ca Cigerego?

¹¹ Cilongero ca Cigerego caphedza kakamwe toera anthu akwanise kubverana mwadidi na kucitisa mipingo Yacikristu kukhala yakuphatana. Nakuti Alexandre Wankulu ntongi Wacigerego akhadakunda mbuto zizinji, Cigerego cikhalongwa na kubviwa m’mbuto zizinji. Natenepa, atumiki a Mulungu mbadakwanisa kucedza na anthu a mitundu yonsene, pyenepi pyaphedza kumwazwa kwa mphangwa zadidi. Kusiyapo pyenepi, Ayuda akakhala ku Ejito akhadathumburuza Malemba Acihebere kudza mu Cigerego. Anthu akhadziwa mwadidi malemba anewa a Septuaginta, pontho atowereri a Kristu akhaatculula mwakusowa mipingizo. Akristu aonambo kuti pikhali pyakuphindulisa kuphatisira Cigerego toera kulemba Bhibhlya. Cigerego cikhali na mafala akunjipa kakamwe na akuthema toera kufokotoza pinthu pyauzimu.

12. (a) Kodi códice ninji, mphapo thangwi yanji ikhali yakukhonda nentsa kuphatisira kupiringana mpukutu? (b) Kodi Akristu atoma lini kuphatisira bukhu ineyi?

¹² Kodi Akristu mbadaphatisira tani Malemba mu utumiki wawo? Pakutoma iwo akhaphatisira mipukutu. Mipukutu ikhali mikulu, ikhalembwa kukhundu ibodzi basi, ikhalemera, na ikhanentsa kuithukula. Toera kugumana malemba, iwo akhafunika kuifuthula buluka penepo mbaifunya pontho. Evanjelyu ya Mateo basi mbidadzadza mpukutu wamumphu. Buluka penepo, anthu atoma kuphatisira ntundu unango wa bukhu ikhacemerwa códice. Ikhali ntsama ya matsamba akhaphatanizwa pabodzi pene. Nyakuleri mbadakwanisa kufungula bukhu ineyi mbagumana khundu ya Lemba ikhafuna iye. Mbwenye nee pisadziwika kuti Akristu atoma lini kuphatisira códice, mbwenye bukhu inango isalonga: “Pisadziwika kuti mu pyaka madzana mawiri akutoma, Akristu akhaphatisira códice pyakuti panango akhadatoma kale mbapidzati kufika pyaka 100 N.W.”

KODI NTEMO WACIROMA WAPHEDZA TANI?

13, 14. (a) Kodi Paulu aphatisira tani ufulu wace Waciroma? (b) Kodi ntemo Waciroma waphedza tani Akristu?

¹³ Ntemo Waciroma ukhaphatisirwa m’madziko onsene akhatongwa na Roma, pontho kukhala mwana wa ku Roma kukhapasa ufulu wakukhonda kupondererwa. Paulu aphatisira kazinji kene ufulu wace Waciroma. Pidamangwa iye na anyankhondo mu Yerusalemu, mpostolo Paulu abvundza anyankhondo Aciroma: ‘Munakwanisa tani kukwapulisa munthu waufulu Waciroma, mbidzati kugwandika miseru yace?’ Pyenepi nee pikhabverana na ntemo. Pidalonga Paulu kuti akhali na ufulu Waciroma wakubalwa nawo, ‘anthu akhafuna kum’menya amuleka. Nkadamu wa anyankhondo agopa pidadziwa iye kuti akhadamangisa munthu waufulu Waciroma.’​—Mach. 22:25-29.

¹⁴ Ufulu wa Paulu pantsi pa mwambo Waciroma wakhuya kakamwe njira idatsalakanirwa iye ku Filipi. (Mach. 16:35-40) Ku Efeso, ntongi amatamisa anthu akuipirwa akhafuna kucita pyakuipa Paulu, pidamala iye kulonga kuti iwo akhaswa ntemo Waciroma. (Mach. 19:35-41) Phembo yakutawirika idacita Paulu ku Sezareya, yafungula njira toera kutsidzikiza cikhulupiro cace pamaso pa Sezari. (Mach. 25:8-12) Munjira ineyi, ntemo Waciroma waphedza toera ‘kutsidzikiza na kukhazikisa mphangwa zadidi’ munjira yakutawirika.​—Afil. 1:7.

KUMWAZIKA KWA AYUDA

15. Kodi Ayuda akhadamwazika tani mu pyaka dzana yakutoma?

¹⁵ Munjira inango, Akristu akutoma mbadaona kuti basa yawo yakumwaza mphangwa mbidakhala yakukhonda nentsa thangwi Ayuda akhadamwazika mu pisa pyonsene mu Utongi Waciroma. Pyaka madzana mangasi nduli, Ayuda akhali mabitcu ku Asirya na ku Babilonya. Pakutoma kwa pyaka madzana maxanu M.N.W., pikhalipo pisa pyakukwana 127 pya Ayuda mu pigawo pya Utongi wa dziko ya Persiya. (Estere 9:30) Pikhali Yezu pa dziko yapantsi, pikhalipo pisa pya Ayuda ku Azya Menori, Ejito, Gresya, Mesopotamya, na Kunkwiriro kwa Afrika. Pisalongwa kuti mwa anthu akukwana 60.000.000 a mu Utongi Waciroma, m’bodzi mwa anthu 14 akhali Muyuda. Mbuto zonsene zikhaenda Ayuda, iwo akhapitiriza na uphemberi wawo.​—Mat. 23:15.

16, 17. (a) Kodi kumwazika kwa Ayuda kwaphindulisa tani anthu akukhonda khala Ayuda? (b) Ndi api macitiro a Ayuda adatowezera Akristu?

¹⁶ Nakuti Ayuda akhadamwazika kakamwe, anthu azinji akukhonda khala Ayuda akhadziwa mwadidi Malemba Acihebere. Iwo apfundza kuti alipo Mulungu m’bodzi basi wandimomwene, pontho kuti ale anamulambira asafunika kupangiza makhaliro adidi. Kusiyapo pyenepi, iwo apfundza kuti Malemba Acihebere akhadadzala na maprofesiya mazinji akhalonga pya Mesiya. (Luka 24:44) Ayuda pabodzi na Akristu abvesesa kuti Malemba Acihebere ndi Mafala akupumirwa na Mulungu, pyenepi pyaphedza Paulu toera kukhazikisa ntsonga za pinthu pikhafuna iye kucedza na ale akhafuna cilungamo. Natenepa, Paulu kazinji kene akhaenda m’masinagoga a Ayuda mbanyerezera mwacidikhodikho na anthu mu kuphatisira Malemba.​—Lerini Machitiro 17:1, 2.

¹⁷ Ayuda akhadakhazikisa njira yakuthema yakulambira. Mwakukhonda phonya iwo akhagumanyikana m’masinagoga peno m’mbuto zinango. Iwo akhaimba nyimbo, akhacita phembero mbadinga Malemba. Njira ibodzi ene isaphatisirwa m’mipingo Yacikristu lero.

PYAKWANISIKA NA CIPHEDZO CA YAHOVA

18, 19. (a) Kodi makhaliro a pyaka dzana yakutoma aphedza toera kukwanirisanji? (b) Kodi mphangwa zidadinga ife zisakucitisani kunyerezeranji thangwi ya Yahova?

¹⁸ Mwandimomwene, makhaliro mazinji aphedza toera mphangwa zadidi zimwazwe mwakukwana. Ntendere Waciroma, kuthambaruka kwa pyombo pyakufamba napyo, cilongero ca Cigerego, ntemo Waciroma, na kumwazika kwa Ayuda pyaphedza anyakupfundza a Yezu toera kukwanirisa basa yakumwaza mphangwa idapaswa iwo na Mulungu.

¹⁹ Mu pyaka 400 Yezu mbadzati kubwera pa dziko yapantsi, filósofo Platão Wacigerego alemba kuti: “Mbapidakhala pyakunentsa kakamwe kudziwa nciti na baba wakudzulu na pantsi, ngakhale kuti mbatidakwanisa kundziwa, nee mbapidakwanisika kudziwisa anthu onsene pya iye.” Mbwenye Yezu alonga: ‘Pinacimwanika kuli anthu, pinakwanisika kuli Mulungu.’ (Luka 18:27) Nciti wakudzulu na pantsi asafuna kuti anthu andziwe mwadidi. Kusiyapo pyenepi, Yezu apanga atowereri ace: ‘Citani anyakupfundza kwa anthu a mitundu yonsene.’ (Mat. 28:18) Na ciphedzo ca Yahova Mulungu, tinakwanisa kucita basa ineyi. Nsolo unatowerera unadzapangiza kuti basa ineyi isacitwa tani lero.